Biochim Biophys Acta, 1977 Jun 16, 467(3), 321 - 6

The effect of temperature on concanavalin A-mediated agglutination of cells with rigid receptors; Jansons VK et al.; The

agglutination of a yeast, Candida albicans, by concanavalin A has been described . The agglutination was cell-number dependent .

Prolonged incubation (60 min) was needed to reach maximum agglutination at 37 degrees C . The rate but not the extent of

agglutination was temperature dependent . The dimeric forms of concanavalin A, obtained either at low pH or after succinylation,

agglutinated the yeast cells as well as the tetramer . Temperature

changes affected the agglutination of yeast cells by dimers and by tetramers to the same extent.

Thorax, 1977 Jun, 32(3), 373 - 6

Candida albicans abscess of lung; Rubin AH et al.; Candida albicans lung abscess is a rare entity . We present a case in a patient

who suffered from Hodgkin's disease and was receiving immunosuppressive therapy . The patient responded to treatment with

5-fluorocytosine.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Jun, 238(2), 284 - 7

Serodiagnostic value of extracellular antigens of an actively proteolysing culture of Candida albicans (immunodiffusion-

test); Staib F et al.; Cell-free, dialysed and concentrated culture filtrate of a Candida albicans strain, after proteolysis in serum-

protein medium (bovine albumine), and after growth in Sabouraud glucose broth (for comparison) were used as antigens for the detection

of precipitating antibodies in 558 samples of serum originating from defined groups of patients and healthy persons serving as controls .

The differing distribution of antibodies against these two antigens as observed in the various groups of our patients calls for further studies

of such antigens on the basis of proteolysis within the serodiagnostics

of Candida albicans-mycoses.

Immunology, 1977 Jun, 32(6), 955 - 61 The role of Fc and C3b receptors in phagocytosis by

inflammatory polymorphonuclear leucocytes in man; Wilton JM et al.; Polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the gingival crevice (CREV-

PMN) in man have a defective capacity to phagocytose Candida albicans blastospores . Phagocytosis of zymosan particles, which

detect C3b receptors, is also impaired but ingestion of latex beads coated with heat-aggregated IgG, which detects Fc receptors, is

normal compared to peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes

(PB-PMN) . If phagocytosis is inhibited by Cytochalasin B, fewer CREV-PMN bind Candida and zymosan but the binding of IgG-coated latex

beads remains unchanged . CREV-PMN have IgG (88%), IgM (45%) and C3 (48%) on their cell membrane, whilst less than 5% of PB-PMN

have any of these components . Incubation of PB-PMN in fluid from the gingival crevice confers surface IgG and C3 to the cells . Such

treatment also inhibits the subsequent binding of IgG coated latex

beads . The results suggest that the deficiency of phagocytosis by CREV-PMN is due to decreased binding of particles to the C3b receptor

of PMN, whilst the Fc receptor system remains intact.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1977 Jun, 85(3), 169 - 77

Inhibitory effects of plasma from uraemic patients on human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro; Jorstad S et al.;

Human mononuclear phagocytes were cultured in plasma from uraemic patients . The presence of uraemic plasma during the engulfment or

digestion of 125I-labelled Candida albicans did not inhibit these functions in mononuclear phagocytes cultured for 8 days under normal

condition . When normal human macrophages were cultured in the presence of uraemic plasma for 2-4 days, a marked detachment of the

cells from the glass coverslips was registered . The phagocytic function of the remaining cells was impaired . Creatinine, urea and

methylguanidine in concentrations higher than those usually measured

in plasma from uraemic patients did not influence the functional properties of the cells . The inhibitory effect of uraemic plasma on the

mononuclear phagocytes is suggested as an explanation for the increased frequency of infections in uraemic patients.

Can J Microbiol, 1977 Jun, 23(6), 751 - 4

Eburicol, lichesterol, ergosterol, and obtusifoliol from polyene antibiotic-resistant mutants of Candida albicans; Subden RE et

al.; Two classes of polyene-resistant mutants were isolated from survivors of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment of a wild-

type Candida albicans . An analysis of the major sterols of one class

revealed an accumulation of lichesterol and fecosterol while the other class accumulated eburicol, obtusifoliol, and lanosterol with minor

quantities of C28 sterols.

J Infect Dis, 1977 Jun, 135(6), 918 - 24 Synergistic infection with murine cytomegalovirus and Candida

albicans in mice; Hamilton JR et al.; A previous report from this laboratory demonstrated that mice infected intraperitoneally with a

20% lethal inoculation of murine cytomegalovirus (CMV) exhibited markedly enhanced mortality rates (80%-100%) after an intravenous

injection of a 0-20% lethal inoculum of Candida albicans . The

current study revealed that mice infected with murine CMV alone had high titers of virus in spleen, liver, lung, and kidney from days 3

through 20, whereas those inoculated with C . albicans alone had a self-limited fungal infection involving only the kidney . In the combined

murine CMV-C . albicans infection, the titers of murine CMV in tissues were changed very little . In contrast, C . albicans was recovered from

multiple organs, and a progressive renal infection developed . This altered pathogenesis of the candida infection in murine CMV-infected

mice resembled that produced by a 100% lethal inoculum of C . albicans alone . These results indicate that the murine CMV infection

enhanced the susceptibility of mice to infection with C . albicans and

suggest that death was due to progressive fungal infection of the kidney.

Infect Immun, 1977 Jun, 16(3), 920 - 2

Susceptibility of murine transfer factor to dimerized ribonuclease A; Rifkind D et al.; Dialyzable transfer factor was

prepared from the spleens of CF1 mice actively sensitized with killed Coccidioides immitis antigen . The transfer factor was administered to

normal mice either intraperitoneally or into the hind footpads . The recipient mice were tested for reactivity to the coccidioides antigen and

to Candida albicans antigen by means of the footpad swelling test .

The transfer factor conferred antigen-specific reactivity upon normal recipient mice when given by the intraperitoneal and footpad routes .

This capacity of the transfer factor was destroyed by in vitro pretreatment with dimerized ribonuclease A, an enzyme active against

double-stranded, as well as single-stranded, ribonucleic acid . In contrast, monomeric ribonuclease A, which is active against only

single-stranded ribonucleic acid under the conditions used here, was without effect upon the transfer factor . These data provide evidence

that murine transfer factor contains ribonucleotides that are essential for immunological activity . In addition, the data are consistent with

the hypothesis, advanced by others, that the ribonucleotides may be

double-stranded or uniquely looped configurations.

Arch Gynakol, 1977 May 29, 222(3), 275 - 8 Antibacterial activity of amniotic fluid against Staphylococcus

aureus, Candida albicans and Brucella abortus; Jankowski RP et al.; Sixty amniotic fluid samples from sixty patients between 14--42

weeks gestation were studied for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Brucella abortus and antifungal activity against

Candida albicans . Both antibacterial and antifungal activity of the amniotic fluid were observed . When antimicrobial activity was

correlated with gestational age, it was found to increase with the

period of gestation . Maximum antimicrobial activity of the amniotic fluid was found to be present in the samples obtained between 36--42

weeks of gestation . All samples before 20 weeks gestation showed week antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, but

comparatively strong reaction against Candida albicans and Brucella abortus.

Wien Klin Wochenschr, 1977 May 27, 89(11), 361 - 6

{Serum siderophilin (transferrin) and ekkrinosiderophilin (lactoferrin) as non-specific microbiostatic agents in human

health and disease: clinical implications (author's transl)};

Schade AL; A short historical review of the antimicrobial effects of siderophilin, the iron chelator in human plasma and serum, is followed

by a presentation of the rational basis for assigning it a role in the overall defence mechanisms of the host against infectious disease .

Details are given of the qualitative and quantitative activities of normal and pathological sera on the growth and nutrition of several pathogenic

bacteria and the fungus Candida albicans as governed by the percentage iron saturation of their contained siderophilin .

Staphylococcus aureus is differentiated from Staphylococcus albus by its ability to grow in normal serum whose percentage iron saturation

affects not only the metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus but also its

production of diffusible factors and sensitivity to antibiotics . The protein iron chelator of bodily secretions, ekkrinosiderophilin, found in

relatively high concentrations in human milk is likewise evaluated for its antimicrobial properties and their relevance to the health of the

newborn.

Br Med J, 1977 May 7, 1(6070), 1183 - 5 Diagnosis of invasive candidosis by enzyme immunoassay of

serum antigen; Warren RC et al.; Enzyme immunoassay was used to measure Candida albicans-related antigen in sera of rabbits and mice

infected with C albicans . A range of heterologous antigens tested gave

no cross reactions . Of the three patients who were investigated and gave positive reactions, two were confirmed as having deep candida

infections . Enzyme immunoassay is efficient, simple, and sensitive, and may prove valuable in the early diagnosis of invasive candida

infections.

Acta Paediatr Scand, 1977 May, 66(3), 393 - 5 Disseminated arthritis and osteitis by Candida albicans in a two

month old infant receiving parenteral nutrition; Businco L et al.; The case of a two-month -old female infant, who after a severe

diarrhoea treated with prolonged intravenous infusion in peripheral

veins alternated with total parenteral feeding, developed a Candida albicans septicemia (accompanied by disseminated intravascular

coagulation syndrome) is reported . The course of her disease was also complicated by multiple foci of osteoarthritis in both knees, in the left

hip and in several long-bones . Radiographically the foci of Candida osteitis appeared as fine erosion of the cortex and minute round areas

of osteolysis in the spongiosa, surrounded by a rim of perifocal sclerosis . During the acute stage of Candida sepsis a transitory cellular

immunodeficiency was present . Treatment of Candida infection by 5-fluorocytosine was followed by complete recovery.

