Biochim Biophys Acta, 1977 Jun 16, 467(3), 321 - 6
The effect of temperature on concanavalin A-mediated agglutination of cells with rigid receptors; Jansons VK et al.; The
agglutination of a yeast, Candida albicans, by concanavalin A has been described . The agglutination was cell-number dependent .
Prolonged incubation (60 min) was needed to reach maximum agglutination at 37 degrees C . The rate but not the extent of
agglutination was temperature dependent . The dimeric forms of concanavalin A, obtained either at low pH or after succinylation,
agglutinated the yeast cells as well as the tetramer . Temperature
changes affected the agglutination of yeast cells by dimers and by tetramers to the same extent.
Thorax, 1977 Jun, 32(3), 373 - 6
Candida albicans abscess of lung; Rubin AH et al.; Candida albicans lung abscess is a rare entity . We present a case in a patient
who suffered from Hodgkin's disease and was receiving immunosuppressive therapy . The patient responded to treatment with
5-fluorocytosine.
Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Jun, 238(2), 284 - 7
Serodiagnostic value of extracellular antigens of an actively proteolysing culture of Candida albicans (immunodiffusion-
test); Staib F et al.; Cell-free, dialysed and concentrated culture filtrate of a Candida albicans strain, after proteolysis in serum-
protein medium (bovine albumine), and after growth in Sabouraud glucose broth (for comparison) were used as antigens for the detection
of precipitating antibodies in 558 samples of serum originating from defined groups of patients and healthy persons serving as controls .
The differing distribution of antibodies against these two antigens as observed in the various groups of our patients calls for further studies
of such antigens on the basis of proteolysis within the serodiagnostics
of Candida albicans-mycoses.
Immunology, 1977 Jun, 32(6), 955 - 61 The role of Fc and C3b receptors in phagocytosis by
inflammatory polymorphonuclear leucocytes in man; Wilton JM et al.; Polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the gingival crevice (CREV-
PMN) in man have a defective capacity to phagocytose Candida albicans blastospores . Phagocytosis of zymosan particles, which
detect C3b receptors, is also impaired but ingestion of latex beads coated with heat-aggregated IgG, which detects Fc receptors, is
normal compared to peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes
(PB-PMN) . If phagocytosis is inhibited by Cytochalasin B, fewer CREV-PMN bind Candida and zymosan but the binding of IgG-coated latex
beads remains unchanged . CREV-PMN have IgG (88%), IgM (45%) and C3 (48%) on their cell membrane, whilst less than 5% of PB-PMN
have any of these components . Incubation of PB-PMN in fluid from the gingival crevice confers surface IgG and C3 to the cells . Such
treatment also inhibits the subsequent binding of IgG coated latex
beads . The results suggest that the deficiency of phagocytosis by CREV-PMN is due to decreased binding of particles to the C3b receptor
of PMN, whilst the Fc receptor system remains intact.
Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1977 Jun, 85(3), 169 - 77
Inhibitory effects of plasma from uraemic patients on human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro; Jorstad S et al.;
Human mononuclear phagocytes were cultured in plasma from uraemic patients . The presence of uraemic plasma during the engulfment or
digestion of 125I-labelled Candida albicans did not inhibit these functions in mononuclear phagocytes cultured for 8 days under normal
condition . When normal human macrophages were cultured in the presence of uraemic plasma for 2-4 days, a marked detachment of the
cells from the glass coverslips was registered . The phagocytic function of the remaining cells was impaired . Creatinine, urea and
methylguanidine in concentrations higher than those usually measured
in plasma from uraemic patients did not influence the functional properties of the cells . The inhibitory effect of uraemic plasma on the
mononuclear phagocytes is suggested as an explanation for the increased frequency of infections in uraemic patients.
Can J Microbiol, 1977 Jun, 23(6), 751 - 4
Eburicol, lichesterol, ergosterol, and obtusifoliol from polyene antibiotic-resistant mutants of Candida albicans; Subden RE et
al.; Two classes of polyene-resistant mutants were isolated from survivors of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment of a wild-
type Candida albicans . An analysis of the major sterols of one class
revealed an accumulation of lichesterol and fecosterol while the other class accumulated eburicol, obtusifoliol, and lanosterol with minor
quantities of C28 sterols.
J Infect Dis, 1977 Jun, 135(6), 918 - 24 Synergistic infection with murine cytomegalovirus and Candida
albicans in mice; Hamilton JR et al.; A previous report from this laboratory demonstrated that mice infected intraperitoneally with a
20% lethal inoculation of murine cytomegalovirus (CMV) exhibited markedly enhanced mortality rates (80%-100%) after an intravenous
injection of a 0-20% lethal inoculum of Candida albicans . The
current study revealed that mice infected with murine CMV alone had high titers of virus in spleen, liver, lung, and kidney from days 3
through 20, whereas those inoculated with C . albicans alone had a self-limited fungal infection involving only the kidney . In the combined
murine CMV-C . albicans infection, the titers of murine CMV in tissues were changed very little . In contrast, C . albicans was recovered from
multiple organs, and a progressive renal infection developed . This altered pathogenesis of the candida infection in murine CMV-infected
mice resembled that produced by a 100% lethal inoculum of C . albicans alone . These results indicate that the murine CMV infection
enhanced the susceptibility of mice to infection with C . albicans and
suggest that death was due to progressive fungal infection of the kidney.
Infect Immun, 1977 Jun, 16(3), 920 - 2
Susceptibility of murine transfer factor to dimerized ribonuclease A; Rifkind D et al.; Dialyzable transfer factor was
prepared from the spleens of CF1 mice actively sensitized with killed Coccidioides immitis antigen . The transfer factor was administered to
normal mice either intraperitoneally or into the hind footpads . The recipient mice were tested for reactivity to the coccidioides antigen and
to Candida albicans antigen by means of the footpad swelling test .
The transfer factor conferred antigen-specific reactivity upon normal recipient mice when given by the intraperitoneal and footpad routes .
This capacity of the transfer factor was destroyed by in vitro pretreatment with dimerized ribonuclease A, an enzyme active against
double-stranded, as well as single-stranded, ribonucleic acid . In contrast, monomeric ribonuclease A, which is active against only
single-stranded ribonucleic acid under the conditions used here, was without effect upon the transfer factor . These data provide evidence
that murine transfer factor contains ribonucleotides that are essential for immunological activity . In addition, the data are consistent with
the hypothesis, advanced by others, that the ribonucleotides may be
double-stranded or uniquely looped configurations.
Arch Gynakol, 1977 May 29, 222(3), 275 - 8 Antibacterial activity of amniotic fluid against Staphylococcus
aureus, Candida albicans and Brucella abortus; Jankowski RP et al.; Sixty amniotic fluid samples from sixty patients between 14--42
weeks gestation were studied for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Brucella abortus and antifungal activity against
Candida albicans . Both antibacterial and antifungal activity of the amniotic fluid were observed . When antimicrobial activity was
correlated with gestational age, it was found to increase with the
period of gestation . Maximum antimicrobial activity of the amniotic fluid was found to be present in the samples obtained between 36--42
weeks of gestation . All samples before 20 weeks gestation showed week antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, but
comparatively strong reaction against Candida albicans and Brucella abortus.
Wien Klin Wochenschr, 1977 May 27, 89(11), 361 - 6
{Serum siderophilin (transferrin) and ekkrinosiderophilin (lactoferrin) as non-specific microbiostatic agents in human
health and disease: clinical implications (author's transl)};
Schade AL; A short historical review of the antimicrobial effects of siderophilin, the iron chelator in human plasma and serum, is followed
by a presentation of the rational basis for assigning it a role in the overall defence mechanisms of the host against infectious disease .
Details are given of the qualitative and quantitative activities of normal and pathological sera on the growth and nutrition of several pathogenic
bacteria and the fungus Candida albicans as governed by the percentage iron saturation of their contained siderophilin .
Staphylococcus aureus is differentiated from Staphylococcus albus by its ability to grow in normal serum whose percentage iron saturation
affects not only the metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus but also its
production of diffusible factors and sensitivity to antibiotics . The protein iron chelator of bodily secretions, ekkrinosiderophilin, found in
relatively high concentrations in human milk is likewise evaluated for its antimicrobial properties and their relevance to the health of the
newborn.
Br Med J, 1977 May 7, 1(6070), 1183 - 5 Diagnosis of invasive candidosis by enzyme immunoassay of
serum antigen; Warren RC et al.; Enzyme immunoassay was used to measure Candida albicans-related antigen in sera of rabbits and mice
infected with C albicans . A range of heterologous antigens tested gave
no cross reactions . Of the three patients who were investigated and gave positive reactions, two were confirmed as having deep candida
infections . Enzyme immunoassay is efficient, simple, and sensitive, and may prove valuable in the early diagnosis of invasive candida
infections.
Acta Paediatr Scand, 1977 May, 66(3), 393 - 5 Disseminated arthritis and osteitis by Candida albicans in a two
month old infant receiving parenteral nutrition; Businco L et al.; The case of a two-month -old female infant, who after a severe
diarrhoea treated with prolonged intravenous infusion in peripheral
veins alternated with total parenteral feeding, developed a Candida albicans septicemia (accompanied by disseminated intravascular
coagulation syndrome) is reported . The course of her disease was also complicated by multiple foci of osteoarthritis in both knees, in the left
hip and in several long-bones . Radiographically the foci of Candida osteitis appeared as fine erosion of the cortex and minute round areas
of osteolysis in the spongiosa, surrounded by a rim of perifocal sclerosis . During the acute stage of Candida sepsis a transitory cellular
immunodeficiency was present . Treatment of Candida infection by 5-fluorocytosine was followed by complete recovery.
