Air Quality and Tree Programs
Aaron Katzenstein, Ph.DClimate and Energy Supervisor
Planning and Rules – South Coast AQMD
Outline
• Background on AQMD and Air Quality• Trees and Air Pollutants• SCAQMD Tree Programs
5
Air Quality Management: Who Does What
• Adopts Health-Based National Air Quality Standards
• Regulates Interstate Sources (Trucks, Trains, etc.)
• Oversees State Clean Air Plans
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
• Monitor Air Quality; Issue Health Alerts
• Prepare Clean Air Plans
• Permit and Regulate Businesses
• Respond to Nuisance Complaints
Local Air Districts
California AirResources Board
•Adopts Health-Based State Air Quality Standards•Regulates Cars, Trucks, Fuels, Consumer Products•Approves Local Air District Clean Air Plans
SCAQMD Jurisdiction
South Coast Basin:• 4-county region• 10,000 sq. miles• Almost 17 million residents• 11,000 Million gasoline vehicles• Hundreds of thousands of diesel vehicles• Combined Ports of Long Beach and
Los Angeles = nation's largest cargo gateway5
Los AngelesC ounty
O rangeC ounty
R iversideC ounty
S an BernardinoC ounty
What are Air Pollutants?PMOzoneCONO2SO2LeadAir ToxicsGreenhouse Gases
Composition of the Atmosphere
Gas % of atmosphere ppm ppb
Nitrogen 78 780,000
Oxygen 21 210,000
Argon 1 10,000
CO2 Carbon Dioxide 0.04 400 400,000
CH4 Methane 0.000170 1.70 1,700
O3 Ozone 0.000010 0.05-0.1 50-100
NOx (NO2 + NO) 0.000010 0.01-0.1 10-100
Hydrocarbons 0.000005 0.0005-0.05 0.1-50
PM2.5 and Ozone Health ImpactsExposures above State Standards in South Coast
Health Outcome Cases per YearPremature Death 6,200Hospital Admissions 4,600Asthma and other Respiratory Symptoms 140,000
School Absence Days 2,400,000Work Loss Days 980,000Minor Restricted Activity Days 6,700,000
Source: CARB
Particulate Matter
PM2.5 Air Quality – Inland Empire
10
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Rubidoux Mira Loma San Bernardino Fontana Ontario
Annu
al A
vera
ge C
once
ntra
tions
, µg/
m3
FEDERAL STANDARD
Ozone (Secondary Pollutant)
Sources of NOx and Hydrocarbons (VOCs)
Ozone+
Sunlight
Ozone Air Quality – Inland Empire
13
19761978
19801982
19841986
19881990
19921994
19961998
20002002
20042006
20082010
0
50
100
150
200
250
Rubidoux Upland Crestline San Bernardino
Num
ber o
f Day
s Ex
ceed
ing
the
Fede
ral S
tand
ard
Los Angeles
Anaheim
RiversideSCAQMD
Air Monitoring Network
M ILES
0 2 5
SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN (SCAB)
COUNTY LINES
AIR MONITORING
STATION
Long Beach
Crestline
FontanaRedlands
Upland
OntarioFS Rubidoux
Norco
Perrs
Lake ElsinoreMSVJCosta Mesa
La Habra
Big Bear
LAXH
Pico Rivera
Pomona
Glendora
Azusa
Burbank Reseda
Santa Clarita
WSLA
Banning
Indio
Pasadena
Palm Spr .
February 1996 Version
SLB
MLOM
MRLM
Lynwood
Compton
San Bernardino
AQMD Monitoring Stations
AQMD Monitoring Station (Los Angeles N. Main St.)