Antibiotiki, 1977 May, 22(5), 426 - 8 {Effect of amphotericin B on the enzyme system of Candida

albicans}; Mikhailova NG et al.; The mechanism of amphotericin B action was studied with the aid of cytochemical methods providing

determination of the activity of the 4 main enzymes characterizing the cell energetics, i . e . succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase,

alcohol dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inside the cell . With an increase in the concentration of amphotericin B in the

medium the activity of all the 4 enzymes decreased, the percentage of the inactive cells being regularly increased . Changes in the

fermentative activity of C . albicans as dependent on the incubation

time with the antibiotic were studied . Only the respiration activity decreased in 2 hours . As a result of a 4-hour exposure to the polyen in

the cells of C . albicans the activity of the lactic acid fermentation, respiration through succinate dehydrogenase and activity of the

pentose shunt decreased 1.5--2 times . In 24 hours of incubation the activity of the above decreased 80--90 per cent as compared to the

activity of the initial culture.

J Immunol, 1977 May, 118(5), 1704 - 11 Immunosuppressive activity of human seminal plasma . I .

Inhibition of in vitro lymphocyte activation; Lord EM et al.; A high

molecular weight fraction prepared from human seminal plasma by gel filtration chromatography suppresses human lymphocyte

transformation and DNA synthesis induced by mitogens (PHA, Con A, PWM), antigens (Candida albicans, tetanus toxoid), and allogenic

cells . This same fraction also suppresses the stimulated response of mouse lymphocytes to allogenic cells and to various mitogens,

including T cell-dependent and T cell-independent mitogens . The induction, but not the expression, of cell-mediated cytotoxicity is also

suppressed . Similar high molecular weight fractions suppress the in vitro humoral response of mouse spleen cells to both a T cell-

dependent (SRBC) and a T cell-independent (DNP-F) antigen . The high

m.w . fraction exhibited in vitro suppressive activity at concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 mg/ml which corresponds to a 1/50 or greater dilution of

human seminal plasma . These observations support the concept that a local immune response against sperm in the female reproductive tract

is actively suppressed by a component in seminal plasma.

J Pediatr, 1977 May, 90(5), 707 - 12 Reconstitution of T-cell function in severe combined

immunodeficiency disease following transplantation of early embryonic liver cells; Rieger CH et al.; In a 51/2-month-old male

infant with adenosine deaminase-positive severe combined

immunodeficiency disease, who had no suitable bone marrow donor, immunologic reconstitution was attempted with lymphoid cells obtained

from the liver of a 4- to 5-week-old-male human embryo . A mild graft-versus-host reaction began three weeks later . T-cells, which

were absent prior to infusion of hepatic lymphoid cells, rose to a maximum of 554/mm3 at 16 weeks post transplantation . A normal

lymphocyte response to pokeweek mitogen was not present until 25 to 30 weeks and to allogeneic cells until 39 weeks . Postive in vitro

lymphocyte responses to Candida albicans were found repeatedly after 52 weeks . Twenty months following transplantation the patient is

free of clinical infection, although he requires regular injections of

gamma globulin.

Med Klin, 1977 Apr 8, 72(14), 598 - 600 {Diagnosis of candidid colpitis by Microstix -Candida (author's

transl)}; Rindt W et al.; The increase in the clinical significance of candida albicans in gynecology, particularly the high incidence

(candidiasis) in the pregnant woman, demand an easy, efficient and rapid method for the routine diagnosis of candida albicans . Microstix -

Candida, a specially developed dry culture medium in miniature form, has been studied in comparison to the conventional Nickerson's

Medium . Good agreement of the data was obtained in 425 patients .

The main advantages are the ease of handling and the 24 hour incubation period . The observed difference in data obtained from the

phase microscope examinations and the Microstix Candida cultured specimens are discussed in detail.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Apr, 237(4), 559 - 64

The immune adherence phenomenon in experimental candidiasis; Vardinon N et al.; The immune adherence reaction was

shown in experimental candidiasis . This phenomenon has not been previously described for candidiasis, to the best of our knowledge .

Forty-eight sera of guinea pigs inoculated with a single or several

inoculations of live Candida albicans were tested at different time intervals after inoculation for anti C . albicans antibodies detectable by

the immune adherence reaction . From the 14th day after inoculation, a positive immune adherence reaction was observed with titer and

strength increasing as time passed after inoculation and as the number of inoculations increased . All the sera were tested parallely in

agglutination and indirect mast cell degranulation tests . The significance of the data obtained is discussed.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1977 Apr, 30(4), 289 - 96

Papulacandins, a new family of antibiotics with antifungal

activity, I . Fermentation, isolation, chemical and biological characterization of papulacandins A, B, C, D and E; Traxler P et

al.; Papulacandin, a new antibiotic complex, active against Candida albicans and several other yeasts, was isolated from a strain of

Papularia sphaerosperma . The fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activity of the five structurally

related papulacandins A, B, C, D and E are reported . Papulacandin B, the main component, was assigned the formula of C47H64O17.

Arthritis Rheum, 1977 Apr, 20(3), 772 - 8

Lymphocytes eluted from synovial tissue of juvenile rheumatoid

arthritis patients; Abrahamsen TG et al.; Synovial tissues from 11 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were investigated . The

elution of lymphocytes was performed according to a procedure previously described for synovial tissue of adult rheumatoid arthritis

patients (1) . The T lymphocytes were pre dominant (mean: 71%) in all cell suspensions studied, whereas the average proportion of B

lymphocytes was 4% . In addition, Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were demonstrable (mean: 8%) . Transformation of the lymphocytes

was induced by the unspecific mitrogens phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and concanavallin A, whereas antigens such as ppd

and candida albicans antigen were usually ineffective.

Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1977 Apr, 125(4), 220 - 4

{Mould infection causing obstructive bronchitis . Diagnostik and therapeutic approaches (author's transl)}; Osvath P et al.; The

authors compared the results of mycologic examinations of asthmatic and control patient's throat . Fungi other than Candida were cultivated

from the throat in 15% of asthmatic children and 3% of controls . In secrets from the lower respiratory tract gained by bronchoscopy,

laryngoscopy, or through tracheostomy there were moulds in 34% among the asthmatics and in 15% of the other cases . Allergic

respiratory tract diseases facilitate the harbouring of moulds in the

respiratory tract but do not influence the presence of Candida albicans . Moulds could often be cultivated even in patient not allergic

to them . However there are chronic cases caused by immun reaction to the moulds in the patients' respiratory tract . Microscopic detection

of budding and branching, myceliform fungi in the secret produced by coughing supports the diagnosis of mould causing chronic asthmoid

bronchitis . New peroral broad spectrum antimycotics facilitate the treatment of such cases . The authors succesfully treated some

patients with Clotrimazol (Canesten, Bayer) and all cases responded well to 5-Fluorocytosan (Ancotyl, Roche).

J Med Chem, 1977 Apr, 20(4), 606 - 9 Antifungal properties of 2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinic acid esters

and related compounds; Gershon H et al.; Twelve esters (C1-C6) of erythro- and threo-2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinic acid and related

compounds were tested for antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo, and Trichophyton

mentagrophytes at pH 5.7 and 7.0 in the absence and presence of 10% beef serum in Sabouraud dextrose agar . At pH 7.0 in the

presence of 10% beef serum, no consistent pattern in the fungitoxicity of the erythro- and threo-2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinate esters was seen .

Increasing the length of the ester function affects fungitoxicity as

follows: C2 greater than C1 greater than C3 greater than C4 greater than C5 greater than C6 . The most fungitoxic compound in this study

was threo-ethyl 2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinate (C . albicans, 14 mug/ml; A . niger, 30 mug/ml; M . mucedo, 9 mug/ml; T . mentagrophytes, 5

mug/ml) . Due to the ease of dehydrohalogenation, the fungitoxicity of 2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinic acid esters may be the result of a mixture

composed of the parent compound, the bromo- and fluorofumaric acid esters, and HF and HBr of which part may be formed extracellularly

and part within the cell.

Infect Immun, 1977 Apr, 16(1), 258 - 62

Transfer of delayed hypersensitivity in mice to microbial antigens with dialyzable transfer factor; Rifkind D et al.;

Dialyzable Lawrence-type transfer factor was prepared from the spleen cells of CF1 mice inoculated with Coccidioides immitis- and Candida

albicans-killed vaccines and with live Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine (BCG) . These preparations were shown to transfer antigen-

specific cell-mediated immunity to naive mice, as measured by the delayed skin test and footpad-swelling methods . Reactivity could be

demonstrated when the test antigens were given 24 h after the transfer factor, but not when they were given simultaneously .

Coccidioides-specific transfer factor was shown to be sensitive to

Pronase and resistant to trypsin and ribonuclease . A preparation of BCG transfer factor was sensitive to snake venom phosphodiesterase.