Antibiotiki, 1977 May, 22(5), 426 - 8 {Effect of amphotericin B on the enzyme system of Candida
albicans}; Mikhailova NG et al.; The mechanism of amphotericin B action was studied with the aid of cytochemical methods providing
determination of the activity of the 4 main enzymes characterizing the cell energetics, i . e . succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase,
alcohol dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inside the cell . With an increase in the concentration of amphotericin B in the
medium the activity of all the 4 enzymes decreased, the percentage of the inactive cells being regularly increased . Changes in the
fermentative activity of C . albicans as dependent on the incubation
time with the antibiotic were studied . Only the respiration activity decreased in 2 hours . As a result of a 4-hour exposure to the polyen in
the cells of C . albicans the activity of the lactic acid fermentation, respiration through succinate dehydrogenase and activity of the
pentose shunt decreased 1.5--2 times . In 24 hours of incubation the activity of the above decreased 80--90 per cent as compared to the
activity of the initial culture.
J Immunol, 1977 May, 118(5), 1704 - 11 Immunosuppressive activity of human seminal plasma . I .
Inhibition of in vitro lymphocyte activation; Lord EM et al.; A high
molecular weight fraction prepared from human seminal plasma by gel filtration chromatography suppresses human lymphocyte
transformation and DNA synthesis induced by mitogens (PHA, Con A, PWM), antigens (Candida albicans, tetanus toxoid), and allogenic
cells . This same fraction also suppresses the stimulated response of mouse lymphocytes to allogenic cells and to various mitogens,
including T cell-dependent and T cell-independent mitogens . The induction, but not the expression, of cell-mediated cytotoxicity is also
suppressed . Similar high molecular weight fractions suppress the in vitro humoral response of mouse spleen cells to both a T cell-
dependent (SRBC) and a T cell-independent (DNP-F) antigen . The high
m.w . fraction exhibited in vitro suppressive activity at concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 mg/ml which corresponds to a 1/50 or greater dilution of
human seminal plasma . These observations support the concept that a local immune response against sperm in the female reproductive tract
is actively suppressed by a component in seminal plasma.
J Pediatr, 1977 May, 90(5), 707 - 12 Reconstitution of T-cell function in severe combined
immunodeficiency disease following transplantation of early embryonic liver cells; Rieger CH et al.; In a 51/2-month-old male
infant with adenosine deaminase-positive severe combined
immunodeficiency disease, who had no suitable bone marrow donor, immunologic reconstitution was attempted with lymphoid cells obtained
from the liver of a 4- to 5-week-old-male human embryo . A mild graft-versus-host reaction began three weeks later . T-cells, which
were absent prior to infusion of hepatic lymphoid cells, rose to a maximum of 554/mm3 at 16 weeks post transplantation . A normal
lymphocyte response to pokeweek mitogen was not present until 25 to 30 weeks and to allogeneic cells until 39 weeks . Postive in vitro
lymphocyte responses to Candida albicans were found repeatedly after 52 weeks . Twenty months following transplantation the patient is
free of clinical infection, although he requires regular injections of
gamma globulin.
Med Klin, 1977 Apr 8, 72(14), 598 - 600 {Diagnosis of candidid colpitis by Microstix -Candida (author's
transl)}; Rindt W et al.; The increase in the clinical significance of candida albicans in gynecology, particularly the high incidence
(candidiasis) in the pregnant woman, demand an easy, efficient and rapid method for the routine diagnosis of candida albicans . Microstix -
Candida, a specially developed dry culture medium in miniature form, has been studied in comparison to the conventional Nickerson's
Medium . Good agreement of the data was obtained in 425 patients .
The main advantages are the ease of handling and the 24 hour incubation period . The observed difference in data obtained from the
phase microscope examinations and the Microstix Candida cultured specimens are discussed in detail.
Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Apr, 237(4), 559 - 64
The immune adherence phenomenon in experimental candidiasis; Vardinon N et al.; The immune adherence reaction was
shown in experimental candidiasis . This phenomenon has not been previously described for candidiasis, to the best of our knowledge .
Forty-eight sera of guinea pigs inoculated with a single or several
inoculations of live Candida albicans were tested at different time intervals after inoculation for anti C . albicans antibodies detectable by
the immune adherence reaction . From the 14th day after inoculation, a positive immune adherence reaction was observed with titer and
strength increasing as time passed after inoculation and as the number of inoculations increased . All the sera were tested parallely in
agglutination and indirect mast cell degranulation tests . The significance of the data obtained is discussed.
J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1977 Apr, 30(4), 289 - 96
Papulacandins, a new family of antibiotics with antifungal
activity, I . Fermentation, isolation, chemical and biological characterization of papulacandins A, B, C, D and E; Traxler P et
al.; Papulacandin, a new antibiotic complex, active against Candida albicans and several other yeasts, was isolated from a strain of
Papularia sphaerosperma . The fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activity of the five structurally
related papulacandins A, B, C, D and E are reported . Papulacandin B, the main component, was assigned the formula of C47H64O17.
Arthritis Rheum, 1977 Apr, 20(3), 772 - 8
Lymphocytes eluted from synovial tissue of juvenile rheumatoid
arthritis patients; Abrahamsen TG et al.; Synovial tissues from 11 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were investigated . The
elution of lymphocytes was performed according to a procedure previously described for synovial tissue of adult rheumatoid arthritis
patients (1) . The T lymphocytes were pre dominant (mean: 71%) in all cell suspensions studied, whereas the average proportion of B
lymphocytes was 4% . In addition, Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were demonstrable (mean: 8%) . Transformation of the lymphocytes
was induced by the unspecific mitrogens phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and concanavallin A, whereas antigens such as ppd
and candida albicans antigen were usually ineffective.
Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1977 Apr, 125(4), 220 - 4
{Mould infection causing obstructive bronchitis . Diagnostik and therapeutic approaches (author's transl)}; Osvath P et al.; The
authors compared the results of mycologic examinations of asthmatic and control patient's throat . Fungi other than Candida were cultivated
from the throat in 15% of asthmatic children and 3% of controls . In secrets from the lower respiratory tract gained by bronchoscopy,
laryngoscopy, or through tracheostomy there were moulds in 34% among the asthmatics and in 15% of the other cases . Allergic
respiratory tract diseases facilitate the harbouring of moulds in the
respiratory tract but do not influence the presence of Candida albicans . Moulds could often be cultivated even in patient not allergic
to them . However there are chronic cases caused by immun reaction to the moulds in the patients' respiratory tract . Microscopic detection
of budding and branching, myceliform fungi in the secret produced by coughing supports the diagnosis of mould causing chronic asthmoid
bronchitis . New peroral broad spectrum antimycotics facilitate the treatment of such cases . The authors succesfully treated some
patients with Clotrimazol (Canesten, Bayer) and all cases responded well to 5-Fluorocytosan (Ancotyl, Roche).
J Med Chem, 1977 Apr, 20(4), 606 - 9 Antifungal properties of 2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinic acid esters
and related compounds; Gershon H et al.; Twelve esters (C1-C6) of erythro- and threo-2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinic acid and related
compounds were tested for antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo, and Trichophyton
mentagrophytes at pH 5.7 and 7.0 in the absence and presence of 10% beef serum in Sabouraud dextrose agar . At pH 7.0 in the
presence of 10% beef serum, no consistent pattern in the fungitoxicity of the erythro- and threo-2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinate esters was seen .
Increasing the length of the ester function affects fungitoxicity as
follows: C2 greater than C1 greater than C3 greater than C4 greater than C5 greater than C6 . The most fungitoxic compound in this study
was threo-ethyl 2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinate (C . albicans, 14 mug/ml; A . niger, 30 mug/ml; M . mucedo, 9 mug/ml; T . mentagrophytes, 5
mug/ml) . Due to the ease of dehydrohalogenation, the fungitoxicity of 2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinic acid esters may be the result of a mixture
composed of the parent compound, the bromo- and fluorofumaric acid esters, and HF and HBr of which part may be formed extracellularly
and part within the cell.
Infect Immun, 1977 Apr, 16(1), 258 - 62
Transfer of delayed hypersensitivity in mice to microbial antigens with dialyzable transfer factor; Rifkind D et al.;
Dialyzable Lawrence-type transfer factor was prepared from the spleen cells of CF1 mice inoculated with Coccidioides immitis- and Candida
albicans-killed vaccines and with live Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine (BCG) . These preparations were shown to transfer antigen-
specific cell-mediated immunity to naive mice, as measured by the delayed skin test and footpad-swelling methods . Reactivity could be
demonstrated when the test antigens were given 24 h after the transfer factor, but not when they were given simultaneously .
Coccidioides-specific transfer factor was shown to be sensitive to
Pronase and resistant to trypsin and ribonuclease . A preparation of BCG transfer factor was sensitive to snake venom phosphodiesterase.
