Air Quality and Tree Programs

Air Quality and Tree Programs

Aaron Katzenstein, Ph.DClimate and Energy Supervisor

Planning and Rules – South Coast AQMD

Outline

• Background on AQMD and Air Quality• Trees and Air Pollutants• SCAQMD Tree Programs

Air Quality Management: Who Does What

• Adopts Health-Based National Air Quality Standards

• Regulates Interstate Sources (Trucks, Trains, etc.)

• Oversees State Clean Air Plans

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

• Monitor Air Quality; Issue Health Alerts

• Prepare Clean Air Plans

• Permit and Regulate Businesses

• Respond to Nuisance Complaints

Local Air Districts

California AirResources Board

•Adopts Health-Based State Air Quality Standards•Regulates Cars, Trucks, Fuels, Consumer Products•Approves Local Air District Clean Air Plans

SCAQMD Jurisdiction

South Coast Basin:• 4-county region• 10,000 sq. miles• Almost 17 million residents• 11,000 Million gasoline vehicles• Hundreds of thousands of diesel vehicles• Combined Ports of Long Beach and

Los Angeles = nation's largest cargo gateway5

Los AngelesC ounty

O rangeC ounty

R iversideC ounty

S an BernardinoC ounty

What are Air Pollutants?PMOzoneCONO2SO2LeadAir ToxicsGreenhouse Gases

Composition of the Atmosphere

Gas % of atmosphere ppm ppb

Nitrogen 78 780,000

Oxygen 21 210,000

Argon 1 10,000

CO2 Carbon Dioxide 0.04 400 400,000

CH4 Methane 0.000170 1.70 1,700

O3 Ozone 0.000010 0.05-0.1 50-100

NOx (NO2 + NO) 0.000010 0.01-0.1 10-100

Hydrocarbons 0.000005 0.0005-0.05 0.1-50

PM2.5 and Ozone Health ImpactsExposures above State Standards in South Coast

Health Outcome Cases per YearPremature Death 6,200Hospital Admissions 4,600Asthma and other Respiratory Symptoms 140,000

School Absence Days 2,400,000Work Loss Days 980,000Minor Restricted Activity Days 6,700,000

Source: CARB

Particulate Matter

PM2.5 Air Quality – Inland Empire

10

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Rubidoux Mira Loma San Bernardino Fontana Ontario

Annu

al A

vera

ge C

once

ntra

tions

, µg/

m3

FEDERAL STANDARD

Ozone (Secondary Pollutant)

Sources of NOx and Hydrocarbons (VOCs)

Ozone+

Sunlight

http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=static.consumer






Ozone Air Quality – Inland Empire

13

19761978

19801982

19841986

19881990

19921994

19961998

20002002

20042006

20082010

0

50

100

150

200

250

Rubidoux Upland Crestline San Bernardino

Num

ber o

f Day

s Ex

ceed

ing

the

Fede

ral S

tand

ard

Los Angeles

Anaheim

RiversideSCAQMD

Air Monitoring Network

M ILES

0 2 5

SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN (SCAB)

COUNTY LINES

AIR MONITORING

STATION

Long Beach

Crestline

FontanaRedlands

Upland

OntarioFS Rubidoux

Norco

Perrs

Lake ElsinoreMSVJCosta Mesa

La Habra

Big Bear

LAXH

Pico Rivera

Pomona

Glendora

Azusa

Burbank Reseda

Santa Clarita

WSLA

Banning

Indio

Pasadena

Palm Spr .

February 1996 Version

SLB

MLOM

MRLM

Lynwood

Compton

San Bernardino

AQMD Monitoring Stations

AQMD Monitoring Station (Los Angeles N. Main St.)