Arch Surg, 1977 Mar, 112(3), 273 - 5

Utility of ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of acute cholecystitis; Berger M et al.; Three case reports show the usefulness

of ultrasound examination in patients with right upper quadrant masses despite clinical or roentgenographic evidence of cholecystitis or

cholelithiasis . In one patient an hepatic fungal abscess from Candida albicans was distinguished from the gallbladder; in another, the same

was possible for a pyogenic abscess in an old surgical incision; and in a

third, extension of a gallbladder carcinoma to the liver was distinguished from the gallbladder itself . Thus, the ultrasound

examination allowed assessment of the relationship between the clinically palpable mass and ultrasonically defined anatomy, When

needed, increased specificity of diagnosis was obtained by ultrasonically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd, 1977 Mar, 37(3), 232 - 4

{Antibacterial and antimycotic activity of the amniotic fluid against selected germs (author's transl)}; Jankowski RP et al.; 60

samples of amniotic fluid from 60 patients were obtained between 14

and 42 weeks gestation by dates and tested for their antibacterial activity against staphlococcus aureus strains and brucella abortus and

their antimycotic activity against Candida albicans . The antibacterial and antimycotic activity of the amniotic fluid was confirmed . This

activity increases steadily from the 15th week and reaches its maximum around term between 36 and 42 weeks . The amniotic

samples obtained at 20 weeks gestation showed a weak antibacterial activity especially against staphlococcus aureus of human origin . The

above results are important because of the increasing frequency of early and late diagnostic amniocentesis in pregnancy.

J Clin Pathol, 1977 Mar, 30(3), 262 - 5 Observations on the use of the double diffusion test in the

diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis; Jones GR et al.; Precipitins to mannan and cytoplasmic antigens of three Candida species were

determined in an unselected series of 289 non-pregnant women . Precipitins were present in 20% of sera of women with vaginal

candidiasis, in 23% of women harbouring yeasts in the vagina without clinical signs of infection, and in 21% of women harbouring yeasts in

sites other than the vagina . Of the 47 patients who reacted with Candida albicans mannan or cytoplasmic antigens, 98% reacted with

mannan antigen but only 13% with cytoplasmic antigen . The inclusion

of mannan and cytoplasmic antigens of C . guilliermondii and C . parapsilosis did not increase the specificity or sensitivity of the test in

the diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis . It is suggested that the double diffusion test is of doubtful value as an adjunct to the diagnosis of

vaginal candidiasis.

J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Mar, 99(1), 77 - 84 The effect of aeration and metabolic inhibitors on resistance to

amphotericin in starved cultures of Candida albicans; Gale EF et al.; The development of resistance to amphotericin methyl ester,

measured in terms of the amount of drug required to induce a

standard rate of release of K+ from suspensions of washed organisms, has been followed in Candida albicans in starved cultures under

controlled conditions of aeration, stirring and temperature . Resistance develops at a rate which increases with the rate of aeration, limited by

the onset of damage due to turbulence . Resistance decreases rapidly if gassing with N2 is substituted for aeration, but sensitivity does not

reach that of exponentially growing cells . Resumption of aeration is followed by a slow recovery of resistance . The addition of inhibitors of

protein synthesis (trichodermin, verrucarin) or uncoupling agents (2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium azide) at the beginning of starvation results in

an increased rate of development of resistance . Adding inhibitors at a

later stage, when resistance has developed after 72 h aeration, does not affect the decrease in resistance produced by gassing with N2 but

the presence of trichodermin or verrucarin delays the recovery of resistance o

Infect Immun, 1977 Mar, 15(3), 910 - 5

Growth inhibition of Candida albicans by rabbit alveolar macrophages; Peterson EM et al.; Normal rabbit alveolar

macrophages were infected in vitro with Candida albicans . Early after infection, germ tube formation of phagocytized C . albicans was

inhibited in contrast to extracellular (nonphagocytized) C . albicans .

Over and 8-h period, plate counts of C . albicans incubated with alveolar macrophages revealed a decrease in colony-forming units in

contrast to C . albicans alone . In addition, an assay was developed which specifically measured C . albicans {3H}leucine incorporation in

the presence of alveolar macrophages . Using this assay, we observed a 71 to 93% inhibition of macromolecular synthesis in C . albicans

when incubated with alveolar macrophages . Autoradiographic studies showed that the inhibition of leucine incorporation was restricted to the

ingested Candida.

J Pharm Sci, 1977 Mar, 66(3), 431 - 2

Synthetic acetylenic antifungal agents; Simon DZ et al.; Several monoamino bis(propynyloxy)benzenes were prepared by a Mannich

reaction and tested for antifungal activity against Trichophyton schoenleini, T . mentagraphytes, T . tonsurans, Candida albicans,

and Epidermophyton flocossum . In addition, the bis(propynyloxy)benzene intermediates were tested and comparisons were made with

standing drugs . The intermediates were found to be the most active, although two Mannich bases possessed considerable activity.

J Histochem Cytochem, 1977 Mar, 25(3), 193 - 9

Cytochemical localization of NADH oxidase in Candida albicans;

Borgers M et al.; The application of a recently published technique to localize reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase activity is

described in glutaraldehyde-fixed Candida albicans . The reaction product appears as a finely granular precipitate on the mitochondrial

cristae and on the central vacuolar membrane, and, if present, on the vacuolar contents . Fixation should be kept to a minimum and

prolonged incubation times up to 2 hr are necessary to show these reactive sites . The reaction appears to be strongly substrate-

dependent and not affected by cyanide . Exposure of C . albicans cells to the antimycotic miconazole resulted in a strong increase in reduced

nicotinamide, adenine dinucleotide and oxidase activity . The

hypothesis is put forward that this enzyme, together with peroxidative and catalatic enzymes, may be implicated in the mechanism by which

miconazole exerts its lethal effect on C . albicans.

Blood, 1977 Mar, 49(3), 335 - 44 Immunodeficiency in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas;

Jones SE et al.; Seventy-one previously untreated patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas were studied with several readilyvailable tests of

immune function: number of peripheral blood lymphocytes, serum immunoglobulins, and delayed hypersensitivity to six recall antigens .

The results were correlated to histology (Rappaport classification),

stage (Ann Arbor classification), the presence of symptoms, and survival . As a group, 38 patients with diffuse lymphomas exhibited

marked impairment in reactivity to five of six antigens (p less than 0.03 to p less than 0.001) . In addition, lymphopenia and reduced

levels of serum IgA were found in association with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma . Among patients with diffuse lymphoma, lymphocyte

number and skin test reactivity tended to be greater in those with localized disease or without constitutional symptoms, and survival was

superior for patients free of symptoms (p less than 0.01) . As a group, 33 patients with nodular lymphoma had normal numbers of

lymphocytes, lower levels of serum IgG and IgA, and significant

impairment of reactivity to two antigens (streptokinase-streptodornase and mumps; p less than 0.01); reactivity to three other antigens

(Candida albicans, coccidiodin, and tuberculin) was normal . Survival for patients with nodular lymphoma was superior (p less than 0.01)

compared to those with diffuse lymphomas . In summary, severe immunodeficiency was found in patients with diffuse lymphoma

(particularly diffuse histiocytic lymphoma), and definite but much less severe immunodeficiency was characteristic of patients with nodular

lymphoma.

Mycopathologia, 1977 Feb 18, 60(2), 99 - 104

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis and opportunistic fungal infections; Smith JM; Sera from 35 apparently normal humans, 37

compromised human patients, 30 hedgehogs and 30 sheep, were examined for precipitating antibodies to four opportunistic fungi -

Absidia corymbifera, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Rhizopus arrhizus-using counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) .

Precipitins to A . fumigatus were almost exclusively confined to specimens obtained from the compromised human group (51% of

those examined) while Candida precipitating antibodies were detected in the sera of both normal (26%) and compromised (49%) humans

and in 10% of the hedgehog specimens . Serum precipitins against the

two phycomycetes included in the investigations were rare . Because of the complexity of most fungal antigen extracts, it appears the two

phycomycetes included in the investigations were rare . Beause of the complexity of most fungal antigen extracts, it appears essential that

sera be tested against a number of different antigen concentrations if CIE is to be used with confidence in fungal serology.

Ann Thorac Surg, 1977 Feb, 23(2), 163 - 6

Candida albicans infection of sternum and costal cartilages: combined operative treatment and drug therapy and 5-

fluorocytosine; Thomas FE Jr et al.; Two patients with candidal

sternal osteomyelitis have been successfully treated by operative debridement and adjuvant drug therapy with 5-fluorocytosine . One

patient had developed postoperative candidal wound infection after sternotomy, and the other acquired candidal sternal osteomyelitis

following Candida fungemia . The diagnosis, suggested by culture, was confirmed by identification of Candida pseudohyphae in debrided

tissue . Histological confirmation of candidal sternal osteomyelitis indicates the need for operative debridement and specific systemic

antifungal therapy . The drug 5-fluorocytosine appears to provide effective oral therapy in this situation.

Gastroenterology, 1977 Feb, 72(2), 316 - 8 Intravenous miconazole in the treatment of chronic esophageal

candidiasis; Rutgeerts L et al.; Intravenous miconazole monotherapy for 3 weeks cured a 67-year-old patient with a 2-year history of

esophageal candidiasis . Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from this patient demonstrated impaired phagocytic capacity for Candida

albicans.