Arch Surg, 1977 Mar, 112(3), 273 - 5
Utility of ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of acute cholecystitis; Berger M et al.; Three case reports show the usefulness
of ultrasound examination in patients with right upper quadrant masses despite clinical or roentgenographic evidence of cholecystitis or
cholelithiasis . In one patient an hepatic fungal abscess from Candida albicans was distinguished from the gallbladder; in another, the same
was possible for a pyogenic abscess in an old surgical incision; and in a
third, extension of a gallbladder carcinoma to the liver was distinguished from the gallbladder itself . Thus, the ultrasound
examination allowed assessment of the relationship between the clinically palpable mass and ultrasonically defined anatomy, When
needed, increased specificity of diagnosis was obtained by ultrasonically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd, 1977 Mar, 37(3), 232 - 4
{Antibacterial and antimycotic activity of the amniotic fluid against selected germs (author's transl)}; Jankowski RP et al.; 60
samples of amniotic fluid from 60 patients were obtained between 14
and 42 weeks gestation by dates and tested for their antibacterial activity against staphlococcus aureus strains and brucella abortus and
their antimycotic activity against Candida albicans . The antibacterial and antimycotic activity of the amniotic fluid was confirmed . This
activity increases steadily from the 15th week and reaches its maximum around term between 36 and 42 weeks . The amniotic
samples obtained at 20 weeks gestation showed a weak antibacterial activity especially against staphlococcus aureus of human origin . The
above results are important because of the increasing frequency of early and late diagnostic amniocentesis in pregnancy.
J Clin Pathol, 1977 Mar, 30(3), 262 - 5 Observations on the use of the double diffusion test in the
diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis; Jones GR et al.; Precipitins to mannan and cytoplasmic antigens of three Candida species were
determined in an unselected series of 289 non-pregnant women . Precipitins were present in 20% of sera of women with vaginal
candidiasis, in 23% of women harbouring yeasts in the vagina without clinical signs of infection, and in 21% of women harbouring yeasts in
sites other than the vagina . Of the 47 patients who reacted with Candida albicans mannan or cytoplasmic antigens, 98% reacted with
mannan antigen but only 13% with cytoplasmic antigen . The inclusion
of mannan and cytoplasmic antigens of C . guilliermondii and C . parapsilosis did not increase the specificity or sensitivity of the test in
the diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis . It is suggested that the double diffusion test is of doubtful value as an adjunct to the diagnosis of
vaginal candidiasis.
J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Mar, 99(1), 77 - 84 The effect of aeration and metabolic inhibitors on resistance to
amphotericin in starved cultures of Candida albicans; Gale EF et al.; The development of resistance to amphotericin methyl ester,
measured in terms of the amount of drug required to induce a
standard rate of release of K+ from suspensions of washed organisms, has been followed in Candida albicans in starved cultures under
controlled conditions of aeration, stirring and temperature . Resistance develops at a rate which increases with the rate of aeration, limited by
the onset of damage due to turbulence . Resistance decreases rapidly if gassing with N2 is substituted for aeration, but sensitivity does not
reach that of exponentially growing cells . Resumption of aeration is followed by a slow recovery of resistance . The addition of inhibitors of
protein synthesis (trichodermin, verrucarin) or uncoupling agents (2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium azide) at the beginning of starvation results in
an increased rate of development of resistance . Adding inhibitors at a
later stage, when resistance has developed after 72 h aeration, does not affect the decrease in resistance produced by gassing with N2 but
the presence of trichodermin or verrucarin delays the recovery of resistance o
Infect Immun, 1977 Mar, 15(3), 910 - 5
Growth inhibition of Candida albicans by rabbit alveolar macrophages; Peterson EM et al.; Normal rabbit alveolar
macrophages were infected in vitro with Candida albicans . Early after infection, germ tube formation of phagocytized C . albicans was
inhibited in contrast to extracellular (nonphagocytized) C . albicans .
Over and 8-h period, plate counts of C . albicans incubated with alveolar macrophages revealed a decrease in colony-forming units in
contrast to C . albicans alone . In addition, an assay was developed which specifically measured C . albicans {3H}leucine incorporation in
the presence of alveolar macrophages . Using this assay, we observed a 71 to 93% inhibition of macromolecular synthesis in C . albicans
when incubated with alveolar macrophages . Autoradiographic studies showed that the inhibition of leucine incorporation was restricted to the
ingested Candida.
J Pharm Sci, 1977 Mar, 66(3), 431 - 2
Synthetic acetylenic antifungal agents; Simon DZ et al.; Several monoamino bis(propynyloxy)benzenes were prepared by a Mannich
reaction and tested for antifungal activity against Trichophyton schoenleini, T . mentagraphytes, T . tonsurans, Candida albicans,
and Epidermophyton flocossum . In addition, the bis(propynyloxy)benzene intermediates were tested and comparisons were made with
standing drugs . The intermediates were found to be the most active, although two Mannich bases possessed considerable activity.
J Histochem Cytochem, 1977 Mar, 25(3), 193 - 9
Cytochemical localization of NADH oxidase in Candida albicans;
Borgers M et al.; The application of a recently published technique to localize reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase activity is
described in glutaraldehyde-fixed Candida albicans . The reaction product appears as a finely granular precipitate on the mitochondrial
cristae and on the central vacuolar membrane, and, if present, on the vacuolar contents . Fixation should be kept to a minimum and
prolonged incubation times up to 2 hr are necessary to show these reactive sites . The reaction appears to be strongly substrate-
dependent and not affected by cyanide . Exposure of C . albicans cells to the antimycotic miconazole resulted in a strong increase in reduced
nicotinamide, adenine dinucleotide and oxidase activity . The
hypothesis is put forward that this enzyme, together with peroxidative and catalatic enzymes, may be implicated in the mechanism by which
miconazole exerts its lethal effect on C . albicans.
Blood, 1977 Mar, 49(3), 335 - 44 Immunodeficiency in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas;
Jones SE et al.; Seventy-one previously untreated patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas were studied with several readilyvailable tests of
immune function: number of peripheral blood lymphocytes, serum immunoglobulins, and delayed hypersensitivity to six recall antigens .
The results were correlated to histology (Rappaport classification),
stage (Ann Arbor classification), the presence of symptoms, and survival . As a group, 38 patients with diffuse lymphomas exhibited
marked impairment in reactivity to five of six antigens (p less than 0.03 to p less than 0.001) . In addition, lymphopenia and reduced
levels of serum IgA were found in association with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma . Among patients with diffuse lymphoma, lymphocyte
number and skin test reactivity tended to be greater in those with localized disease or without constitutional symptoms, and survival was
superior for patients free of symptoms (p less than 0.01) . As a group, 33 patients with nodular lymphoma had normal numbers of
lymphocytes, lower levels of serum IgG and IgA, and significant
impairment of reactivity to two antigens (streptokinase-streptodornase and mumps; p less than 0.01); reactivity to three other antigens
(Candida albicans, coccidiodin, and tuberculin) was normal . Survival for patients with nodular lymphoma was superior (p less than 0.01)
compared to those with diffuse lymphomas . In summary, severe immunodeficiency was found in patients with diffuse lymphoma
(particularly diffuse histiocytic lymphoma), and definite but much less severe immunodeficiency was characteristic of patients with nodular
lymphoma.
Mycopathologia, 1977 Feb 18, 60(2), 99 - 104
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis and opportunistic fungal infections; Smith JM; Sera from 35 apparently normal humans, 37
compromised human patients, 30 hedgehogs and 30 sheep, were examined for precipitating antibodies to four opportunistic fungi -
Absidia corymbifera, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Rhizopus arrhizus-using counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) .
Precipitins to A . fumigatus were almost exclusively confined to specimens obtained from the compromised human group (51% of
those examined) while Candida precipitating antibodies were detected in the sera of both normal (26%) and compromised (49%) humans
and in 10% of the hedgehog specimens . Serum precipitins against the
two phycomycetes included in the investigations were rare . Because of the complexity of most fungal antigen extracts, it appears the two
phycomycetes included in the investigations were rare . Beause of the complexity of most fungal antigen extracts, it appears essential that
sera be tested against a number of different antigen concentrations if CIE is to be used with confidence in fungal serology.
Ann Thorac Surg, 1977 Feb, 23(2), 163 - 6
Candida albicans infection of sternum and costal cartilages: combined operative treatment and drug therapy and 5-
fluorocytosine; Thomas FE Jr et al.; Two patients with candidal
sternal osteomyelitis have been successfully treated by operative debridement and adjuvant drug therapy with 5-fluorocytosine . One
patient had developed postoperative candidal wound infection after sternotomy, and the other acquired candidal sternal osteomyelitis
following Candida fungemia . The diagnosis, suggested by culture, was confirmed by identification of Candida pseudohyphae in debrided
tissue . Histological confirmation of candidal sternal osteomyelitis indicates the need for operative debridement and specific systemic
antifungal therapy . The drug 5-fluorocytosine appears to provide effective oral therapy in this situation.
Gastroenterology, 1977 Feb, 72(2), 316 - 8 Intravenous miconazole in the treatment of chronic esophageal
candidiasis; Rutgeerts L et al.; Intravenous miconazole monotherapy for 3 weeks cured a 67-year-old patient with a 2-year history of
esophageal candidiasis . Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from this patient demonstrated impaired phagocytic capacity for Candida
albicans.