AQMD Laboratory
Air Quality Benefits from Trees
• Reduce Heat Island Impacts• Provide Efficiency Benefits• Create Walkable Communities• Large Surface Area• Greenhouse Gas
Air Quality Benefits from Trees
• Reduce Heat Island Impacts• Provide Efficiency Benefits• Create Walkable Communities• Large Surface Area• Greenhouse Gas
Ozone Levels Vs. Temperature Years 2004-2009
AQMD San Bernardino Monitoring Station
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1200
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Temp (F)
Ozo
ne (p
pb)
State 1hr Standard
Air Quality Benefits from Trees
• Reduce Heat Island Impacts• Provide Efficiency Benefits• Create Walkable Communities• Large Surface Area• Greenhouse Gas
Sand, 1991
Air Quality Benefits from Trees
• Reduce Heat Island Impacts• Provide Efficiency Benefits• Create Walkable Communities• Large Surface Area• Greenhouse Gas
Air Quality Benefits from Trees
• Reduce Heat Island Impacts• Provide Efficiency Benefits• Create Walkable Communities• Large Surface Area• Greenhouse Gas
Air Quality Benefits from Trees
• Reduce Heat Island Impacts• Provide Efficiency Benefits• Create Walkable Communities• Large Surface Area• Greenhouse Gas
California Cap and Trade Regulation
• GHG Emissions Cap on Large Emitters– Must meet emissions obligation with allowances – Can meet up to 8% of the obligation from offset credits
• Offset Project Protocols– Forestry – Urban Forestry– Ozone Depleting Substances– Livestock
Ozone (Secondary Pollutant)
NOx and Hydrocarbons (VOCs)
Ozone+
Sunlight
Biogenic VOCs
Ozone (Secondary Pollutant)
Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds
Isoprene
Limonene
-b Pinene
• Various types emitted by different plant species– Scents, plant hormones, metabolic processes, etc..
• One quarter of VOC emissions in Basin
Biogenic VOCs Continued
• Isoprene – Released from Trees during daylight hours– Largest emitted VOC worldwide– Shortest atmospheric lifetime – Helps form Ozone and particulate matter
2 5 8 11 14 17 20 230
0.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.61.8
Time of DayIsoprene
PM2.5 Speciation - 2009 average
33
Emissions Reductions to Meet the Ozone Standards
Nitrogen Oxides Emissions in 2023
with Adopted Standards
34
Emissions by Fuel Type in South Coast (2008)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%Other
Fuel Oil
Jet Fuel
Diesel
Electricity
Natural Gas
Gasoline
NOx
* diesel equivalent w/o DPFs; fuel oil toxicity risk included in diesel
Weighted Toxicity* Energy
ConsumedCO2 Emitted
in Basin
South Coast NOx Emissions by Fuel Type;Emissions from In-Basin Electricity Generation (2008)
Electricity Production0.3%
Gasoline25%
Diesel54%
Natural Gas 9%
Jet Fuel2% Fuel Oil
9%Other0.4%
Commercial Landscaping Equipment• Long lifetime• Daily usage• Heavy fuel consumers
South Coast Basin Mower Population*Commercial Residential
* 2010 estimates from Offroad Model
Front Mowers173,262
Lawn & Garden Tractors108,870
Lawn Mowers 2,049,934
Rear Engine Riding Mowers 57,754
Front Mowers 5,358Lawn & Garden Tractors34,313
Lawn Mowers 139,952
Rear Engine Riding
Mowers 65,857
Commercial Turf Equipment 12,796
Emissions per unit tons/year
Front Mowers Lawn & Garden Tractors
Lawn Mowers Rear Engine Riding Mowers
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
COPMNOXVOC EvapVOG Exhaust
Front Mowers
Lawn & Garden Tractors
Lawn Mowers
Rear Enging Riding
Mowers
Commercial Turf
Equipment
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
COPMNOXVOC EvapVOC Exhaust
Front Mowers
Lawn & Garden Tractors
Lawn Mowers Rear Enging Riding
Mowers
Commercial Turf
Equipment
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
PMNOXVOC EvapVOC Exhaust
Front Mowers
Lawn & Garden Tractors
Lawn Mowers
Rear Engine Riding
Mowers
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
PMNOXVOC EvapVOG Exhaust
Commercial
Residential
Commercial Electric Equipment
• A “Helping Hand Initiative for 2009”
• Program Components – Assist Local Governments with Urban Tree Planting– Provide Employment Opportunities for Students– California Native Trees with Low Biogenic VOCs– Projects are Additional
Tree Partnership
Tree Partnership Cont.• 2-year contracts• 33 cities and 2 counties participated
– Over 9,000 urban trees planted– More than 500 students employed
• 25,000 student hours
• 161,189 acres burned(154,431 in Angeles National Forest)
– 37,000 acres were forested– 11,500 forested acres will need replanting– Remaining acreage mostly chaparral
Station Fire Overview
43
44
• 6 year contract- National Forest Foundation
• Planting Plan – Survey of Areas to be Reforested– 2,000 acres anticipated– 470,000 seedlings– Modeling Conducted
• Anticipating 370,000 MT CO2 over 100 years
• Angeles Forest letter
• Third Party Review of Planting Plan
Project Summary
45
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