* GB786019 (A)
Description: GB786019 (A) ? 1957-11-06
New cyclopentanophenanthrene derivatives and process for the production
thereof
Description of GB786019 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
786,019 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: May 7,
1956.
No 14078/56.
Application made in Mexico on May 9, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 2 ( 3), U 2, U 4 (A 2: B 1: B 2: C 4: C 5:
X).
International Classification:-CO 7 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
New Cyclopentanophenanthrene Derivatives and Process for the
Production thereof We, SYNTEX S A, Apartado Postal 2679, Mexico City,
Mexico, a Corporation of Mexico, do hereby declare the invention, for
which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by
which it, is to be performed to be particularly described in and by
the following statement: -
The present invention relates to cyclopentanophenanthrene derivatives
and a process for the production thereof.
More particularly, the present invention relates to A" 14
"-pregnatriene-3-ketone compounds especially those compounds
possessing the functional groups characterizing the cortical hormones.
In United States Patent No 2,576,479 of Djerassi, Rosenkranz and
Berlin, granted December 25, 1951, there are disclosed valuable
therapeutic compounds having the functional groups characterizing the
cortical hormones and especially Al'4-dien-3-ones of the 17
-hydroxypregnane series Recently certain of these compounds have been
indicated as especially valuable cortical hormones, specifically the
Al-dehydro analogues of the cortical hormones cortisone and
hydrocortisone which possess a physiological activity 3 to 4 times
greater than cortisone or hydrocortisone (J Am Med Assoc 157, 311 (
1955).
In accordance with the present invention the surprising discovery has
been made that the Al Ahbis-dehydro derivatives, i e A" 14
'6-pregnatriene-3-ketone compounds have important cortical hormone
effects in that they exhibit pharmacological cortical hormone
properties which make them superior to the 1-dehydroderivatives.
The present invention particularly relates to novel cortical hormone
compounds which are indicated by the following formula: 0/, OR Co -O
Af on In the above formula X represents CH,, CH-OH or C= O.
R represents H, or the residue of a hydrocarbon carboxylic acid of
less than 10 carbon atoms such as acetic, propionic, butyric,
cyclopentylpropionic or benzoic, R, represents the same groups as R.
It has also been discovered in accordance with the present invention
that the above compounds may be produced in accordance with a process
exemplified by the following equation: lPrice 3 s 6 d l 2 786,019 Ok'
ae 1 eo brominen er | dekdo& 6 romino/oo 7 In the above equation X, R
and R, represent the same groups as heretofore, however it is
preferably that the starting material indicated above is either a
21-monoester or a 17 a,21-diester and in such event in order to
prepare the free compound it is necessary to saponify the resultant
final 21-monoester or 17 a,21-diester under mild conditions so as not
to alter the dihydroxy-acetone side chain It is further preferable
that the lower fatty acid esters be utilized in the process and in
such event the mono or di-acylates prepared may be saponified to the
free compound and any desired ester prepared therefrom by known
esterification methods.
For the first step of the process as outlined in the above equation
the starting steroid is preferably a mono or di-ester which are
conventional 21-esters or 17 a,21-diesters prepared by a method
capable of esterifying the 17 ahydroxy group.
The starting material is preferably suspended in an organic solvent
such as ether, hydrogen bromide in acetic acid added and approximately
2 molar equivalents of bromine in acetic acid is added slowly thereto
The steroid slowly dissolves Upon concentration of the solution and
purification the corresponding 2,6-dibromo derivative of the starting
material is prepared For the dehydrobromination indicated as the
second step the 2,6-dibromide is preferably refluxed with a tertiary
organic base such as colliding As may be understood, other brominating
agents such as N-bromosuccinimide in carbon tetrachloride may be used
as well as other dehydrohalogenating agents.
The mono or diester preferably prepared as a result of the first two
steps may be carefully saponified as with potassium carbonate to give
the free hydroxy compound The free hydroxy compound may then be
acylated by conventional methods involving for example reaction with
an appropriate acid anhydride or acid chloride to give the
corresponding 21monoester or may be acylated under conditions
previously referred ito, to give the Co 0 17 a,21-diester In each case
the resultant ester was shown to be identical to that derived from the
second step.
The following specific examples serve to illustrate but are not
intended to limit the present invention: EXAMPLE I
19.85 g of the 21-monoacetate of W 4-pregnene-17 a,21-diol-3,20-dione
was suspended in 650 cc of anhydrous ether and cooled in an ice bath A
few drops of a 4-normal solution of hydrogen bromide in acetic acid
were added, followed by 17 3 g of bromine in cc of acetic acid, at
such a rate that the suspension decolourized after each addition.
