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THE IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION
TYPES OF STRUCTURES/PROCESSES PARTICIPANTS
NARRATIVE
Serve to present
unfolding actions& events,
processes of
change,
transitoryspatial
arrangements
a. Action Transactional Unitransactional
a vector, formed by a
depicted element,
connects two
participants
Actor & Goal
Bitransactional
a vector, formed by a
depicted element,
connects two
Interactors
Interactors
Non-transactional
a vector, formed by a depicted element,
emanates from a participant, the Actor, but
does not point at any other participant
Actor
b. Reaction Transactional
an eyelinevector connects two participants
Reacter
&
Phenomenon
Non-transactional
an eyelinevector emanates from aparticipant, the Reactor, but does not point
at another participant
Reacter
Circumstances
(Setting, Means
&Accompaniment)
Secondaryparticipants
which could be left out
without affecting the
basic proposition
realized by the narrative
pattern, even thoughtheir deletion would of
course entail a loss of
information
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TYPES OF STRUCTURES/PROCESSES PARTICIPANTS
CONCEPTUAL
Represent
participants in
terms of their
class, structure
or meaning,namely in terms
of their
generalizedand
more or less
stableand
timeless essence.
a.
Classificational
Relate participantsto each other in
terms of a kind of
relation, a taxonomy
Covert taxonomy
The Superordinate is either only indicated in
the accompanying text, or inferred fromsuch similarities as the viewer may perceive
to exist between the Subordinates
Superordinates
&
Subordinates
Overt
taxonomy
Single-levelledA participant
(Superordinate) is
connected to two or
more other
participants
(Subordinates)
through a tree
structure with two
levels only
Multi-levelledA participant
(Superordinate) is
connected to two or
more other
participants
(Subordinates)
through a tree
structure with more
than two levels
b. Analytical
Relate participants in terms of part-whole structure
Carrier(the whole)
PossesiveAttributes(the parts)
c. Symbolic
Are about what a
participant isor
means
AttributiveRepresent meaning and identity as
conferredto one participant, the Carrier.
There are two participants: the participant
whose meaning or identity is established in
the relation, the Carrier, and the participant
which represents the meaning or identity
itself, the Symbolic Attribute.
Human participants usually pose for the
viewer.
Carrier
&
Symbolic
Attributes (madesalient through
representation, pointed
at, look out of place in
the whole, or
conventionally
associated withsymbolic values)
SuggestiveRepresent meaning and identity as coming
from within, as deriving from qualities of
the Carrier themselves.
CarrierA generalized essence,
not a specific moment
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THE INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONRelations between represented participants (human or not) and the viewer
CONTACT
Gaze
Demand pictures Gaze at the viewer
(address the viewer directly, realizing a visualyou)
Offer pictures Absence of gaze at the viewer(represented participants are depicted as objects of
contemplation)
SOCIAL
DISTANCESize of frame
Intimate/personal Close shot (head and shoulders)
Social Medium shot (waist)
Impersonal Long shot (full figure)
ATTITUDE
Perspective
Subjectivity
(the viewer can see whatthere is to see only from a
particular & imposed point
of view)
Involvement Frontal angle(what you see is part of
our world)
Detachment Oblique angle(what you see is notpart
of our world)
Viewer power High angle(makes the subject look
small and insignificant)
Equality Eye level angle
Representation
power
Low angle(makes the subject look
imposing and awesome)
Objectivity
(the image reveals
everything there is to know
violating sometimes the
laws of naturalistic
description or the laws ofnature.
Action
orientation
Frontal angle(this is how it works, this is
how you use it,
this is how you do it)
Knowledge
orientation
Topdown angle(it contemplates the world froma god-like perspective, puts it at
your feet, rather than within
reach of your hands)
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THE TEXTUAL METAFUNCTIONComposition
INFORMATION
VALUE
Centred
(an element
the Centre- is
placed in the
centre of the
composition)
Circular The non-central elements in a centred
composition are placed both aboveand below
and to the sidesof the Centre, and further
elements may be placed in between these
polarized positions
Triptych The non-central elements in a centred
composition are placed eitherto the right and
left or above and below the Centre.
Margin The non-central elements in a centred
composition are identical or near-identical, so
creating symmetryin the composition.
Mediator The Centre of a polarized centred composition
forms a bridgebetween Give and New or/and
Ideal and Real, so reconciling polarizedelements.
Polarized
(there is no
element
element in the
centre of the
composition)
Given The left element in a polarized composition, or
the left polarized element in a centred
composition
New The rightelement in a polarized composition, or
the right polarized element in a centred
composition
Ideal The top element in a polarized composition, or
the top polarized element in a centred
compositionReal The bottomelement in a polarized composition,
or the bottom polarized element in a centred
composition
SALIENCE The degree to which an element draws attentionto itself (color, tonal values,
sharpness, definition, or other features)
FRAMING Disconnection The degree to which an element is visually separatedfrom
other elements through framelines, pictorial framing devices,
empty space between elements, discontinuities of colour and
shape, and other features.
Connection The degree to which an element is visuallyjoined to anotherelements, through the absence of framing devices, through
vectors and through continuities or similarities of colour,
visual shape, etc.