Biokhimiia, 1977 Feb, 42(2), 277 - 82 {Effect of polyenic antibiotics on the activity of alkaline

phosphatase from Candida albicans}; Solov'ena NN et al.; Polyenic

antibiotics (levorin, amphotericin B, nistatin) inhibit in vivo and in vitro the activity of membrane alkaline phosphatase from sensitive Candida

albicans strain, and their inhibitory effect is twice lower on the enzyme from the resistant strain . A correlation is observed between

the antibiotic concentration and the inhibitory effect on alkaline phosphatase activity . Nistatin is found to be the least efficient inhibitor

(among the antibiotics studied) of alkaline phosphatase . The treatment of membranes with polyenic antibiotics does not result in

solubilization of membrane proteins nad alkaline phosphatase . The data obtained are considered with respect to the effect of polyenic

antibiotics on cell membrane structure.

Acta Allergol, 1977 Feb, 32(1), 15 - 26

Inhibition of leukocyte migration by the agarose plate technique . Application to antigen from Candida albicans and

Fusobacterium nucleatum; Budtz-Jorgensen E; Leukocyte migration inhibition by antigen from Candida albicans and Fusobacterium

nucleatum was studied in man by means of the direct leukocyte migration agarose technique (LMAT) . Antigens were prepared by

prolonged ultrasonication and were added to the leukocyte cultures in the original as well as in the concentrated solutions . Significant

inhibition of migration with a 10-fold concentrated solution of candida

antigen was demonstrated in subjects showing apositive intracutaneous reaction to candida . With the fusobacterial antigen,

inhibition of migration or stimulation of migration were demonstrated in subjects with slight peridontal inflammation . A 5-fold increase in the

concentration of fusobacterial antigen resulted in increased stimulation of migration or inhibition of migration . Preincubation of the leukocytes

with puromycin abolished both inhibition and stimulation of migration by candidal or fusobacterial antigen . The study confirms that it is

important to study dose-related effects when applying the LMAT to test cell-mediated immunity . The study is in support of stimulation of

migration being an immunologic reaction.

J Infect Dis, 1977 Feb, 135(2), 235 - 42

Role of Candida albicans in granulomatous tissue reactions . II . In vivo degradation of C . albicans in hepatic macrophages of

mice; Meister H et al.; Hepatic granulomas were induced in mice by injection of blastospores, cell walls, and glucan of Candida albicans .

Granulomatous reactions in liver tissue initially multiplied but later decreased . A dose-response relationship was apparent with up to 3

mg of inoculum . Shortly after injection of C . albicans spores, fungal elements appeared in liver macrophages and were detectable in

granuloma and Kupffer cells for 20 days . Gram-stain, periodic acid-

Schiff (PAS), and immunofluorescence reactions soon vanished, and the organisms could no longer be seen . Glucan of C . albicans, which

lacked PAS and immunofluorescence reactivity, proved active in initiation of granulomas . Degradation of phagocytized spores of C .

albicans, reductions of cytoplasm, and cell wall deformation and collapse support the premise that loss of PAS and immunofluorescence

reactivity was caused by enzymatic breakdown of candida cell wall mannan in macrophages . We conclude that C . albicans can induce

granulomatous reactions in mouse liver when the glucan that forms the cell wall matrix in Candida persists in identifiable residues.

J Infect Dis, 1977 Feb, 135(2), 224 - 34 Role of Candida albicans in granulomatous tissue reactions . I .

In vitro degradation of C . albicans and immunospecificity of split products; Meister H et al.; Several mannan-containing fractions

were obtained from whole cells, cell walls, and cytoplasm of Candida albicans by means of treatment with hot formamide or precipitation

with (NH4)2SO4 . The immunological and chemical characteristics of the fractions were compared with those of C . albicans mannan

prepared by standard procedures . Antisera to C . albicans from rabbits immunized with whole cells of the organism were found to be primarily

directed against the mannan content . With use of such antisera,

mannan was localized in both the inner and outer layers of the cell wall, whereas the middle layer was found in all likelihood to represent

the glucan polymer . Stepwise removal of mannan from whole cells or cell walls resulted in increasing loss of periodic acid-Schiff staining,

immunofluorescence, and peroxidase reactivity . Thus, it appears that mannan is responsible for the ability of cell walls of C . albicans to be

stained by periodic acid-Schiff or labeled with fluorescent antibody . The component of the pathogen most resistant to physical or chemical

treatment was the glucan, which lacked all immunological reactivity.

J Pediatr, 1977 Feb, 90(2), 180 - 6

Hereditary deficiency of the third component of complement in a child with fever, skin rash, and arthralgias: response to

transfusion of whole blood; Osofsky SG et al.; A previously well 34-month-old male presenting with fever, skin rash, and arthralgias was

found to lack C3 by immunochemical (undetectable) and hemolytic (1% normal) assays . No infectious agent could be demonstrated .

Protein levels of Clq . C4, C5, properdin, and C3b-INA and hemolytic activities of complement components C1 to C9 except C3 were normal

or elevated; total hemolytic complement activity was 13% of normal and was reconstituted by purified C3 . Properdin factor B was 702

(normal 175 to 275) mug/ml, and was not cleaver upon addition of

zymosan or cobra venom factor . The serum had normal immune adherence activity, but was deficient in ability to opsonize Candida

albicans for uptake and Escherichia coli for killing by neurophils, generate neutrophil chemotactic factors and inhibit the growth of E .

coli; these activities were restored by purified C3 . A transfusion of 320 ml 1-hour-old normal whole blood on the fifty-second day resulted in

transitory elevation of the C3 level to 25 mg/dl with a fall-off (approximately 2 1/2% per hour) to undetectable levels by 69 hours; it

was followed by disappearance of the skin rash and arthralgias and return to normal of the previously elevated temperature and CRP

levels . C3 levels in family members (seven of 24 half-normal), lack of

anti-C3 activity, normal C3b-INA levels and a normal rate of catabolism of transfused C3 indicated that the deficiency was inherited

with autosomal codominance and involved decreased synthesis of C3 . Thus, this child is a unique individual with inherited C3 deficiency

presenting with absence of repeated infections, whose symptoms of fever, skin rash, and arthralgia were abated by whole blood

transfusion.

J Maxillofac Surg, 1977 Feb, 5(1), 69 - 75 Follow-up studies in oral leukoplakia; Banoczy J; Follow-up

examinations of 670 patients with oral leukoplakia during a 30-year-

period showed cancer development in 40 cases, i.e . 6% . Dysplasia was observed in 24% of the histologically examined leukoplakia cases;

13% of the dysplasia cases subsequently showed development of carcinoma . The age distribution revealed the prevalence of leukoplakia

in the age-group 51-60 years; that of carcinoma in the age-group of 61-70 years . The sex distribution showed a male-female ratio of 3.2 :

1 in the leukoplakia-group, and a 1.9 : 1 ratio in the carcinoma-group . The tongue and the lips were the site of predilection for malignant

transformation and for dysplasia . Among aetiological factors, Candida albicans infection and the simultaneous existence of several

aetiological factors seemed to play a role in malignant transformation .

Erosive leukoplakia showed the highest risk, developing in 25.9% of the cases into cancer.

Can J Microbiol, 1977 Feb, 23(2), 166 - 74

The role of metabolic energy in the lethal action of basic proteins on Candida albicans; Olson VL et al.; Comparative studies

were made on the destructive effects of certain basic proteins on a strain of Candida albicans and two of its respiration-impaired

mutants . Both by direct plate counts of survivors and by quantitative ultraviolet spectrophotometric analyses of released cellular

constituents, the respiration-impaired mutants were less vulnerable to

the destructive actions of the basic proteins than were ordinary wild-type cells . The lethal incidence and the ultraviolet absorbing cellular

substances released from wild-type cells by the proteins were markedly decreased in the presence of the oxidative phosphorylation

uncouplers sodium azide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and salicylanide and approximately equal to the effects produced on an oxidative

phosphorylation mutant not treated with the uncouplers . The heightened resistance of a culture through mutational or chemical

impairment of its respiratory system suggests a role of metabolic energy in the destructive action of various basic proteins on yeast

cells.

Br J Haematol, 1977 Feb, 35(2), 245 - 50

Neutrophil function in bone marrow transplant recipients; Territo MC et al.; The neutrophil function of seven patients receiving

allogeneic bone marrow transplantion was studied . Five of the patients had been transplanted for aplastic anaemia and two for acute

leukaemia . Determinations were made of neutrophil phagocytosis, chemotaxis, random migration, and microbicidal activity for Candida

albicans and Staphylococcus aureus . One patient showed a decreased ability to kill C . albicans at a time when she had active

pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii . The remainder of the studies

showed normal neutrophil functions . No differences were observed in the patients who had graft versus host disease {GvH} from those

without GvH . These studies suggest that defects in phagocytic neutrophil function do not contribute significantly to the impaired host

defenses in recipients of bone marrow transplantation.