Biokhimiia, 1977 Feb, 42(2), 277 - 82 {Effect of polyenic antibiotics on the activity of alkaline
phosphatase from Candida albicans}; Solov'ena NN et al.; Polyenic
antibiotics (levorin, amphotericin B, nistatin) inhibit in vivo and in vitro the activity of membrane alkaline phosphatase from sensitive Candida
albicans strain, and their inhibitory effect is twice lower on the enzyme from the resistant strain . A correlation is observed between
the antibiotic concentration and the inhibitory effect on alkaline phosphatase activity . Nistatin is found to be the least efficient inhibitor
(among the antibiotics studied) of alkaline phosphatase . The treatment of membranes with polyenic antibiotics does not result in
solubilization of membrane proteins nad alkaline phosphatase . The data obtained are considered with respect to the effect of polyenic
antibiotics on cell membrane structure.
Acta Allergol, 1977 Feb, 32(1), 15 - 26
Inhibition of leukocyte migration by the agarose plate technique . Application to antigen from Candida albicans and
Fusobacterium nucleatum; Budtz-Jorgensen E; Leukocyte migration inhibition by antigen from Candida albicans and Fusobacterium
nucleatum was studied in man by means of the direct leukocyte migration agarose technique (LMAT) . Antigens were prepared by
prolonged ultrasonication and were added to the leukocyte cultures in the original as well as in the concentrated solutions . Significant
inhibition of migration with a 10-fold concentrated solution of candida
antigen was demonstrated in subjects showing apositive intracutaneous reaction to candida . With the fusobacterial antigen,
inhibition of migration or stimulation of migration were demonstrated in subjects with slight peridontal inflammation . A 5-fold increase in the
concentration of fusobacterial antigen resulted in increased stimulation of migration or inhibition of migration . Preincubation of the leukocytes
with puromycin abolished both inhibition and stimulation of migration by candidal or fusobacterial antigen . The study confirms that it is
important to study dose-related effects when applying the LMAT to test cell-mediated immunity . The study is in support of stimulation of
migration being an immunologic reaction.
J Infect Dis, 1977 Feb, 135(2), 235 - 42
Role of Candida albicans in granulomatous tissue reactions . II . In vivo degradation of C . albicans in hepatic macrophages of
mice; Meister H et al.; Hepatic granulomas were induced in mice by injection of blastospores, cell walls, and glucan of Candida albicans .
Granulomatous reactions in liver tissue initially multiplied but later decreased . A dose-response relationship was apparent with up to 3
mg of inoculum . Shortly after injection of C . albicans spores, fungal elements appeared in liver macrophages and were detectable in
granuloma and Kupffer cells for 20 days . Gram-stain, periodic acid-
Schiff (PAS), and immunofluorescence reactions soon vanished, and the organisms could no longer be seen . Glucan of C . albicans, which
lacked PAS and immunofluorescence reactivity, proved active in initiation of granulomas . Degradation of phagocytized spores of C .
albicans, reductions of cytoplasm, and cell wall deformation and collapse support the premise that loss of PAS and immunofluorescence
reactivity was caused by enzymatic breakdown of candida cell wall mannan in macrophages . We conclude that C . albicans can induce
granulomatous reactions in mouse liver when the glucan that forms the cell wall matrix in Candida persists in identifiable residues.
J Infect Dis, 1977 Feb, 135(2), 224 - 34 Role of Candida albicans in granulomatous tissue reactions . I .
In vitro degradation of C . albicans and immunospecificity of split products; Meister H et al.; Several mannan-containing fractions
were obtained from whole cells, cell walls, and cytoplasm of Candida albicans by means of treatment with hot formamide or precipitation
with (NH4)2SO4 . The immunological and chemical characteristics of the fractions were compared with those of C . albicans mannan
prepared by standard procedures . Antisera to C . albicans from rabbits immunized with whole cells of the organism were found to be primarily
directed against the mannan content . With use of such antisera,
mannan was localized in both the inner and outer layers of the cell wall, whereas the middle layer was found in all likelihood to represent
the glucan polymer . Stepwise removal of mannan from whole cells or cell walls resulted in increasing loss of periodic acid-Schiff staining,
immunofluorescence, and peroxidase reactivity . Thus, it appears that mannan is responsible for the ability of cell walls of C . albicans to be
stained by periodic acid-Schiff or labeled with fluorescent antibody . The component of the pathogen most resistant to physical or chemical
treatment was the glucan, which lacked all immunological reactivity.
J Pediatr, 1977 Feb, 90(2), 180 - 6
Hereditary deficiency of the third component of complement in a child with fever, skin rash, and arthralgias: response to
transfusion of whole blood; Osofsky SG et al.; A previously well 34-month-old male presenting with fever, skin rash, and arthralgias was
found to lack C3 by immunochemical (undetectable) and hemolytic (1% normal) assays . No infectious agent could be demonstrated .
Protein levels of Clq . C4, C5, properdin, and C3b-INA and hemolytic activities of complement components C1 to C9 except C3 were normal
or elevated; total hemolytic complement activity was 13% of normal and was reconstituted by purified C3 . Properdin factor B was 702
(normal 175 to 275) mug/ml, and was not cleaver upon addition of
zymosan or cobra venom factor . The serum had normal immune adherence activity, but was deficient in ability to opsonize Candida
albicans for uptake and Escherichia coli for killing by neurophils, generate neutrophil chemotactic factors and inhibit the growth of E .
coli; these activities were restored by purified C3 . A transfusion of 320 ml 1-hour-old normal whole blood on the fifty-second day resulted in
transitory elevation of the C3 level to 25 mg/dl with a fall-off (approximately 2 1/2% per hour) to undetectable levels by 69 hours; it
was followed by disappearance of the skin rash and arthralgias and return to normal of the previously elevated temperature and CRP
levels . C3 levels in family members (seven of 24 half-normal), lack of
anti-C3 activity, normal C3b-INA levels and a normal rate of catabolism of transfused C3 indicated that the deficiency was inherited
with autosomal codominance and involved decreased synthesis of C3 . Thus, this child is a unique individual with inherited C3 deficiency
presenting with absence of repeated infections, whose symptoms of fever, skin rash, and arthralgia were abated by whole blood
transfusion.
J Maxillofac Surg, 1977 Feb, 5(1), 69 - 75 Follow-up studies in oral leukoplakia; Banoczy J; Follow-up
examinations of 670 patients with oral leukoplakia during a 30-year-
period showed cancer development in 40 cases, i.e . 6% . Dysplasia was observed in 24% of the histologically examined leukoplakia cases;
13% of the dysplasia cases subsequently showed development of carcinoma . The age distribution revealed the prevalence of leukoplakia
in the age-group 51-60 years; that of carcinoma in the age-group of 61-70 years . The sex distribution showed a male-female ratio of 3.2 :
1 in the leukoplakia-group, and a 1.9 : 1 ratio in the carcinoma-group . The tongue and the lips were the site of predilection for malignant
transformation and for dysplasia . Among aetiological factors, Candida albicans infection and the simultaneous existence of several
aetiological factors seemed to play a role in malignant transformation .
Erosive leukoplakia showed the highest risk, developing in 25.9% of the cases into cancer.
Can J Microbiol, 1977 Feb, 23(2), 166 - 74
The role of metabolic energy in the lethal action of basic proteins on Candida albicans; Olson VL et al.; Comparative studies
were made on the destructive effects of certain basic proteins on a strain of Candida albicans and two of its respiration-impaired
mutants . Both by direct plate counts of survivors and by quantitative ultraviolet spectrophotometric analyses of released cellular
constituents, the respiration-impaired mutants were less vulnerable to
the destructive actions of the basic proteins than were ordinary wild-type cells . The lethal incidence and the ultraviolet absorbing cellular
substances released from wild-type cells by the proteins were markedly decreased in the presence of the oxidative phosphorylation
uncouplers sodium azide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and salicylanide and approximately equal to the effects produced on an oxidative
phosphorylation mutant not treated with the uncouplers . The heightened resistance of a culture through mutational or chemical
impairment of its respiratory system suggests a role of metabolic energy in the destructive action of various basic proteins on yeast
cells.
Br J Haematol, 1977 Feb, 35(2), 245 - 50
Neutrophil function in bone marrow transplant recipients; Territo MC et al.; The neutrophil function of seven patients receiving
allogeneic bone marrow transplantion was studied . Five of the patients had been transplanted for aplastic anaemia and two for acute
leukaemia . Determinations were made of neutrophil phagocytosis, chemotaxis, random migration, and microbicidal activity for Candida
albicans and Staphylococcus aureus . One patient showed a decreased ability to kill C . albicans at a time when she had active
pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii . The remainder of the studies
showed normal neutrophil functions . No differences were observed in the patients who had graft versus host disease {GvH} from those
without GvH . These studies suggest that defects in phagocytic neutrophil function do not contribute significantly to the impaired host
defenses in recipients of bone marrow transplantation.
Lav Um, 1977 Jan, 29(1), 1 - 14 {Health aspects of antibiotic manufacture with particular
emphasis on respiratory and genital disturbances (author's transl)}; Carnevale F et al.; Sixty-seven workers employed in
incapsulating and manufacturing antibiotics were studied by the
authors by means of questionnaire, environmental survey, clinical examination and hematochemical, immunologic and microbiological
determinations . The main features of respiratory and genital disturbances are discussed . Two cases of occupational asthma due to
ampicillin were detected . Twenty-four out of forty-five female workers were found to be affected with vaginitis (due to Candida albicans in
fourteen): a relationship with the working environment is hypothesized . The digestive tract disturbances are reported and the
prevalence of dental discoloration is stressed . Finally the psycho-pathological pattern of the factory workers is outlined.