During this operation, which required about minutes for the addition
of all the bromine solution, the solid steroid slowly went into
solution The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure at a
temperature between 15 and 20 C until crystallization started The
crystalline product was collected and washed with ethanol, thus giving
20 g of colourless needles of the 21-monoacetate of 2,6-dibromo4
A'-pregnene-17 a,21-diol-3,20-dione.
A solution of 20 g of this acetate in 120 cc.
of re-distilled anhydrous collidine was refluxed for 30 minutes Ethyl
acetate was added to the cooled solution which was then washed several
times with very dilute sulphuric acid until complete disappearance of
the smell of colliding, then with dilute sodium bicarbonate solution
and water until neutral The solution was concentrated to a small
volume and diluted with hexane, thus yielding 9 2 g.
of the 21-monoacetate of A 1 '46-pregnatriene-17 a,21-diol-3,20-dione.
7 g of this monoacetate was dissolved in cc of methanol and the
temperature adjusted to 230 C With stirring and under a stream of
nitrogen there was added a solution of 1 3 g of potassium carbonate in
15 cc.
of distilled water boiled previously and cooled under an atmosphere of
nitrogen The mixture was kept for 60 minutes at a temperature of 23
-25 C, 10 cc of acetic acid was added and 'the stirring was continued
until the evolu786,019 3 tion of carbon dioxide ceased The solution,
was then poured into 400 cc of water containing 17 g of sodium
chloride, and stirred for five minutes to achieve a complete
precipitation The precipitate was filtered, washed with distilled
water and dried in a vacuum oven at 50 C, thus giving 6 g of A 14
'6-pregnatriene-17 o,21-diol-3,20-dione.
The identical 21-monoacetate was prepared by conventionally reacting
\'"'46-pregnatriene17 a,21-diol-3,20-dione with acetic anhydride.
Other 21-esters of A 14,'-pregnatriene-17 %,21diol-3,20-dione are
prepared by reacting the free steroid with acid anhydrides according
to the above described acylation procedure or by conventionally
utilizing the corresponding acyl halides These esters include esters
of hydrocarbon carboxylic acids of less than 10 carbon atoms derived
from saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, carbocyclic, or
cycloaliphatic, aryl, arylalkyl, alkaryl, mono, di or polycarboxylic
acids which form ester groups such as for example formyloxy,
propionoxy, dimethyl-acetoxy, trimethylacetoxy, butyryfoxy,
valeryloxy, benzoyloxy, phenylacetoxy, toluoyloxy,
cyclopentylformyloxy, acryloxy and the esters of dicarboxylic acids
such as succinic, glutaric and adipic.
EXAMPLE II
22 g of the diacetate of A 4-pregnene17 o,,21-diol-3,20-dione was
treated in exactly the same way as described in Example I.
Dibromination and dehydrobromination afforded 12 g of the diacetate of
A 14 '6-pregnatriene-17 a,21-dioi-3,20-dione.
g of this diacetate was, suspended in cc of methanol previously
distilled over potassium hydroxide, and stirred at 200 C.
under an atmosphere of nitrogen A solution was then added of 3 2 g of
anhydrous potassium carbonate in 25 Icc of water previously boiled and
cooled under an atmosphere of nitrogen The mixture was stirred for 30
minutes under an atmosphere of nitrogen at a temperature of 23 C 2 5
cc of acetic acid was added and the solution was poured into 500 cc of
ice water containing 25 g of sodium chloride The mixture was kept
standing for minutes and the precipitate was filtered and washed with
distilled water Crystallization from ethyl acetate yielded 8 g of
Al'4,'-pregnatriene-17 a,21-diol-3,20-dione, identical to the one
obtained in accordance with Example Reaction of the free Al 4
A-pregnatriene17 %,21-diol-3,20-dione with acetic anhydride by a
prolonged reaction at room temperature in the presence of
p-toluenesulphonic acid gave the same 17 a,21-diacetate previously
referred to Other diesters of hydrocarbon carboxylic acids of less
than 10 carbon atoms, i e those mentioned in Example I, were also
prepared by this method.
EXAMPLE III
Working exactly as described in Example I, there was obtained the Al 4
' -pregnatriene17 a,21-diol-3,11,20-trione and the 21-monoacetate from
the monoacetate of cortisone.
EXAMPLE IV
Working exactly as described in Example 70 I, there was obtained A 14
f-pregnatriene17 o,21-dial-3,11,20-trione and the 17,21-diacetate from
the diacetate of cortisone.