Lav Um, 1977 Jan, 29(1), 1 - 14 {Health aspects of antibiotic manufacture with particular

emphasis on respiratory and genital disturbances (author's transl)}; Carnevale F et al.; Sixty-seven workers employed in

incapsulating and manufacturing antibiotics were studied by the

authors by means of questionnaire, environmental survey, clinical examination and hematochemical, immunologic and microbiological

determinations . The main features of respiratory and genital disturbances are discussed . Two cases of occupational asthma due to

ampicillin were detected . Twenty-four out of forty-five female workers were found to be affected with vaginitis (due to Candida albicans in

fourteen): a relationship with the working environment is hypothesized . The digestive tract disturbances are reported and the

prevalence of dental discoloration is stressed . Finally the psycho-pathological pattern of the factory workers is outlined.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1977, 9(1), 63 - 4 Candida meningoencephalitis treated with 5-fluorocytosine;

Nordstrom L et al.; The successful treatment of Candida albicans meningoencephalitis with 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) is reported . After

abdominal surgery with many complications, a 60-year-old man developed severe headache, lumbar pain, mental change . The

significance of this was not realized for months . The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed pleocytosis, high protein and low glucose

concentration . One CSF culture out of 6 revealed growth of Candida albicans . Serologic tests are also indicated candida infection . After a

month of treatment with 5-FC, the severe pain decreased and he

improved mentally . After 4 months, the CSF was normal and the 5-FC treatment ended . For the past year, the patient has not shown any

signs of relapse.

Arch Dis Child, 1977 Jan, 52(1), 56 - 61 Peritoneal dialysis in children . Review of 8 years' experience;

Day RE et al.; During the years 1968-75, 59 periods of peritoneal dialysis were performed on 44 children aged from 2 days to 17 years .

The commonest complication was peritoneal infection, which affected 68% of those under 2 years and 30% of older children . This was

satisfactorily treated in all but one case which was due to Candida

albicans . The use of combined intramuscular and intraperitoneal gentamicin therapy is described . 2 patients died as a result of massive

intraperitoneal haemorrhage and one had a nonfatal intestinal perforation . In experienced hands peritoneal dialysis is a convenient,

effective, and reasonably safe way of treating acute renal failure; it is best performed in centres capable of handling complex metabolic

problems and investigating and treating the underlying renal disease.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1977, 11(4), 543 - 7 {Sensitivity of various strains of Candida to amphotericin B and

nystatin (author's transl)}; Mutlu G et al.; In this article the

sensitivity of 42 standard Candida strains to Amphotericin B and Nystatin have been examined . The in vitro experiments showed that

the sensitivity of various Candida strains to the above mentioned drugs were different . Also it was observed that Nystatin was more effective

against the Candida albicans strains.

Exp Pathol (Jena), 1977, 14(6), 321 - 7 Experimental investigations on increased resistance to

infections with Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus Smith by 4-imino-1,4-diazobicyclo-(3.1.0)-hexane-2-on BM

06.002 (prop . INN imexon) in mice; Ziegler AE et al.; BM 06.002

increases the resistance of mice to experimentally induced chronic infection with Candida albicans . Furthermore, BM 06.002 leads to

increased resistance in the case of experimentally induced infection with Staphylococcus aureus Smith, when a subtherapeutic dose of

sulfadiazine is applied . In mice immunosuppressively pretreated with hydrocortisone, BM 06.002 effectuates immunorestauration.

Scand J Dent Res, 1977 Jan-Feb, 85(2), 135 - 41

Experimental palatal candidosis and saliva flow in monkeys; Olsen I et al.; Maxillary acrylic plates, inoculated with Candida

albicans, were inserted for 3 weeks in 10 monkeys (Cercopithecus

aethiops) (Series I), and reinserted in five of the animals 8 weeks after removal (Series II) . To suppress saliva flow oxyphencyclimine was

injected intramuscularly (0.125 mg/kg) thrice daily for 3 weeks in six monkeys of Series I, while four controls received no drug . In Series II

the oxyphencyclimine dose was doubled in three animals, and two controls were sham-treated with sodium chloride . Mean saliva flow

was reduced to 58% after 1 week and to 63% after 3 weeks with the low dose of oxyphencyclimine . The values with the high dose were

56% and 64%, respectively . After 1 week thrush had developed beneath the plates of all monkeys . The patches were more extensive

and regressed slower with oxyphencyclimine . Enlarged lesions were

seen with the double dose . In Series I intraepithelial invasion by hyphae was detected more frequently and longer after inoculation in

the oxyphencyclimine group . Such invasion was not found in biopsies from Series II . It is likely that saliva offers some protection against

yeasts colonizing the fitting size of a denture.

J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Jan, 5(1), 91 - 9 Comparative serological and cutaneous reactivity of candidal

cytoplasmic proteins and mannan separated by affinity for concanavalin A; Ellsworth JH et al.; Yeast-form Candida albicans

cells were disrupted for 1.5 min in a Braun homogenizer and

centrifuged at 100,000 X g . The supernatant was concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and then dialyzed . The resulting

material (650 mg), containing 81.2% protein and 11.5% carbohydrate, was subjected to affinity chromatography on concanavalin A (Con A)

linked to agarose . A protein fraction was eluted from the column with buffer, and a fraction containing mannan was eluted with 0.2 M alpha-

methyl mannoside . The candidal soluble proteins had 19 components which were resolvable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The

material with affinity for Con A contained mannan and 17% complexed protein . Antigenic differences between the soluble proteins and the

mannan-protein complex were shown by lines of intersection in

immunodiffusion . The soluble proteins devoid of mannan reacted in immunoelectrophoresis with sera from infected rabbits and patients

with chronic candidiasis . These same sera also reacted with a mannan-protein complex eluted from the Con A column with alpha-

methyl mannoside . The comparative ability of candidal proteins and cell wall-derived mannan to elicit skin test reactions in guinea pigs

sensitized by infection or with formaldehyde-killed yeast was studied . Candidal proteins at a 10-mug dose elicited positive reactions at 6 and

21 days after sensitization . The reactions persisted for 48 h and showed minimal tendency to an arthus response, which was marked

when mannan-containing antigens were used . The antigenicity of cell

wall-derived mannans and candidal soluble proteins devoid of mannan was compared in immunodiffusion tests of sera from 39 patients with

neoplastic disease . Of these patients with documented candidiasis, 13 of 20 reacted to one or more mannan antigens, and 3 of 20 reacted to

candidal soluble proteins . In contrast, of those patients who were uninfected or had superficial Candida spp . infections, 5 of 19 reacted

to candidal soluble proteins, and 16 of 19 reacted to one or more mannan antigens.

Microbiol Immunol, 1977, 21(12), 703 - 25

Cellular elements in the resistance to candida infection in mice .

I . Contribution of T lymphocytes and phagocytes at various stages of infection; Miyake T et al.; Live organisms (cfu) of Candida

albicans per organ were counted 1 hr and 1 to 20 days after an intravenous inoculation into various groups of mice which had distinct

levels of immunologic or non-immunologic defense mechanisms . a) The number of cfu in the liver decreased progressively in normal mice,

but those in the kidney maintained a constant level during the observation period . b) The number of cfu in the liver decreased

progressively also in nude mice . In their kidneys, however, cfu increased progressively at a late stage of infection . c) In lethally

irradiated AKR of nude mice in which phagocyte functions were

severely depressed, the number of cfu increased progressively in both liver and kidney from the initial stage of infection . d) In immunized

AKR mice, growth of C . albicans was suppressed at late stages of infection . Such protective immunity could be transferred partly with

immune lymphoid cells but not with hyperimmune serum in the experimental system employed . In protection against candida

infection, non-immune phagocytosis and T cell-mediated immunity appear to be required at the early and late stages of infection,

respectively.

Contrib Microbiol Immunol, 1977, 4, 77 - 85

Toxins produced by Candida albicans; Iwata K; From studies on high-and-low molecular-weight candidial toxins, with special reference

to the etiopathology of experimental-weight candidial toxins, with special reference to the etiopathology of experimental C . albicans

infection, it may be concluded that these toxins, particularly the high-molecular-weight ones, play a very important role as parasitic factors

in the extablishment of the infection, possibly also affecting its course . This concept of the role of Candidial toxins may be considered also

applicable to the establishment of natural candidosis . It is speculated that these toxins might be more or less ubiquitously produced in

pathogenic fungi, not only C . albicans but also other species of the

genus Candida as well as those of other fungal genera . They may be to some extent related to the etiopathology of their respective fungal

infections.

Br J Clin Pharmacol, 1977, 4 Suppl 3, 303S - 312S Immunological investigations of Candida albicans in respiratory

disease; Edge G et al.; 1 . Tests against rabbit antiserum to Candida albicans showed about 40 protein antigens in cytoplasmic extract

compared with two in a commercial test extract, which contained mainly polysaccharide (mannan) antigens . 2 . Positive precipitin tests

to the mannan preparation were recorded in 40% of 56 asthmatics on

systemic corticosteroids and 37% of 56 rhinitis patients not so treated . The titres were slightly higher in the corticosteroid group .

There was no increase in precipitins over 0-9 months in asthmatics treated with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (BDA) by inhalation,

or over 0-12 months in rhinitis patients treated with BDA nasal spray . No positive reactions to the purified protein fraction were recorded . 3 .

Radioallergosorbent tests for specific IgE antibody showed a higher incidence of positive results with whole C . albicans yeast cells than

with purified cytoplasmic protein . There was a higher incidence of positive results to protein in patients on systemic corticosteroids than

in the other patients . No change in incidence occurred in asthmatics

on BDA . The number of positive results in 56 rhinitis patients increased on BDA from 28 to 37 for yeast cells, and from 7 to 16 for

cytoplasmic protein . This was attributed to C . albicans challenge tests . 4 . Specific IgA antibodies to yeast cells were detected in 48/56

asthmatics on systemic corticosteroids, and there were no significant changes over 0-9 months on BDA . The corresponding figures for

rhinitis patients were 25/56, and again there were no significant changes over 0-12 months on BDA.