Scand J Infect Dis, 1977, 9(1), 63 - 4 Candida meningoencephalitis treated with 5-fluorocytosine;
Nordstrom L et al.; The successful treatment of Candida albicans meningoencephalitis with 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) is reported . After
abdominal surgery with many complications, a 60-year-old man developed severe headache, lumbar pain, mental change . The
significance of this was not realized for months . The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed pleocytosis, high protein and low glucose
concentration . One CSF culture out of 6 revealed growth of Candida albicans . Serologic tests are also indicated candida infection . After a
month of treatment with 5-FC, the severe pain decreased and he
improved mentally . After 4 months, the CSF was normal and the 5-FC treatment ended . For the past year, the patient has not shown any
signs of relapse.
Arch Dis Child, 1977 Jan, 52(1), 56 - 61 Peritoneal dialysis in children . Review of 8 years' experience;
Day RE et al.; During the years 1968-75, 59 periods of peritoneal dialysis were performed on 44 children aged from 2 days to 17 years .
The commonest complication was peritoneal infection, which affected 68% of those under 2 years and 30% of older children . This was
satisfactorily treated in all but one case which was due to Candida
albicans . The use of combined intramuscular and intraperitoneal gentamicin therapy is described . 2 patients died as a result of massive
intraperitoneal haemorrhage and one had a nonfatal intestinal perforation . In experienced hands peritoneal dialysis is a convenient,
effective, and reasonably safe way of treating acute renal failure; it is best performed in centres capable of handling complex metabolic
problems and investigating and treating the underlying renal disease.
Mikrobiyol Bul, 1977, 11(4), 543 - 7 {Sensitivity of various strains of Candida to amphotericin B and
nystatin (author's transl)}; Mutlu G et al.; In this article the
sensitivity of 42 standard Candida strains to Amphotericin B and Nystatin have been examined . The in vitro experiments showed that
the sensitivity of various Candida strains to the above mentioned drugs were different . Also it was observed that Nystatin was more effective
against the Candida albicans strains.
Exp Pathol (Jena), 1977, 14(6), 321 - 7 Experimental investigations on increased resistance to
infections with Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus Smith by 4-imino-1,4-diazobicyclo-(3.1.0)-hexane-2-on BM
06.002 (prop . INN imexon) in mice; Ziegler AE et al.; BM 06.002
increases the resistance of mice to experimentally induced chronic infection with Candida albicans . Furthermore, BM 06.002 leads to
increased resistance in the case of experimentally induced infection with Staphylococcus aureus Smith, when a subtherapeutic dose of
sulfadiazine is applied . In mice immunosuppressively pretreated with hydrocortisone, BM 06.002 effectuates immunorestauration.
Scand J Dent Res, 1977 Jan-Feb, 85(2), 135 - 41
Experimental palatal candidosis and saliva flow in monkeys; Olsen I et al.; Maxillary acrylic plates, inoculated with Candida
albicans, were inserted for 3 weeks in 10 monkeys (Cercopithecus
aethiops) (Series I), and reinserted in five of the animals 8 weeks after removal (Series II) . To suppress saliva flow oxyphencyclimine was
injected intramuscularly (0.125 mg/kg) thrice daily for 3 weeks in six monkeys of Series I, while four controls received no drug . In Series II
the oxyphencyclimine dose was doubled in three animals, and two controls were sham-treated with sodium chloride . Mean saliva flow
was reduced to 58% after 1 week and to 63% after 3 weeks with the low dose of oxyphencyclimine . The values with the high dose were
56% and 64%, respectively . After 1 week thrush had developed beneath the plates of all monkeys . The patches were more extensive
and regressed slower with oxyphencyclimine . Enlarged lesions were
seen with the double dose . In Series I intraepithelial invasion by hyphae was detected more frequently and longer after inoculation in
the oxyphencyclimine group . Such invasion was not found in biopsies from Series II . It is likely that saliva offers some protection against
yeasts colonizing the fitting size of a denture.
J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Jan, 5(1), 91 - 9 Comparative serological and cutaneous reactivity of candidal
cytoplasmic proteins and mannan separated by affinity for concanavalin A; Ellsworth JH et al.; Yeast-form Candida albicans
cells were disrupted for 1.5 min in a Braun homogenizer and
centrifuged at 100,000 X g . The supernatant was concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and then dialyzed . The resulting
material (650 mg), containing 81.2% protein and 11.5% carbohydrate, was subjected to affinity chromatography on concanavalin A (Con A)
linked to agarose . A protein fraction was eluted from the column with buffer, and a fraction containing mannan was eluted with 0.2 M alpha-
methyl mannoside . The candidal soluble proteins had 19 components which were resolvable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The
material with affinity for Con A contained mannan and 17% complexed protein . Antigenic differences between the soluble proteins and the
mannan-protein complex were shown by lines of intersection in
immunodiffusion . The soluble proteins devoid of mannan reacted in immunoelectrophoresis with sera from infected rabbits and patients
with chronic candidiasis . These same sera also reacted with a mannan-protein complex eluted from the Con A column with alpha-
methyl mannoside . The comparative ability of candidal proteins and cell wall-derived mannan to elicit skin test reactions in guinea pigs
sensitized by infection or with formaldehyde-killed yeast was studied . Candidal proteins at a 10-mug dose elicited positive reactions at 6 and
21 days after sensitization . The reactions persisted for 48 h and showed minimal tendency to an arthus response, which was marked
when mannan-containing antigens were used . The antigenicity of cell
wall-derived mannans and candidal soluble proteins devoid of mannan was compared in immunodiffusion tests of sera from 39 patients with
neoplastic disease . Of these patients with documented candidiasis, 13 of 20 reacted to one or more mannan antigens, and 3 of 20 reacted to
candidal soluble proteins . In contrast, of those patients who were uninfected or had superficial Candida spp . infections, 5 of 19 reacted
to candidal soluble proteins, and 16 of 19 reacted to one or more mannan antigens.
Microbiol Immunol, 1977, 21(12), 703 - 25
Cellular elements in the resistance to candida infection in mice .
I . Contribution of T lymphocytes and phagocytes at various stages of infection; Miyake T et al.; Live organisms (cfu) of Candida
albicans per organ were counted 1 hr and 1 to 20 days after an intravenous inoculation into various groups of mice which had distinct
levels of immunologic or non-immunologic defense mechanisms . a) The number of cfu in the liver decreased progressively in normal mice,
but those in the kidney maintained a constant level during the observation period . b) The number of cfu in the liver decreased
progressively also in nude mice . In their kidneys, however, cfu increased progressively at a late stage of infection . c) In lethally
irradiated AKR of nude mice in which phagocyte functions were
severely depressed, the number of cfu increased progressively in both liver and kidney from the initial stage of infection . d) In immunized
AKR mice, growth of C . albicans was suppressed at late stages of infection . Such protective immunity could be transferred partly with
immune lymphoid cells but not with hyperimmune serum in the experimental system employed . In protection against candida
infection, non-immune phagocytosis and T cell-mediated immunity appear to be required at the early and late stages of infection,
respectively.
Contrib Microbiol Immunol, 1977, 4, 77 - 85
Toxins produced by Candida albicans; Iwata K; From studies on high-and-low molecular-weight candidial toxins, with special reference
to the etiopathology of experimental-weight candidial toxins, with special reference to the etiopathology of experimental C . albicans
infection, it may be concluded that these toxins, particularly the high-molecular-weight ones, play a very important role as parasitic factors
in the extablishment of the infection, possibly also affecting its course . This concept of the role of Candidial toxins may be considered also
applicable to the establishment of natural candidosis . It is speculated that these toxins might be more or less ubiquitously produced in
pathogenic fungi, not only C . albicans but also other species of the
genus Candida as well as those of other fungal genera . They may be to some extent related to the etiopathology of their respective fungal
infections.
Br J Clin Pharmacol, 1977, 4 Suppl 3, 303S - 312S Immunological investigations of Candida albicans in respiratory
disease; Edge G et al.; 1 . Tests against rabbit antiserum to Candida albicans showed about 40 protein antigens in cytoplasmic extract
compared with two in a commercial test extract, which contained mainly polysaccharide (mannan) antigens . 2 . Positive precipitin tests
to the mannan preparation were recorded in 40% of 56 asthmatics on
systemic corticosteroids and 37% of 56 rhinitis patients not so treated . The titres were slightly higher in the corticosteroid group .
There was no increase in precipitins over 0-9 months in asthmatics treated with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (BDA) by inhalation,
or over 0-12 months in rhinitis patients treated with BDA nasal spray . No positive reactions to the purified protein fraction were recorded . 3 .
Radioallergosorbent tests for specific IgE antibody showed a higher incidence of positive results with whole C . albicans yeast cells than
with purified cytoplasmic protein . There was a higher incidence of positive results to protein in patients on systemic corticosteroids than
in the other patients . No change in incidence occurred in asthmatics
on BDA . The number of positive results in 56 rhinitis patients increased on BDA from 28 to 37 for yeast cells, and from 7 to 16 for
cytoplasmic protein . This was attributed to C . albicans challenge tests . 4 . Specific IgA antibodies to yeast cells were detected in 48/56
asthmatics on systemic corticosteroids, and there were no significant changes over 0-9 months on BDA . The corresponding figures for
rhinitis patients were 25/56, and again there were no significant changes over 0-12 months on BDA.