EXAMPLE V
Working exactly as described in Example I, 75 there was obtained the
Al'4 '6-pregnatriene11 l 317 a,21-btriol-3,20-jdione and the
21-monoacetate from the 21-monoacetate of hydrocortisone i
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* GB786020 (A)
Description: GB786020 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Organopolysiloxane nitriles
Description of GB786020 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
786,020 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: May 22,
1956.
No 15829/56.
Application made in United States of America on July 18, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 2 ( 7), S( 1 A: 3 A: 3 B: 6: 7 B: 7 D), T 6
(D 4: F 2: G 3: G 7 E), T 6 K( 2 C: 2 X:
5), T 6 K 8 (B: C: E: X).
International Classification:-CO 8 g.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Organopolysiloxane Nitriles We, MIDLAND SIL Ic ON Es LIMITED, a
British Company, of 19 Upper Brook Street, London, W 1, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement: -
This invention relates to siloxanes having syano-alkyl radicals
attached to the silicon.
It is an object of this invention to provide novel compounds which are
useful intermediates in the preparation of amide and acid substituted
polysiloxanes Another object of this invention is to provide
organopolysiloxanes which will give organosiloxane rubbers of improved
strength and of improved solvent resistance.
This invention provides organopolysiloxanes of the unit general
formula R' R Nm CCHI(CH 2)05 i O in which R' is a methyl radical or a
hydrogen atom, N has an average value from 1 to 3 inclusive and R is a
monovalent hydrocarbon radical free from aliphatic unsaturation.
The products of this invention may be prepared by either of two
methods The first method is that of reacting a corresponding
unsaturated nitrile with a chlorosilane of the general formula R Si HC
12 in the presence of platinum dispersed on charcoal followed by
hydrolysis Under such conditions addition of the silane to the
unsaturated linkage in the nitrile occurs according, for example, to
the equation C 12 R Si H C 12 + CH 2 = CH(CH 2),C=-N-R Si C 112 CH 2
(CH 0)2 C-N.
An alternative method involves the condensation of a
chloromethylalkoxysilane with an ethyl cyanoacetate in the presence of
sodium followed by hydrolysis and decarboxylation of (O Et) COO Et R
Si CH 2 Cl + RICH\ CN the resulting product to give a cyanoethyl 40
siloxane This process may be represented by the equations:
(O Et)2 R 1 COO Et Na R Si CH 2 C CN Na OH H 120 COO Na HCI O R' COOH
I I R Si CH 2 C CN In these reactions R and R' are as above defined.
O R' I 1 1850 C R Si CH 2 CHC=_N Co-polymers of the siloxanes of this
invention and siloxanes of the unit general formula O R'1 R Si CH 2 C
C=_N R"m Si O 4,m can be prepared This may be done either by
co-hydrolysing the corresponding chlorosilanes or by catalytic
interaction of the corresponding siloxanes In the latter case either
acid or alkaline catalysts may be employed provided the conditions
used are such that the nitrile groups are not hydrolysed In general,
it is preferable to carry out the interaction under anhydrous
conditions and at temperatures below 1000 C.
If desired, the presence of polar solvents such as acetonitrile may be
used to facilitate the interaction.
Co-polymers within the scope of this invention range in the
composition from 01-99 9 mol per cent of siloxane units of the unit
general formula R' R I I NCCH(CH 2)Si O and from 01-99 9 mol per cent
of siloxane units of the formula R Wlm Si O,_ in which R, R' and i are
as above defined, RW is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical and m has an
average value from 1 to 3 inclusive.
In the compounds of this invention R can be any monovalent hydrocarbon
radical which is free from aliphatic unsaturation such as, for
example, alkyl radicals such as methyl, ethyl and octadecyl;
cycloaliphatic radicals such as cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl; aromatic
hydrocarbon radicals such as phenyl, xenyl, naphthyl and tolyl and
aralkyl hydrocarbon radicals such as benzyl.
In this invention R can be any monovalent hydrocarbon radical such as
alkyl radicals such as methyl, ethyl, butyl and octadecyl; alkenyl
radicals such as vinyl, allyl and hexenyl; cycloaliphatic radicals
such as cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexenyl; aromatic hydrocarbon
radicals such as phenyl, xenyl, tolyl and naphthyl and aralkyl
hydrocarbon radicals such as benzyl.
The polysiloxane nitriles of this invention, both the homo-polymers
and co-polymers, are of utility in the preparation of
organopolysiloxane rubbers These rubbers may be prepared in the usual
manner by compounding the siloxane with a vulcanising agent and if
desired a filler and thereafter vulcanising the composition at the
appropriate temperature For the purpose of this invention any
vulcanising agent normally employed with siloxanes is operative.