J Rheumatol, 1977 Autumn, 4(3), 317 - 20

Arthritis and osteomyelitis due to Candida albicans: a case

report; Lertratanakul Y et al.; A case of Candida albicans arthritis involving a knee and cuneiform bone is presented . As with other forms

of candidiasis, multiple antibiotic treatment and hyperalimentation predisposed to the infection . Fourteen previously published cases are

reviewed . The knee is the most common site of infection and there is a high frequency of associated osteomyelitis . Treatment with both

amphotericin and 5-fluorocytosine seems to be effective . The case presented was treated successfully with a small dose of amphotericin

followed by five and one-half months of 5-fluorocytosine.

J Immunol Methods, 1977, 18(1-2), 149 - 56

Cell wall antigens in soluble cytoplasmic extracts of candida albicans as demonstrated by crossed immuno-

affinoelectrophoresis with concanavalin A; Syverson RE et al.; Crossed immuno-affinoelectrophoresis with Concanavalin A precipitated

four antigens from soluble extracts of the yeast and mycelial phases of Candida albicans . Two of these antigens were also present in

spheroplast preparations . One of the Concanavalin A precipitated antigens was destroyed by periodate and none were digested by

pronase . Sequential treatment with pronase and periodate destroyed two of the remaining three antigens . The Concanavalin A precipitated

antigens appear to be glycoproteins, two of which are associated with

the cell wall of C . albicans.

Scand J Immunol, 1977, 6(6-7), 591 - 4 Participation of C3 in intracellular killing of Candida albicans;

Yamamura M et al.; Using new objective methods for measuring, independently, phagcytosis and killing, it was demonstrated that

Candida albicans opsonized by C3-deficient serum was ingested by not killed in vitro by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes . Killing

could be induced by adding purified C3 to the C3-deficient serum . It is concluded that C3 participates directely in the intracellular process

leading to phagocytic killing of C . albicans.

Acta Odontol Scand, 1977, 35(4), 197 - 205

Mycotic growth and soft denture lining materials; Makila E et al.; Mycotic flora was studied from the dentures and denture bearing

mucosae of 39 persons who wore soft-lined (Molloplast B) mandibular dentures and heat-cured acrylic resin maxillary dentures . Fungal

growth was detected in 85% of the mandibular dentures and in 44% of the maxillary dentures (p less than 0.001) . On the mandibular mucosa

fungal growth was revealed in 74% and on the mucosa of the maxilla in 69% . In connection with inflamed mucosae fungal growth was

always detected on the mandibular denture and on the mandibular

mucosa in 93% as well as on the maxillary denture in 50% and on the maxillary mucosa in 75% . Considering the healthy mandibular mucosa

fungus was found in 75% on the mandibular dentures and in 62% on the mucous membranes . In connection with healthy maxillary

mucosae the corresponding figures were 42% and 68% . The specimens revealed 7 different yeasts and 2 moulds . The most

common fungi were Candida albicans (86%), Torulopsis glabrata (31%), and C . tropicalis (14%) . The uncured Molloplast material

caused a definite inhibition of candida growth in vitro, while the cured material indicated no growth inhibition.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1977, 25(2), 273 - 83 Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces olivaceus 142 . II .

Isolation, purification and activity spectrum of antibiotic WR 142-FPG; Mordarski M et al.; A method of isolating antibiotic Wr 142-

FPG from the fermentation broth and mycelium of mutant FPG of the strain Streptomyces olivaceus 142 has been developed . The method of

purification of the active substance and activity spectrum agains microorganisms are described . Some of the basic properties of two

preparations are given: a) the preparation designed I, partly purified, containing a peptide moetye and b) the preparation designed II, which

is a homogeneous chromatographically preparation with mol . wt .

about 510, obtained from preparation I by separation on silica gel . Both preparations are active against the same spectrum of

microorganisms and are similarly cytotoxic for normal and neoplastic cells . They differ from each other in specific activity and toxicity .

LD50 of preparation I for white mice i.p . is about 240 mg/kg and LD50 of preparation II about 5 mg/kg . Comparison of the activity of the

purified preparation of WR 142-FPG with that of known anti-fungal antibiotics showed that Wr 142-FPG inhibits growth of Candida

albicans and other pathogenic yeasts at concentrations 10--100 times lower than amphotericin B, antimycin A, nystatin and primaricin.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1977 Jan, 27(1), 152 - 8 A functional comparison of blood and gingival inflammatory

polymorphonuclear leucocytes in man; Wilton JM et al.; Polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the human gingival crevice (CREV-

PMN) have a defective phagocytic capacity when compared with peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PB-PMN) from the

same individual . In a study of fourteen clinically healthy subjects, significantly smaller numbers of CREV-PMN phagocytosed fewer

Candida albicans blastospores as compared with PB-PMN . The intracellularkilling capacity of the two cell populations was similar .

Removal of specific antibody but not complement significantly

depressed blastospore uptake by both cell types . It is postulated that the intrinsic defect of the CREV-PMN is acquired in vivo and may be a

general property of PMN from inflammatory sites.

J Immunol Methods, 1977, 14(1), 19 - 24 Phagocytosis measured as inhibition of uridine uptake by

Candida albicans; Yamamura M et al.; Inhibition of 3H-uridine incorporation into Candida albicans can be used as a sensitive index

of phagocytic function because: 1) there is a linear correlation between uridine incorporation and yeast number; 2) phagocytic cells do not

incorporate significant amounts of uridine in short term cultures; and

3) C . albicans replicating inside phagocytic cells does not take up uridine from culture medium . Appropriate conditions for measuring

phagocytic capacity of human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN's) were 5 x 10(5) C . albicans and 5 x 10(4) PMNs in 0.5 ml of medium

containing 2.5% AB serum . This mixture was incubated for 30 min at 37 degrees C . Aliquots were then transferred into microtiter wells and

incubated for a further 60 min in the presence of 3H-uridine . Under these conditions PMN leucocytes from 25 healthy individuals caused

suppression of uridine incorporation ranging from 33 to 75% (50 +/- 12).

Infect Immun, 1977 Jan, 15(1), 287 - 94 Humoral immunity in vaginal candidiasis; Mathur S et al.; Serum

antibody titers to Candida albicans were estimated in 37 women with recurrent vaginal candidiasis and in 148 normal American and Finnish

subjects, using the passive-hemagglutination technique . The antibody titers ranged from 0 to 16 in normal individuals and 4 to 256 in vaginal

candidiasis patients . Antibodies to C . albicans in the sera of vaginal candidiasis patients were found to be the secretory immunoglobulin A

type, as determined by gel filtration and double-diffusion tests . The results were confirmed by the indir-ct fluorescent-antibody technique .

Our findings suggest that, in vaginal candidiasis, the antibody response

is mainly local, consisting of secretory immunoglobulin A, some of which finds its way into systemic circulation.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1977 Jan, 95(1), 89 - 93

Intravitreal amphotericin B treatment of Candida endophthamitis; Stern GA et al.; A 43-year-old heroin addict with

Candida albicans endophthalmitis was treated with a single 5-mug intravitreal injection of amphotericin B . The diagnosis was confirmed

by smears and cultures of a vitrous aspiration . The patient's accidental death seven weeks after treatment enabled us to obtain

histopathologic evidence that the infection had been cured and that the

amphotericin B had had no toxic effect on the retina . Intravitral amphotericin B should be considered an important mode of treatment

of Candida endophthalmitis.

Proc R Soc Med, 1977, 70 Suppl 1, 9 - 12 The effects of miconazole on the ultrastructure of Candida

albicans; de Nollin S et al.; Ultrastructural changes in Candida albicans induced by increasing concentrations of miconazole in vitro

are described . Fungistatic concentrations (10(-8) to 10(-7) M) induced minimal morphologic changes at the cell periphery . At 10(-6) M cell

volume increased and peroxisomes became numerous in the cell

interior . The minimal fungicidal dose of 10(-5) M caused severe damage to most of the cell population and a total fungicidal dose of 10

(-4) M caused total internal cellular necrosis even when cell walls remained intact . It is suggested that miconazole inhibits the

peroxidative enzymes cytochrome c-peroxidase and catalase . Cell necrosis then results from peroxide accumulation.

Infect Immun, 1977 Jan, 15(1), 145 - 8

Frentizole, a novel immunosuppressive, and azathioprine: their comparative effects on host resistance to Pseudomonas

aeruginosa, Candida albicans, herpes simplex virus, and

influenza (Ann Arbor) virus; Scheetz ME II et al.; Frentizole, 1-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenyl urea, a new immunosuppressive

agent, and azathioprine were administered subcutaneously at predetermined immunosuppressive dose levels of azathioprine and up

to 50 times an immunosuppressive dose level of Frentizole . After 10 days of treatment at these dose levels, the experimental groups were

inoculated intraperitoneally with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or herpes simplex virus, inoculated intraveneously with Candida albicans, or

infected by aerosol with Ann Arbor influenza virus . The results of these series of experiments indicate that Frentizole, even at super

immunosuppressive doses, does not predispose the hose (mice) to

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, herpes simplex virus, or Ann Arbor influenza virus.