J Rheumatol, 1977 Autumn, 4(3), 317 - 20
Arthritis and osteomyelitis due to Candida albicans: a case
report; Lertratanakul Y et al.; A case of Candida albicans arthritis involving a knee and cuneiform bone is presented . As with other forms
of candidiasis, multiple antibiotic treatment and hyperalimentation predisposed to the infection . Fourteen previously published cases are
reviewed . The knee is the most common site of infection and there is a high frequency of associated osteomyelitis . Treatment with both
amphotericin and 5-fluorocytosine seems to be effective . The case presented was treated successfully with a small dose of amphotericin
followed by five and one-half months of 5-fluorocytosine.
J Immunol Methods, 1977, 18(1-2), 149 - 56
Cell wall antigens in soluble cytoplasmic extracts of candida albicans as demonstrated by crossed immuno-
affinoelectrophoresis with concanavalin A; Syverson RE et al.; Crossed immuno-affinoelectrophoresis with Concanavalin A precipitated
four antigens from soluble extracts of the yeast and mycelial phases of Candida albicans . Two of these antigens were also present in
spheroplast preparations . One of the Concanavalin A precipitated antigens was destroyed by periodate and none were digested by
pronase . Sequential treatment with pronase and periodate destroyed two of the remaining three antigens . The Concanavalin A precipitated
antigens appear to be glycoproteins, two of which are associated with
the cell wall of C . albicans.
Scand J Immunol, 1977, 6(6-7), 591 - 4 Participation of C3 in intracellular killing of Candida albicans;
Yamamura M et al.; Using new objective methods for measuring, independently, phagcytosis and killing, it was demonstrated that
Candida albicans opsonized by C3-deficient serum was ingested by not killed in vitro by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes . Killing
could be induced by adding purified C3 to the C3-deficient serum . It is concluded that C3 participates directely in the intracellular process
leading to phagocytic killing of C . albicans.
Acta Odontol Scand, 1977, 35(4), 197 - 205
Mycotic growth and soft denture lining materials; Makila E et al.; Mycotic flora was studied from the dentures and denture bearing
mucosae of 39 persons who wore soft-lined (Molloplast B) mandibular dentures and heat-cured acrylic resin maxillary dentures . Fungal
growth was detected in 85% of the mandibular dentures and in 44% of the maxillary dentures (p less than 0.001) . On the mandibular mucosa
fungal growth was revealed in 74% and on the mucosa of the maxilla in 69% . In connection with inflamed mucosae fungal growth was
always detected on the mandibular denture and on the mandibular
mucosa in 93% as well as on the maxillary denture in 50% and on the maxillary mucosa in 75% . Considering the healthy mandibular mucosa
fungus was found in 75% on the mandibular dentures and in 62% on the mucous membranes . In connection with healthy maxillary
mucosae the corresponding figures were 42% and 68% . The specimens revealed 7 different yeasts and 2 moulds . The most
common fungi were Candida albicans (86%), Torulopsis glabrata (31%), and C . tropicalis (14%) . The uncured Molloplast material
caused a definite inhibition of candida growth in vitro, while the cured material indicated no growth inhibition.
Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1977, 25(2), 273 - 83 Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces olivaceus 142 . II .
Isolation, purification and activity spectrum of antibiotic WR 142-FPG; Mordarski M et al.; A method of isolating antibiotic Wr 142-
FPG from the fermentation broth and mycelium of mutant FPG of the strain Streptomyces olivaceus 142 has been developed . The method of
purification of the active substance and activity spectrum agains microorganisms are described . Some of the basic properties of two
preparations are given: a) the preparation designed I, partly purified, containing a peptide moetye and b) the preparation designed II, which
is a homogeneous chromatographically preparation with mol . wt .
about 510, obtained from preparation I by separation on silica gel . Both preparations are active against the same spectrum of
microorganisms and are similarly cytotoxic for normal and neoplastic cells . They differ from each other in specific activity and toxicity .
LD50 of preparation I for white mice i.p . is about 240 mg/kg and LD50 of preparation II about 5 mg/kg . Comparison of the activity of the
purified preparation of WR 142-FPG with that of known anti-fungal antibiotics showed that Wr 142-FPG inhibits growth of Candida
albicans and other pathogenic yeasts at concentrations 10--100 times lower than amphotericin B, antimycin A, nystatin and primaricin.
Clin Exp Immunol, 1977 Jan, 27(1), 152 - 8 A functional comparison of blood and gingival inflammatory
polymorphonuclear leucocytes in man; Wilton JM et al.; Polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the human gingival crevice (CREV-
PMN) have a defective phagocytic capacity when compared with peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PB-PMN) from the
same individual . In a study of fourteen clinically healthy subjects, significantly smaller numbers of CREV-PMN phagocytosed fewer
Candida albicans blastospores as compared with PB-PMN . The intracellularkilling capacity of the two cell populations was similar .
Removal of specific antibody but not complement significantly
depressed blastospore uptake by both cell types . It is postulated that the intrinsic defect of the CREV-PMN is acquired in vivo and may be a
general property of PMN from inflammatory sites.
J Immunol Methods, 1977, 14(1), 19 - 24 Phagocytosis measured as inhibition of uridine uptake by
Candida albicans; Yamamura M et al.; Inhibition of 3H-uridine incorporation into Candida albicans can be used as a sensitive index
of phagocytic function because: 1) there is a linear correlation between uridine incorporation and yeast number; 2) phagocytic cells do not
incorporate significant amounts of uridine in short term cultures; and
3) C . albicans replicating inside phagocytic cells does not take up uridine from culture medium . Appropriate conditions for measuring
phagocytic capacity of human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN's) were 5 x 10(5) C . albicans and 5 x 10(4) PMNs in 0.5 ml of medium
containing 2.5% AB serum . This mixture was incubated for 30 min at 37 degrees C . Aliquots were then transferred into microtiter wells and
incubated for a further 60 min in the presence of 3H-uridine . Under these conditions PMN leucocytes from 25 healthy individuals caused
suppression of uridine incorporation ranging from 33 to 75% (50 +/- 12).
Infect Immun, 1977 Jan, 15(1), 287 - 94 Humoral immunity in vaginal candidiasis; Mathur S et al.; Serum
antibody titers to Candida albicans were estimated in 37 women with recurrent vaginal candidiasis and in 148 normal American and Finnish
subjects, using the passive-hemagglutination technique . The antibody titers ranged from 0 to 16 in normal individuals and 4 to 256 in vaginal
candidiasis patients . Antibodies to C . albicans in the sera of vaginal candidiasis patients were found to be the secretory immunoglobulin A
type, as determined by gel filtration and double-diffusion tests . The results were confirmed by the indir-ct fluorescent-antibody technique .
Our findings suggest that, in vaginal candidiasis, the antibody response
is mainly local, consisting of secretory immunoglobulin A, some of which finds its way into systemic circulation.
Arch Ophthalmol, 1977 Jan, 95(1), 89 - 93
Intravitreal amphotericin B treatment of Candida endophthamitis; Stern GA et al.; A 43-year-old heroin addict with
Candida albicans endophthalmitis was treated with a single 5-mug intravitreal injection of amphotericin B . The diagnosis was confirmed
by smears and cultures of a vitrous aspiration . The patient's accidental death seven weeks after treatment enabled us to obtain
histopathologic evidence that the infection had been cured and that the
amphotericin B had had no toxic effect on the retina . Intravitral amphotericin B should be considered an important mode of treatment
of Candida endophthalmitis.
Proc R Soc Med, 1977, 70 Suppl 1, 9 - 12 The effects of miconazole on the ultrastructure of Candida
albicans; de Nollin S et al.; Ultrastructural changes in Candida albicans induced by increasing concentrations of miconazole in vitro
are described . Fungistatic concentrations (10(-8) to 10(-7) M) induced minimal morphologic changes at the cell periphery . At 10(-6) M cell
volume increased and peroxisomes became numerous in the cell
interior . The minimal fungicidal dose of 10(-5) M caused severe damage to most of the cell population and a total fungicidal dose of 10
(-4) M caused total internal cellular necrosis even when cell walls remained intact . It is suggested that miconazole inhibits the
peroxidative enzymes cytochrome c-peroxidase and catalase . Cell necrosis then results from peroxide accumulation.
Infect Immun, 1977 Jan, 15(1), 145 - 8
Frentizole, a novel immunosuppressive, and azathioprine: their comparative effects on host resistance to Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Candida albicans, herpes simplex virus, and
influenza (Ann Arbor) virus; Scheetz ME II et al.; Frentizole, 1-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenyl urea, a new immunosuppressive
agent, and azathioprine were administered subcutaneously at predetermined immunosuppressive dose levels of azathioprine and up
to 50 times an immunosuppressive dose level of Frentizole . After 10 days of treatment at these dose levels, the experimental groups were
inoculated intraperitoneally with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or herpes simplex virus, inoculated intraveneously with Candida albicans, or
infected by aerosol with Ann Arbor influenza virus . The results of these series of experiments indicate that Frentizole, even at super
immunosuppressive doses, does not predispose the hose (mice) to
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, herpes simplex virus, or Ann Arbor influenza virus.