These include organic peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide, tertiary
butyl perbenzoate or chlorobenzoyl peroxides; combinations of alkyl
polysilicates such as ethyl polysilicate with salts of carboxylic
acids such as lead octoate and dibutyl tin diacetate; combinations of
hydrogen-containing siloxanes such as (Me H Si O)1 and salts of
carboxylic acids such as zinc naphthenate; and sulphur with or without
accelerators When sulphur is employed the siloxane must contain
alkenyl groups.
Rubbers prepared from the siloxane polymers and co-polymers of this
invention are characterised by good thermal stability, high tensile
strengths and good resistance to swelling in hydrocarbon solvents This
combination of properties makes them useful for gaskets, electrical
insulation, and other uses requiring such a combination of properties.
If desired, the siloxanes may be compounded with any of the
conventional fillers such as, silica aerogel, fume silicas,
diatomaceous earth, titanium dioxide, clay, zinc oxide, ferric oxide
and crushed quartz.
The following examples illustrate the invention.
The abbreviations " Me " " Et " and " Ph " denote the methyl, ethyl
and phenyl radicals respectively.
EXAMPLE 1.
40.5 G of CH 11 =CHCH 2 CH 1 =N was added slowly to a mixture of 75 g
of methyldichlorosilane and 1 g of powdered charcoal having 2 % by
weight of platinum dispersed thereon The mixture was refluxed and the
temperature gradually rose to 110 C.
over a period of 21 hours The resulting mixture was filtered and
fractionated to give the compound Cl.
Me Si(CH 2)4 C=N, boiling point 1450 C at 19 mm.
The chlorosilane was poured onto ice and stirred until all the ice was
melted The resulting product was extracted with ether and the ether
was evaporated to give a thin liquid which thickened upon being heated
at 2000 C.
to a cloudy, syrupy polysiloxane of the unit formulae Me N.-C(CH 2)45
i O.
This material was co-polymerised with octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane by
adding a catalytic amount of sulphuric acid to a mixture of the two
and allowing them to stand The resulting 105 product was a viscous,
sticky co-polymer of mol per cent Me I N_ c(j Hn),Sio and 50 mol per
cent Me Si O.
786,020 Me N-CGHCOO Et in the presence of sodium in accordance with 50
the procedure of Example 2 and the resulting product was hydrolysed
and decarboxylated in accordance with that example, a polysiloxane of
the unit formula EXAMPLE 2.
23 G of sodium was dissolved in 500 ml of absolute ethyl alcohol and
124 3 g of ethyl cyanoacetate was added rapidly to the solution.
182 6 g of chloromethylmethyldiethoxysilane was then added over a
period of -' hour The mixture was refluxed for 30 hours The reaction
mixture was filtered and the solvent removed by distillation The
residue was fractionated to give the compound Me CN l l (Et O)2 Si CG
CHCOO Et, boiling point 139-141 C at 8 mm, N 42 ' 1.4291 and MRD 65 7.
G of this product in 30 mol of ethanol were mixed with 3 25 g of
potassium hydroxide in 30 ml of water After 15 minutes the solution
was neutral to litmus paper The ethanol was removed at room
temperature under vacuum and the residue was treated with an
equivalent amount of hydrochloric acid The product was then extracted
with ether and the ether layer dried over calcium sulphate The
resulting solution was evaporated to give a viscous, colorless liquid
which was decarboxylated by heating at 185 C on an oil bath for 3 hour
The resulting product was a rubbery, solid polysiloxane of the unit
formula Me NC(CH 2)25 i O.
EXAMPLE 3.
71 8 G ( 0 625 g -mol) of methyldichlorosilane 33 5 g ( 0 5 g -mol) of
allyl cyanide and 1 g of finely dispersed charcoal containing 2 % by
weight platinum were mixed After an induction period the mixture began
to react vigorously and external cooling was necessary.
After the initial reaction subsided the mixture was heated overnight
The resulting product was distilled to give a colourless liquid which
was the chlorosilane of the formula Me NC(CH 2)3-Si C 12, boiling
point 1220 C at 17 mm.
This chlorosilane was hydrolysed with water to give a viscous, sticky
polysiloxane of the unit formula Me NC(CH 2),Si O.
Ex AM Pv LE 4.
When chloromethylmethyldiethoxysilane was condensed with the compound
Me Me i i N E'C C i C 12,Si U was obtained.
EXAMPLE 5.
When Ph Si HCI 2 was reacted with CH, = CHCHC 2 GHKCN in accordance
with the procedure of Example 1, the compound C 12 Ph Si(CH 2)4 CN was
obtained.