Arch Sci Med (Torino), 1977 Jan-Mar, 134(1), 95 - 8

{Vaccine therapy of a case of onychomycosis caused by Candida albicans}; Gravina-Sanvitale G et al.; A case of

onychomycosis due to Candida Albicans in an otherwise healthy girl is reported . A vaccine was prepared with the same strain as the Candida

Albicans isolated from the nail culture, broken down into 12 ampoules containing progressive concentrations . An improvement was achieved

up to complete cure and this persists many months later . The results

of the therapy are commented on.

Proc R Soc Med, 1977, 70 Suppl 1, 40 - 2 Treatment of fungal infections with miconazole; Stille W et al.;

The present study reports on 15 patients with confirmed or suspected secondary fungal infection, who were treated with intravenous

miconazole and a daily dose of 0.4 to 28 g (mean 9.8 g) . The mycological findings confirmed infection with Aspergillus fumigatus in 6

patients and severe infection with Candida albicans in 4 . Clinically mycological cures were achieved in 4 patients and some improvement

was found in 3 others . The excellent patient tolerance of the drug

makes it seem a likely treatment not only for patients with mycologically confirmed infection but also for those whose condition

exposes them to a high risk of fungal infection.

Acta Derm Venereol, 1977, 57(4), 325 - 9 Phenothiazine phototoxicity: an experimental study on

chlorpromazine and related tricyclic drugs; Ljunggren B et al.; A large number of phenothiazines and chemically related tricyclic drugs

have been studied with respect to their phototoxic potency . Two methods were used, an in vivo technique based on the inflammatory

response of the mouse tail after systemic administration of the drug

plus UVA irradiation, and an in vitro method based on growth inhibition of Candida albicans . Of 27 commercial tricyclic drugs tested in vivo,

the most potent were chlorpromazine and two other chlorinated compounds, prochlorperazine and perphenazine . Tricyclic drugs

lacking nitrogen, sulphur, or both in their ring system showed no activity . All compounds phototoxic in the mouse were so in the yeast

test as well . Here, however, the thioxanthenes (lacking nitrogen) were also highly active.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977, 237(2-3), 395 - 404

{Pigment Formation by Trichophyton rubrum: Differentiation

between T . rubrum and T . mentagrophytes on Serum Albumin Agar (author's transl)}; Staib F et al.; On serum albumin agar

(bovine albumin) with initial pH-values of 5.0-6.0, Trichophyton rubrum showed a yellow pigmentation, and on the same medium with

an initial pH-value of 7.0, a red pigmentation . Strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes have never shown pigmentation until now, The scarce

growth (submerged) of T . rubrum on serum albumin agar is associated with a pigment formation that may be used for diagnostic

purposes . It could be read within 3-7 days . Serum albumin agar with the initial pH-value of 5.0 was introduced in 1964 for the detection of

the strain-specific proteolytic activity of Candida albicans.

Arch Gynakol, 1976 Dec 10, 221(4), 313 - 22

{Experimental candida vaginitis in the mouse (author's transl)}; Spanel-Borowski K et al.; Manifest Candida albicans

infection of the vagina of mice was achieved only after oestrogen treatment . Histologically, different phases of vaginal candidiasis could

be observed: the mycotic infection began with a massive colonization of Candida albicans in the horny layers of the vaginal epithelium and

an early immigration of granulocytes . Abscess-like changes followed when high number of yeast cells were used for infection . One to two

weeks after onset the inflammatory changes decreased and fungi were

no longer identifiable in epithelial micro-abscesses by the methods employed . In contrast, yeast cells could be detected within the vaginal

skin exhibiting weak inflammatory lesions up to the 57th day . Chemotactic studies showed that the fungi considerably stimulated the

migration of mouse granulocytes in the presence of serum . Since mannan isolated from the Candida cell wall also possesses strong

chemotactic activity, certain components of the fungal cell wall may play a pathogenic role in Candida colpitis.

Mycopathologia, 1976 Dec 10, 60(1), 51 - 6

Effects of growth temperature and caffeine on genetic

responses of Candida albicans to ethyl methanesulfonate, nitrous acid and ultraviolet radiation; Sarachek A et al.; Ultraviolet

radiation is more effective than either ethyl methanesulfonate or nitrous acid in inducing reverse mutation from auxotrophy to

prototrophy in C . albicans . The killing effect of each of the mutagens is greater for cells grown at 37 C than at 25 C after treatment;

mutation frequencies are unaffected by post-treatment growth temperatures . Though caffeine depresses survival of mutagen treated

cells at both 25 C or 37 C, its effect is more pronounced at 37 C . Caffeine has no effect on mutagenesis by nitrous acid or ethyl

methanesulfonate; it depresses UV mutagenesis, but only at 37 C and

at high UV dosages . These findings indicate that UV mutagenesis in C . albicans is mediated by a caffeine-sensitive, recombinational

system for DNA repair analogous to those known to occur in other species of yeasts . The repair system of C . albicans is unique in being

susceptible to caffeine only at high temperature and when the number of DNA lesions to be repaired is large . The caffeine-sensitive steps in

repair critical to UV mutagenesis are not involved in fixing mutations induced by the chemical mutagens tested.

J Pediatr, 1976 Dec, 89(6), 1017 - 9

Successful treatment of Candida meningitis with amphotericin

B and 5-fluorocytosine in combination; Chesney PJ et al.; The combined use of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine in the treatment

of two children with Candida albicans meningitis is described . Therapy consisted of nine to 13 days of iv amphotericin B, combined

with, or followed by six to nine weeks of oral 5-FC . Each organism was sensitive to 5-FC before starting therapy . Resistance did not develop

during therapy . CSF administration was not necessary and toxic reactions were minimal and transient; neither patient has suffered a

recurrence four years and 14 months, respectively, after discontinuance of therapy . The combination of short-term therapy

with iv amphotericin B plus long-term oral 5-FC was successful in these

two patients.

Acta Zool Pathol Antverp, 1976 Dec, (66), 101 - 10 {Cutaneous candidiosis in an European beaver, Castor fiber .

Epidimiological aspect and parasitic form of Candida albicans}; Saez H; On the thigh of an Europa Beaver, Castor fiber L., dead after 8

years of captivity, a candidiasis has been found due to Candida albicans . Were reported successively: the frequence of C . albicans in

the Europa Beaver and the Canada Beaver, the diagnosis, an epidemiologic aspect and the morphologic parasitic form of that yeast .

In the epiderma parasited of the Beaver, C . albicans has developed in

a yeast-form in the superficial strates of the skin and in the filamentous-form in the deeper.

J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Dec, 97(2), 211 - 7

Macromolecular syntheses during the cell cycles of yeast and hyphal phases of Candida albicans; Wain WH et al.; Synchronous

cultures of yeast and hyphal phases of Candida albicans showed exponential increases in RNA content and stepwise exponential

increases in DNA content . The periods of DNA synthesis in the two phases coincided with one another and with the budding peaks of the

yeast phase . Hyphae grown in synchronous cultures also showed an

exponential increase in length . The hyphal phase was therefore normal . Hyphal nuclear division occurred after hyphal DNA synthesis .

Germination was a unique event for a hypha and unlike yeast bud formation, preceded the first period of DNA synthesis . The exponential

increase in RNA and DNA in asynchronous cultures of hyphae in serum paralleled the exponential increase in the numbers of cells in

asynchronous cultures of yeasts in defined media . Thus there are no factors in serum which inhibit the normal exponential growth of C .

albicans.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1976 Dec, 26(3), 511 - 9

Immune function in sarcoidosis . Studies on delayed hypersensitivity, B and T lymphocytes, serum immunoglobulins

and serum complement components; Tannenbaum H et al.; An assessment of immune function was performed in twenty-four patients

with recently diagnosed active sarcoidosis . Four patients manifested skin anergy to four antigens . All subjects except one were capable of

generating a positive skin response to a croton oil patch test . The incorporation of {3H}thymidine by lymphocytes in vitro in response to

the nonspecific mitogens--phytohaemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen and Con A did not differ between anergic and non-anergic thymidine

incorporation in vitro when stimulated by the specific antigens,

streptokinase/streptodornase or Candida albicans . Lymphocytes obtained from nine of eleven patients having positive delayed

hypersensitivity skin reactions demonstrated MIF production in vitro upon specific antigen challenge . Quantities of circulating B and T

lymphocytes did not differ between anergic and absolute numbers of circulating B and T lymphocytes, as well as hypercomplementaemia

and hypergammaglobulinaemia when compared to the control group.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1976 Dec, 26(3), 505 - 10 Leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) profile in primary

and secondary immunodeficiency disease; Gorski AJ et al.;

Lymphocytes from patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency disease were tested for capacity to produce LMIF

after mitogen and antigen stimulation as well as for ability to stimulate and respond in unidirectional MLC-LMIF assay . Different patterns of

immune abnormality in vitro were detectable when Con A and Candida albicans antigen were used . In addition, significant abnormalities in

LMIF responding and stimulatory capacity were demonstrated in patients with Hodgkin's disease . LMIF production after stimulation with

different agents allows for a better characterization of cellular defects in immunodeficiency disease.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Dec, 22(12), 1720 - 7 Identification of carbon dioxide as a dermatophyte inhibitory

factor produced by Candida albicans; King RD et al.; A factor produced by Candida albicans, which inhibits dermatophyte growth

and induces arthrospore formation is characterized and identified . Candida dermatophyte inhibitory factor (CDIF) is volatile and

fungistatic . Analysis of volatile materials produced by C . albicans was subsequently identified as carbon dioxide . The involvement of carbon

dioxide in the inhibition of dermatophytes was demonstrated by: (1) utilization of commercial carbon dioxide to produce dermatophyte

inhibition as well as arthrospore formation, and (2) prevention of

dermatophyte inhibition by C . albicans through incoporation of soda lime into the incubation atmosphere . The ability of carbon dioxide to

inhibit dermatophyte growth was shared with other gases (methane and helium), but arthrospore formation was observed only with carbon

dioxide . The possible significance of carbon dioxide's induction of arthrospores, a form occasionally observed in active dermatophyte

lesions, is discussed.