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thanonesocial
practice
foraclassificationorfunctio
nalization(Barthes)
Distillationconnectssocia
lactorstoseveralsocialpracticesbyabstractingthesame
featurefromtheactorsinvol
vedinthesepractices:professionalswho
offertherapy
Indetermination-representedasu
nspecified,
anonymousindividualsorgroups:somebody,somepeople
Genericisationrepresentedascla
sses:non-Europeanimmigrants
Specification
Individu
alisation-representedasspecific,identifiableindividuals
Assimila
tion-
representedas
groups
Collectivisationtheyaren
otquantified:thecommittee
Aggregationisrealizedbythepresenceofdefiniteorindefinitequ
antifiers:anumberof
critics
Impersonalisation
Abstraction-representedbymeansofaqualityassignedtothembytherep
resentation:thechangingfaceofAustral
ia(insteadofnew
immigrants)
Objectivisation-representedbymeansofreferencetoaplaceorthingcloselyassociatedeitherwiththeirpersonor
withtheactivitythey
arerepresentedasbeingengagedin:report,survey
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Socialactionnetwork
Reaction
Unspecifiedverbslikereactandre
spondandtheirrelatednouns,adjectives&adverbs
Cognitive-think
Affectivefeel,
fear,etc
Perceptivehear,see,etc.
Action
Material-doing
Transactive
Actor&goal
Interactiveverbthatcanonlytake
ahumanobject;affectspeoplebecand
idwith
Instrumentalverbthatcanalsotak
eanonhumanobject;
affectsotherkindsofthings,repres
entpeopleasinterchangeablewithobjec
tsdealseffectivelywith
troublemakers
Non-transactive
onlyactor
Semiotic-
meaning
Behavioralc
ommunicateseffectively
Non-
behavioral
Formspecification-opinion,story,lesson,
diagram,etc.
Topicspecificationaphrasewitha
bout,concerning,etc.
Renditionreportedspeech
Quotation-quote
Activation
actions&reactionsrepresenteddynamically-analyze
Deactivation-statically
Objectivizationtheactions&reac
tionsaredowngradedinordertogiveprioritytosomethingelse:nominalizationsanalysis,dialogue
Descriptivizationmoreorlesspermanentqualitiesofactorsorotherelementsofthesocialpractice:
epithetsorattributesasmilingteacher,speciallytrainedsquadofteachers,etc.
Agentialization
actionsrepresentedasbroughtaboutbyhumanagency
De-agentialization
Eventuationactionorreactionrepresentedasanevent,assomethingjusthappens:undergo,experience,happen,etc.
Existentialization-actionorreactio
nrepresentedassomethingsimplyexists:exist,existence,etc.
Naturalization-actionorreactionrepresentedasanaturalprocess:racismis
developing,debatesarebuilding,etc.
Abstraction
Generalizationabstractsawayfromthemorespecificmicro-actionsthatm
akeupactions:distributetheworkload
Distillationabstractqualitiesfrom
actionsorreactionsdiplomacy,
disharmony
Concretization
Singledetermination
Overdetermination
Agivensocialpracticestandsfor
morethanitself
Symbolizationan(oftenfictional)socialpracticestandsforanumberofso
cialpractices:raceodyssey
Inversiononeormoreelementsof
thesocialpracticearechangedintoitso
ppositesTheFlinstones(characters,se
ttings,objectsinthepast&
thewaytheyinteractandlivearecon
temporary)
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Discursiveaddisions:Legimationnetwork
Authority
Legitimation
(imposed)
Custom
Conformitybecauseth
isiswhateverybodyelsedoes
Traditionbecausethis
iswhatwealwaysdo/havedone
Authority
Personalauthorityleg
itimacygiventopeoplewhohaveacertainroleorstatusinaparticularinstitution:becausetheteachersays
soImpersonalauthority
laws,rules®ulations:thelawsays
Recomme
ndation
Expertauthoritylegitimacyisprovidedbyexpertiseratherthanstatus:someexperts
Rolemodelauthority
membersofapeergroupormediacelebrity:inadvertising
Morallegitimation
(basedonvalues)
Evaluationevaluativeadjectives
Abstraction-distillsfrompracticesaqualitythatlinksthemtodiscoursesofmoralvalues:cooperateinsteadofplayinginthe
playground
Comparison-explicitorimplicit,positive(associatedwithpositivevalues)ornegative(associatedwithn
egativevalues)
Rationalizationlegitimation
Instrumental
G
oalorientationpurposesareconstructedasinpeople,asconsciousorunconsciousmotives,aims,goals,
in
tentions:inorderto
M
eansorientation-purposesareconstructedasinactions,andtheactionasameanstoanend:bymeansof
Effectorientationstressestheoutcomeofactions:sothat
Theoretical
Experientialcommonsenseknowledge
Scientificdifferentiatedbodiesofknowl
edgethataredevelopedtolegitimatespe
cificinstitutions
(p
sychology)
Definition-oneactivityisdefinedinterm
sofanother,moralizedactivity:greenwa
shingis
Explanationdescribegeneralattributesorhabitualactivitiesofspecificactors
Predictionbasednotonauthority,butonexpertise
Mythopoesis
(storytelling)
Moraltaleprotagonistsarerewardedforengaginginlegitimate
socialpracticesorrestoringthelegitima
teorder
Cautionarytaleprotag
onistsengageindeviantactivitiesthatle
adtounhappyendings
Overdetermination
In
versiontheactorsand/oractionsareinvertedintermsofspecificsemanticfeat
ures
Symbolizationsymbolicactions,specifi
cactionsthatcanrepresentmorethanon
edomainof
in
stitutionalizedsocialpractice
Multimodallegitimation
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Discursive additions: purpose constructions
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