AQMD Laboratory

Air Quality Benefits from Trees

• Reduce Heat Island Impacts• Provide Efficiency Benefits• Create Walkable Communities• Large Surface Area• Greenhouse Gas

Ozone Levels Vs. Temperature Years 2004-2009

AQMD San Bernardino Monitoring Station

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1200

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Temp (F)

Ozo

ne (p

pb)

State 1hr Standard

Sand, 1991

California Cap and Trade Regulation

• GHG Emissions Cap on Large Emitters– Must meet emissions obligation with allowances – Can meet up to 8% of the obligation from offset credits

• Offset Project Protocols– Forestry – Urban Forestry– Ozone Depleting Substances– Livestock


NOx and Hydrocarbons (VOCs)

Ozone+

Sunlight

Biogenic VOCs


Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds

Isoprene

Limonene

-b Pinene

• Various types emitted by different plant species– Scents, plant hormones, metabolic processes, etc..

• One quarter of VOC emissions in Basin

Biogenic VOCs Continued

• Isoprene – Released from Trees during daylight hours– Largest emitted VOC worldwide– Shortest atmospheric lifetime – Helps form Ozone and particulate matter

2 5 8 11 14 17 20 230

0.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.61.8

Time of DayIsoprene

PM2.5 Speciation - 2009 average

33

Emissions Reductions to Meet the Ozone Standards

Nitrogen Oxides Emissions in 2023

with Adopted Standards

34

Emissions by Fuel Type in South Coast (2008)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%Other

Fuel Oil

Jet Fuel

Diesel

Electricity

Natural Gas

Gasoline

NOx

* diesel equivalent w/o DPFs; fuel oil toxicity risk included in diesel

Weighted Toxicity* Energy

ConsumedCO2 Emitted

in Basin

South Coast NOx Emissions by Fuel Type;Emissions from In-Basin Electricity Generation (2008)

Electricity Production0.3%

Gasoline25%

Diesel54%

Natural Gas 9%

Jet Fuel2% Fuel Oil

9%Other0.4%

Commercial Landscaping Equipment• Long lifetime• Daily usage• Heavy fuel consumers

South Coast Basin Mower Population*Commercial Residential

* 2010 estimates from Offroad Model

Front Mowers173,262

Lawn & Garden Tractors108,870

Lawn Mowers 2,049,934

Rear Engine Riding Mowers 57,754

Front Mowers 5,358Lawn & Garden Tractors34,313

Lawn Mowers 139,952

Rear Engine Riding

Mowers 65,857

Commercial Turf Equipment 12,796

Emissions per unit tons/year

Front Mowers Lawn & Garden Tractors

Lawn Mowers Rear Engine Riding Mowers

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

COPMNOXVOC EvapVOG Exhaust

Front Mowers

Lawn & Garden Tractors

Lawn Mowers

Rear Enging Riding

Mowers

Commercial Turf

Equipment

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

COPMNOXVOC EvapVOC Exhaust

Front Mowers


Lawn Mowers Rear Enging Riding

Mowers

Commercial Turf

Equipment

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

PMNOXVOC EvapVOC Exhaust

Front Mowers


Lawn Mowers

Rear Engine Riding

Mowers

0

0.0005

0.001

0.0015

0.002

0.0025

0.003

PMNOXVOC EvapVOG Exhaust

Commercial

Residential

Commercial Electric Equipment

• A “Helping Hand Initiative for 2009”

• Program Components – Assist Local Governments with Urban Tree Planting– Provide Employment Opportunities for Students– California Native Trees with Low Biogenic VOCs– Projects are Additional

Tree Partnership

Tree Partnership Cont.• 2-year contracts• 33 cities and 2 counties participated

– Over 9,000 urban trees planted– More than 500 students employed

• 25,000 student hours

• 161,189 acres burned(154,431 in Angeles National Forest)

– 37,000 acres were forested– 11,500 forested acres will need replanting– Remaining acreage mostly chaparral

Station Fire Overview

43

• 6 year contract- National Forest Foundation

• Planting Plan – Survey of Areas to be Reforested– 2,000 acres anticipated– 470,000 seedlings– Modeling Conducted

• Anticipating 370,000 MT CO2 over 100 years

• Angeles Forest letter

• Third Party Review of Planting Plan

Project Summary

45

Aaron Katzenstein(909) [email protected]

Contact Info:

mailto:[email protected]

Air Quality and Tree Programs

Education

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