J Invest Dermatol, 1976 Dec, 67(6), 700 - 3 Activation of the alternative (properdin) pathway of

complement by Candida albicans and related species; Ray TL et

al.; Accumulations of neutrophilic granulocytes within the epidermis and beneath the stratum corneum of the skin are a prominent

histologic feature of experimental and clinical candidiasis . The mechanism of cell accumulation was studied by standard chemotactic

methods . Suspensions of viable or heat-killed Candida sp caused marked chemotaxis of human neutrophils in fresh serum . Culture

supernatants of Candida sp were not chemotactic . Chemotaxis was dependent upon fresh serum, and could be abolished by heating the

serum to 56 degress C for 30 min, suggesting that interaction of these organisms with a heat-labile serum factor generated a

chemoattractant . Incubation of Candida sp with fresh human serum

resulted in the conversion of the third component of complement and properdin factor B, as measured by immunoelectrophoresis .

Conversion did not occur in serum chelated with EDTA, or heated to 50 degress C for 30 min (to destroy factor B) . Conversion was present in

serum chelated with EGTA (to deplete calcium), or genetically deficient in the fourth component of complement . By contrast, the three

components of the kinin-forming system (Hageman factor, prekallikrein, high-molecular-weight kininogen) were not activated by

Candida sp . We suggest that Candida sp do not release a chemotactic substance but, in the presence of serum, activate the alternative

pathway of complement, generating chemotactic factors.

Infect Immun, 1976 Dec, 14(6), 1348 - 55

Hepatic clearance of Candida albicans in rats; Sawyer RT et al.; The initial clearance of Candida albicans from the blood stream of

rats and from perfusion medium by perfused rat livers was characterized . Normal rats cleared over 90% of large doses of

intravenously injected yeast cells in 5 min . All were recovered as viable cells among various reticulendothelial organs after 30 min . The

perfused rat liver trapped an average of 85% of the yeast cells in a single pass . No significant killing occurred, even in the presence of

10% whole rat blood . Scanning electron microscopy of cryofractured

livers revealed that the cells were trapped in liver sinusoids but outside phagocytic cells.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1976 Dec, 84C(6), 511 - 23

Lymphocyte transformation in vitro in dermatophytosis; Svejgaard E et al.; Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 59 patients with

dermatophytosis and from nine young healthy women were studied by the lymphocyte transformation test (LT) using mitogens and bacterial

as well as fungal antigens . The latter included Candida albicans (CA) and four dermatophyte species, viz . Trichophyton rubrum (TR),

Trichophyton mentagrophytes (TM), Epidermophyton floccosum (EF)

and Microsporum canis (MF) . Most of the patients showed normal transformation in response to mitogens and non-dermatophyte

antigens, indicating that they have no functional T-cell deficiency . Dermatophyte antigens act as stimulators in LT . In general, patient

lymphocytes responded more strongly to these antigens than lymphocytes from controls . In most patients suffering from TM

infections, response to the TM antigen was significantly stronger (p less than 0.05) than that in the other patients, indicating that this

antigen preparation shows species specificity . In patients with Trichophyton (TR + TM) infections, response to the corresponding

antigens was significantly stronger than that in the other patients,

which suggests the existence of genus specificity . Any differences between patients suffering from chronic TR infections and those with

acute TR infections were not observed, a finding which is in contrast to those obtained in other studies . However, a few patients with chronic

TM infections responded weakly to mitogens and non-dermatophyte antigens . LT in four patients with id-reaction to TM infection was not

found to differ from that in the remaining TM patients.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1976 Dec, 84C(6), 501 - 10 Immunological in vitro parameters in patients with multiple

sclerosis and in normal individuals; Platz P et al.; The general

immunological capacity of 40 patients with multiple sclerosis has been evaluated with lymphocyte transformation test including both mitogens

(PHA and PWM) and antigens (PPD, Candida albicans, Staph . aureus and E . coli) . Determination of T and B cells was performed by E-,

EAC-rosetting and immunofluorescence for surface immunoglobulins . Compared with the results obtained in 42 normal individuals only minor

differences were found.

Lancet, 1976 Nov 6, 2(7993), 984 - 7 Immunological abnormalities in patients who had the

oculomucocutaneous syndrome associated with practolol

therapy; Behan PO et al.; Patients with and without adverse reactions on practolol therapy showed altered immune responses . There was

cutaneous anergy to Candida albicans and streptokinase/streptodornase antigens and depression of lymphocyte

function in vitro . Anticomplementary activity and a wide range of autoantibodies were found in patients who had received practolol.

Clin Nephrol, 1976 Nov, 6(5), 492 - 6

Candida peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis: successful treatment with low dose amphotericin B therapy; Mandell IN et

al.; Two patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis with permanent

indwelling peritoneal catheters who developed Candida albicans peritonitis are presented . Both patients were successfully treated with

low dose intravenous amphotericin B . Sequential candida precipitin assays were performed and the diagnostic application is discussed.

Clin Allergy, 1976 Nov, 6(6), 563 - 71

Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) studies with insolubilized polysaccharides; Baldo BA et al.; Polysaccharide preparations from

Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans when used with some human sera were found to fix complement and precipitate with specific

antibodies present in the sera . Precipitins consisted predominantly of

IgG with traces of IgM and IgA . Following insolubilization of the fungal polysaccharide preparations with the N-carboxyanhydride of L-leucine,

reactivity with serum precipitins was retained and reaction with IgE antibodies was demonstrated using the radioallergosorbent test

(RAST) . Results showed that for A . fumigatus and C . albicans at least, polysaccharide-specific IgE antibodies probably occur in sera

from some hypersensitive individuals . We suggest that chemical methods of the type described which induce polymerization or cross-

linking will be useful for detecting IgE antibodies in the RAST . Such an approach could be used with a variety of polysaccharide preparations

which cannot be coupled to polysaccharide solid supports by the usual

methods.

J Clin Pathol, 1976 Nov, 29(11), 1007 - 10 Indirect immunofluorescence assay for antibody to germ tube

of Candida albicans--a new diagnostic test; Ho YM et al.; Indirect immunofluorescent and agglutination assay were used to study the

anti-Candida albicans reactivities in the serum of 13 normal subjects and 14 patients infected with C . albicans . A significant increase in

anti-C . albicans seroreactivity was observed during infection with this organism but the increase in the anti-germ tube immunofluorescence

titre was the more marked . It is evident that the anti-germ tube

immunofluorescence assay is more discriminatory for C . albicans infection than the conventional agglutination assay.

J Pediatr, 1976 Nov, 89(5), 821 - 6

Beclomethasone dipropionate in long-term treatment of asthma in children; Kerrebijn KF; Beclomethasone dipropionate was found to

be effective in reducing symptoms of asthma in children . There was no measurable influence on pulmonary function . An 18-month follow-up

did not show untoward side effects on adrenal function, growth, serum electrolytes, and hepatic and renal functions with a dose of 100 mug

three times daily . The treatment predisposes to the colonization with

Candida albicans in the oropharynx.

J Neurol Sci, 1976 Oct, 29(2-4), 411 - 21 Immunological observations on patients with Wilson's disease;

Czlonkowska A et al.; In 19 patients with Wilson's disease we found an increased humoral immune response, i.e . a higher level of IgG and

IgM, a higher titre of antibodies against Kunin's CA antigen and a depressed cell-mediated immunity i.e . a lower response to DNCB and

E . coli in skin tests, lower lymphocyte transformation when stimulated by Con A, PPD, Candida albicans and streptokinase and a lower

production of macrophage migration inhibition factor . The changes

observed in the group of patients with liver cirrhosis caused by other facotrs than Wilson's disease were similar but less pronounced . We

also found that leukocytes of patients with Wilson's disease have an impaired bactericidal activity and that copper ions have an inhibitory

effect on some tests for cell-mediated immunity . It seems probable that immunological abnormalities in Wilson's disease are caused by

liver cirrhosis but we cannot exclude an inhibitory effect of copper ions upon the immune response and an associated effect upon leukocyte

metabolism.

J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Oct, 96(2), 317 - 22

Induction of the mycelial form of Candida albicans by hydrolysates of peptides from seminal plasma; Chattaway FW et

al.; Previous work led to the separation from seminal plasma of a peptide fraction which promoted a high rate of germination of

blastospores of Candida albicans . It has now been shown that an acid hydrolysate of this material is also highly active . A minimal

amino-acid mixture consisting of aspartic acid, lysine, histidine, threonine, proline and beta-alanine gave 90% germination in 4 h with

17 out of 28 s