Arch Sci Med (Torino), 1977 Jan-Mar, 134(1), 95 - 8
{Vaccine therapy of a case of onychomycosis caused by Candida albicans}; Gravina-Sanvitale G et al.; A case of
onychomycosis due to Candida Albicans in an otherwise healthy girl is reported . A vaccine was prepared with the same strain as the Candida
Albicans isolated from the nail culture, broken down into 12 ampoules containing progressive concentrations . An improvement was achieved
up to complete cure and this persists many months later . The results
of the therapy are commented on.
Proc R Soc Med, 1977, 70 Suppl 1, 40 - 2 Treatment of fungal infections with miconazole; Stille W et al.;
The present study reports on 15 patients with confirmed or suspected secondary fungal infection, who were treated with intravenous
miconazole and a daily dose of 0.4 to 28 g (mean 9.8 g) . The mycological findings confirmed infection with Aspergillus fumigatus in 6
patients and severe infection with Candida albicans in 4 . Clinically mycological cures were achieved in 4 patients and some improvement
was found in 3 others . The excellent patient tolerance of the drug
makes it seem a likely treatment not only for patients with mycologically confirmed infection but also for those whose condition
exposes them to a high risk of fungal infection.
Acta Derm Venereol, 1977, 57(4), 325 - 9 Phenothiazine phototoxicity: an experimental study on
chlorpromazine and related tricyclic drugs; Ljunggren B et al.; A large number of phenothiazines and chemically related tricyclic drugs
have been studied with respect to their phototoxic potency . Two methods were used, an in vivo technique based on the inflammatory
response of the mouse tail after systemic administration of the drug
plus UVA irradiation, and an in vitro method based on growth inhibition of Candida albicans . Of 27 commercial tricyclic drugs tested in vivo,
the most potent were chlorpromazine and two other chlorinated compounds, prochlorperazine and perphenazine . Tricyclic drugs
lacking nitrogen, sulphur, or both in their ring system showed no activity . All compounds phototoxic in the mouse were so in the yeast
test as well . Here, however, the thioxanthenes (lacking nitrogen) were also highly active.
Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977, 237(2-3), 395 - 404
{Pigment Formation by Trichophyton rubrum: Differentiation
between T . rubrum and T . mentagrophytes on Serum Albumin Agar (author's transl)}; Staib F et al.; On serum albumin agar
(bovine albumin) with initial pH-values of 5.0-6.0, Trichophyton rubrum showed a yellow pigmentation, and on the same medium with
an initial pH-value of 7.0, a red pigmentation . Strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes have never shown pigmentation until now, The scarce
growth (submerged) of T . rubrum on serum albumin agar is associated with a pigment formation that may be used for diagnostic
purposes . It could be read within 3-7 days . Serum albumin agar with the initial pH-value of 5.0 was introduced in 1964 for the detection of
the strain-specific proteolytic activity of Candida albicans.
Arch Gynakol, 1976 Dec 10, 221(4), 313 - 22
{Experimental candida vaginitis in the mouse (author's transl)}; Spanel-Borowski K et al.; Manifest Candida albicans
infection of the vagina of mice was achieved only after oestrogen treatment . Histologically, different phases of vaginal candidiasis could
be observed: the mycotic infection began with a massive colonization of Candida albicans in the horny layers of the vaginal epithelium and
an early immigration of granulocytes . Abscess-like changes followed when high number of yeast cells were used for infection . One to two
weeks after onset the inflammatory changes decreased and fungi were
no longer identifiable in epithelial micro-abscesses by the methods employed . In contrast, yeast cells could be detected within the vaginal
skin exhibiting weak inflammatory lesions up to the 57th day . Chemotactic studies showed that the fungi considerably stimulated the
migration of mouse granulocytes in the presence of serum . Since mannan isolated from the Candida cell wall also possesses strong
chemotactic activity, certain components of the fungal cell wall may play a pathogenic role in Candida colpitis.
Mycopathologia, 1976 Dec 10, 60(1), 51 - 6
Effects of growth temperature and caffeine on genetic
responses of Candida albicans to ethyl methanesulfonate, nitrous acid and ultraviolet radiation; Sarachek A et al.; Ultraviolet
radiation is more effective than either ethyl methanesulfonate or nitrous acid in inducing reverse mutation from auxotrophy to
prototrophy in C . albicans . The killing effect of each of the mutagens is greater for cells grown at 37 C than at 25 C after treatment;
mutation frequencies are unaffected by post-treatment growth temperatures . Though caffeine depresses survival of mutagen treated
cells at both 25 C or 37 C, its effect is more pronounced at 37 C . Caffeine has no effect on mutagenesis by nitrous acid or ethyl
methanesulfonate; it depresses UV mutagenesis, but only at 37 C and
at high UV dosages . These findings indicate that UV mutagenesis in C . albicans is mediated by a caffeine-sensitive, recombinational
system for DNA repair analogous to those known to occur in other species of yeasts . The repair system of C . albicans is unique in being
susceptible to caffeine only at high temperature and when the number of DNA lesions to be repaired is large . The caffeine-sensitive steps in
repair critical to UV mutagenesis are not involved in fixing mutations induced by the chemical mutagens tested.
J Pediatr, 1976 Dec, 89(6), 1017 - 9
Successful treatment of Candida meningitis with amphotericin
B and 5-fluorocytosine in combination; Chesney PJ et al.; The combined use of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine in the treatment
of two children with Candida albicans meningitis is described . Therapy consisted of nine to 13 days of iv amphotericin B, combined
with, or followed by six to nine weeks of oral 5-FC . Each organism was sensitive to 5-FC before starting therapy . Resistance did not develop
during therapy . CSF administration was not necessary and toxic reactions were minimal and transient; neither patient has suffered a
recurrence four years and 14 months, respectively, after discontinuance of therapy . The combination of short-term therapy
with iv amphotericin B plus long-term oral 5-FC was successful in these
two patients.
Acta Zool Pathol Antverp, 1976 Dec, (66), 101 - 10 {Cutaneous candidiosis in an European beaver, Castor fiber .
Epidimiological aspect and parasitic form of Candida albicans}; Saez H; On the thigh of an Europa Beaver, Castor fiber L., dead after 8
years of captivity, a candidiasis has been found due to Candida albicans . Were reported successively: the frequence of C . albicans in
the Europa Beaver and the Canada Beaver, the diagnosis, an epidemiologic aspect and the morphologic parasitic form of that yeast .
In the epiderma parasited of the Beaver, C . albicans has developed in
a yeast-form in the superficial strates of the skin and in the filamentous-form in the deeper.
J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Dec, 97(2), 211 - 7
Macromolecular syntheses during the cell cycles of yeast and hyphal phases of Candida albicans; Wain WH et al.; Synchronous
cultures of yeast and hyphal phases of Candida albicans showed exponential increases in RNA content and stepwise exponential
increases in DNA content . The periods of DNA synthesis in the two phases coincided with one another and with the budding peaks of the
yeast phase . Hyphae grown in synchronous cultures also showed an
exponential increase in length . The hyphal phase was therefore normal . Hyphal nuclear division occurred after hyphal DNA synthesis .
Germination was a unique event for a hypha and unlike yeast bud formation, preceded the first period of DNA synthesis . The exponential
increase in RNA and DNA in asynchronous cultures of hyphae in serum paralleled the exponential increase in the numbers of cells in
asynchronous cultures of yeasts in defined media . Thus there are no factors in serum which inhibit the normal exponential growth of C .
albicans.
Clin Exp Immunol, 1976 Dec, 26(3), 511 - 9
Immune function in sarcoidosis . Studies on delayed hypersensitivity, B and T lymphocytes, serum immunoglobulins
and serum complement components; Tannenbaum H et al.; An assessment of immune function was performed in twenty-four patients
with recently diagnosed active sarcoidosis . Four patients manifested skin anergy to four antigens . All subjects except one were capable of
generating a positive skin response to a croton oil patch test . The incorporation of {3H}thymidine by lymphocytes in vitro in response to
the nonspecific mitogens--phytohaemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen and Con A did not differ between anergic and non-anergic thymidine
incorporation in vitro when stimulated by the specific antigens,
streptokinase/streptodornase or Candida albicans . Lymphocytes obtained from nine of eleven patients having positive delayed
hypersensitivity skin reactions demonstrated MIF production in vitro upon specific antigen challenge . Quantities of circulating B and T
lymphocytes did not differ between anergic and absolute numbers of circulating B and T lymphocytes, as well as hypercomplementaemia
and hypergammaglobulinaemia when compared to the control group.
Clin Exp Immunol, 1976 Dec, 26(3), 505 - 10 Leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) profile in primary
and secondary immunodeficiency disease; Gorski AJ et al.;
Lymphocytes from patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency disease were tested for capacity to produce LMIF
after mitogen and antigen stimulation as well as for ability to stimulate and respond in unidirectional MLC-LMIF assay . Different patterns of
immune abnormality in vitro were detectable when Con A and Candida albicans antigen were used . In addition, significant abnormalities in
LMIF responding and stimulatory capacity were demonstrated in patients with Hodgkin's disease . LMIF production after stimulation with
different agents allows for a better characterization of cellular defects in immunodeficiency disease.
Can J Microbiol, 1976 Dec, 22(12), 1720 - 7 Identification of carbon dioxide as a dermatophyte inhibitory
factor produced by Candida albicans; King RD et al.; A factor produced by Candida albicans, which inhibits dermatophyte growth
and induces arthrospore formation is characterized and identified . Candida dermatophyte inhibitory factor (CDIF) is volatile and
fungistatic . Analysis of volatile materials produced by C . albicans was subsequently identified as carbon dioxide . The involvement of carbon
dioxide in the inhibition of dermatophytes was demonstrated by: (1) utilization of commercial carbon dioxide to produce dermatophyte
inhibition as well as arthrospore formation, and (2) prevention of
dermatophyte inhibition by C . albicans through incoporation of soda lime into the incubation atmosphere . The ability of carbon dioxide to
inhibit dermatophyte growth was shared with other gases (methane and helium), but arthrospore formation was observed only with carbon
dioxide . The possible significance of carbon dioxide's induction of arthrospores, a form occasionally observed in active dermatophyte
lesions, is discussed.
J Invest Dermatol, 1976 Dec, 67(6), 700 - 3 Activation of the alternative (properdin) pathway of
complement by Candida albicans and related species; Ray TL et
al.; Accumulations of neutrophilic granulocytes within the epidermis and beneath the stratum corneum of the skin are a prominent
histologic feature of experimental and clinical candidiasis . The mechanism of cell accumulation was studied by standard chemotactic
methods . Suspensions of viable or heat-killed Candida sp caused marked chemotaxis of human neutrophils in fresh serum . Culture
supernatants of Candida sp were not chemotactic . Chemotaxis was dependent upon fresh serum, and could be abolished by heating the
serum to 56 degress C for 30 min, suggesting that interaction of these organisms with a heat-labile serum factor generated a
chemoattractant . Incubation of Candida sp with fresh human serum
resulted in the conversion of the third component of complement and properdin factor B, as measured by immunoelectrophoresis .
Conversion did not occur in serum chelated with EDTA, or heated to 50 degress C for 30 min (to destroy factor B) . Conversion was present in
serum chelated with EGTA (to deplete calcium), or genetically deficient in the fourth component of complement . By contrast, the three
components of the kinin-forming system (Hageman factor, prekallikrein, high-molecular-weight kininogen) were not activated by
Candida sp . We suggest that Candida sp do not release a chemotactic substance but, in the presence of serum, activate the alternative
pathway of complement, generating chemotactic factors.
Infect Immun, 1976 Dec, 14(6), 1348 - 55
Hepatic clearance of Candida albicans in rats; Sawyer RT et al.; The initial clearance of Candida albicans from the blood stream of
rats and from perfusion medium by perfused rat livers was characterized . Normal rats cleared over 90% of large doses of
intravenously injected yeast cells in 5 min . All were recovered as viable cells among various reticulendothelial organs after 30 min . The
perfused rat liver trapped an average of 85% of the yeast cells in a single pass . No significant killing occurred, even in the presence of
10% whole rat blood . Scanning electron microscopy of cryofractured
livers revealed that the cells were trapped in liver sinusoids but outside phagocytic cells.
Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1976 Dec, 84C(6), 511 - 23
Lymphocyte transformation in vitro in dermatophytosis; Svejgaard E et al.; Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 59 patients with
dermatophytosis and from nine young healthy women were studied by the lymphocyte transformation test (LT) using mitogens and bacterial
as well as fungal antigens . The latter included Candida albicans (CA) and four dermatophyte species, viz . Trichophyton rubrum (TR),
Trichophyton mentagrophytes (TM), Epidermophyton floccosum (EF)
and Microsporum canis (MF) . Most of the patients showed normal transformation in response to mitogens and non-dermatophyte
antigens, indicating that they have no functional T-cell deficiency . Dermatophyte antigens act as stimulators in LT . In general, patient
lymphocytes responded more strongly to these antigens than lymphocytes from controls . In most patients suffering from TM
infections, response to the TM antigen was significantly stronger (p less than 0.05) than that in the other patients, indicating that this
antigen preparation shows species specificity . In patients with Trichophyton (TR + TM) infections, response to the corresponding
antigens was significantly stronger than that in the other patients,
which suggests the existence of genus specificity . Any differences between patients suffering from chronic TR infections and those with
acute TR infections were not observed, a finding which is in contrast to those obtained in other studies . However, a few patients with chronic
TM infections responded weakly to mitogens and non-dermatophyte antigens . LT in four patients with id-reaction to TM infection was not
found to differ from that in the remaining TM patients.
Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1976 Dec, 84C(6), 501 - 10 Immunological in vitro parameters in patients with multiple
sclerosis and in normal individuals; Platz P et al.; The general
immunological capacity of 40 patients with multiple sclerosis has been evaluated with lymphocyte transformation test including both mitogens
(PHA and PWM) and antigens (PPD, Candida albicans, Staph . aureus and E . coli) . Determination of T and B cells was performed by E-,
EAC-rosetting and immunofluorescence for surface immunoglobulins . Compared with the results obtained in 42 normal individuals only minor
differences were found.
Lancet, 1976 Nov 6, 2(7993), 984 - 7 Immunological abnormalities in patients who had the
oculomucocutaneous syndrome associated with practolol
therapy; Behan PO et al.; Patients with and without adverse reactions on practolol therapy showed altered immune responses . There was
cutaneous anergy to Candida albicans and streptokinase/streptodornase antigens and depression of lymphocyte
function in vitro . Anticomplementary activity and a wide range of autoantibodies were found in patients who had received practolol.
Clin Nephrol, 1976 Nov, 6(5), 492 - 6
Candida peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis: successful treatment with low dose amphotericin B therapy; Mandell IN et
al.; Two patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis with permanent
indwelling peritoneal catheters who developed Candida albicans peritonitis are presented . Both patients were successfully treated with
low dose intravenous amphotericin B . Sequential candida precipitin assays were performed and the diagnostic application is discussed.
Clin Allergy, 1976 Nov, 6(6), 563 - 71
Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) studies with insolubilized polysaccharides; Baldo BA et al.; Polysaccharide preparations from
Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans when used with some human sera were found to fix complement and precipitate with specific
antibodies present in the sera . Precipitins consisted predominantly of
IgG with traces of IgM and IgA . Following insolubilization of the fungal polysaccharide preparations with the N-carboxyanhydride of L-leucine,
reactivity with serum precipitins was retained and reaction with IgE antibodies was demonstrated using the radioallergosorbent test
(RAST) . Results showed that for A . fumigatus and C . albicans at least, polysaccharide-specific IgE antibodies probably occur in sera
from some hypersensitive individuals . We suggest that chemical methods of the type described which induce polymerization or cross-
linking will be useful for detecting IgE antibodies in the RAST . Such an approach could be used with a variety of polysaccharide preparations
which cannot be coupled to polysaccharide solid supports by the usual
methods.
J Clin Pathol, 1976 Nov, 29(11), 1007 - 10 Indirect immunofluorescence assay for antibody to germ tube
of Candida albicans--a new diagnostic test; Ho YM et al.; Indirect immunofluorescent and agglutination assay were used to study the
anti-Candida albicans reactivities in the serum of 13 normal subjects and 14 patients infected with C . albicans . A significant increase in
anti-C . albicans seroreactivity was observed during infection with this organism but the increase in the anti-germ tube immunofluorescence
titre was the more marked . It is evident that the anti-germ tube
immunofluorescence assay is more discriminatory for C . albicans infection than the conventional agglutination assay.
J Pediatr, 1976 Nov, 89(5), 821 - 6
Beclomethasone dipropionate in long-term treatment of asthma in children; Kerrebijn KF; Beclomethasone dipropionate was found to
be effective in reducing symptoms of asthma in children . There was no measurable influence on pulmonary function . An 18-month follow-up
did not show untoward side effects on adrenal function, growth, serum electrolytes, and hepatic and renal functions with a dose of 100 mug
three times daily . The treatment predisposes to the colonization with
Candida albicans in the oropharynx.
J Neurol Sci, 1976 Oct, 29(2-4), 411 - 21 Immunological observations on patients with Wilson's disease;
Czlonkowska A et al.; In 19 patients with Wilson's disease we found an increased humoral immune response, i.e . a higher level of IgG and
IgM, a higher titre of antibodies against Kunin's CA antigen and a depressed cell-mediated immunity i.e . a lower response to DNCB and
E . coli in skin tests, lower lymphocyte transformation when stimulated by Con A, PPD, Candida albicans and streptokinase and a lower
production of macrophage migration inhibition factor . The changes
observed in the group of patients with liver cirrhosis caused by other facotrs than Wilson's disease were similar but less pronounced . We
also found that leukocytes of patients with Wilson's disease have an impaired bactericidal activity and that copper ions have an inhibitory
effect on some tests for cell-mediated immunity . It seems probable that immunological abnormalities in Wilson's disease are caused by
liver cirrhosis but we cannot exclude an inhibitory effect of copper ions upon the immune response and an associated effect upon leukocyte
metabolism.
J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Oct, 96(2), 317 - 22
Induction of the mycelial form of Candida albicans by hydrolysates of peptides from seminal plasma; Chattaway FW et
al.; Previous work led to the separation from seminal plasma of a peptide fraction which promoted a high rate of germination of
blastospores of Candida albicans . It has now been shown that an acid hydrolysate of this material is also highly active . A minimal
amino-acid mixture consisting of aspartic acid, lysine, histidine, threonine, proline and beta-alanine gave 90% germination in 4 h with
17 out of 28 s
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