When this compound was hydrolysed with water a viscous, sticky
siloxane of the unit formula Ph Si(CHI)C=N was obtained.
When 1 mol of this material was interacted with 0 01 mol of
hexamethyldisiloxane at a temperature of 900 C in the presence of the
70 salt Me 3 Si OK in amount of one K atom per 10,000 Si atoms, a
liquid co-polymer of the molecular formula Ph Me 3,Sio Slio N Si Me '
(CH 2)4 C r was obtained.
EXAMPLE 6.
When 1 mol of Cl 2 Me Si(CH 2),Cm N was co-polymerised by
co-hydrolysis and cocondensation with 1 mol of vinyltrichlorosilane, 1
mol of octadecylmethyldichlorosilane, 1 mol of
phenylmethyldichlorosilane and 1 mol of methyltrichlorosilane in
toluene solution, a resinous co-polymer of the composition 20 mol per
cent 786,020 Me Si(CH 2 JCN, mol per cent of monovinylsiloxane, 20 mol
per cent of octadecylmethylsiloxane, 20 mol per cent of
plienylmethylsiloxane and 20 mol per cent of monomethylsiloxane was
obtained.
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* GB786021 (A)
Description: GB786021 (A)
ARRANGEMENT FOR PERFORMING ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS USING AN
INTERMEDIATE
STORAGE
Description of GB786021 (A)
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
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and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
7869021 I Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June
23, 1950.
No 15773/50.
Application made In Germany on Oct 1, 1948.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 106 ( 1), A( 1 X: 2 A: 2 B: 2 C: 2 F 1: 5
A: 5 B: 6 C: 7 A: 8 B: 9 X: 10 A: 10 B:
1 OF: 13).
International Classification:-G 06 f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Electric Calculators I, GERHARD DIRKS,
of Moerfelder Landstrasse 44, Frankfurt on Main, Germany, of German
nationality, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a
patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
The invention relates to automatic calculators, which are controllable
by means of electrical or magnetic signals.
Calculators, as hitherto known, may be classified as mechanical,
electromechanical and electronic calculators The electromechanical and
electronic calculators are very superior to those working on a
mechanical principle, both in efficiency and adaptability but,
according to the state of technology prevailing up to now, they
require an extraordinarily large number of relays, electronic tubes,
switching means and wiring Moreover, these machines are heavy, bulky
and very expensive.
In order to replace mechanical and electromechanical calculators by
the more efficient electronic computing means, one has applied either
electrical measuring processes with limited accuracies, or digit
computing processes.
It is characteristic of the known mechanical or electromechanical
calculating processes, that the computing means for each denomination
of a number to be processed are provided with means for the following
computing functions These computing functions are:( 1) recording or
storing the result (for example by a definite positioning of a counter
wheel in each denomination), ( 2) adding or subtracting within each
denomination (for example, by means of a rotation of the wheels
corresponding to digit values), ( 3) separating between a digit value
remaining in the same denomination, and a value to be carried over to
the next denomination, ( 4) forwarding the carry-over to the next
denomination.
lPrico w 6 d l The lines of development which have been followed
hitherto in electronic digital calculators likewise require for each
denomination means which are able to carry out the said four
processes.
This requirement entails basic difficulties, as the conditions to be
met for the process ( 1) of storing are radically different from those
met for the computing processes ( 2)-( 4) The means for carrying out
both types of process differ in principle and can be combined only
with difficulty.
Electronic calculators combining all said processes within the same
means are therefore unnecessarily delicate and expensive.
Such a combination has the disadvantage that for every denomination
calculating means must be installed whose calculation potential is
used only for a fraction of the time while they are mainly needed as
storing means.
It has been proposed to have separate means for the storage and
computing processes For example storing by means of electro magnetic
relays and by flip-flop circuits has been proposed but for the large
storage capacities required this involves a large and expensive plant
for the storing process It has also been proposed to make use of
mercury delay lines for the storing process but this necessitates very
delicate apparatus and a close supervision as to temperature and to
the re-amplification of the signals Furthermore, it has been proposed
to employ a magnetic wire or tape as a storage means but these had too
slow an access time for use as part of an arithmetic unit and have
therefore been proposed only as input and output means.
As modern book-keeping machines and like office machinery require a
large storing capacity with quick access to any part of the storage
means, all the said proposals have been quite unsuccessful for such
machines If therefore these tasks of storage and computing are to be
solved with known electronic calculators, extremely large plants are
needed often requiring several rooms in a building, and because of
their volume and their complexity they have been used for purely
mathematical purposes only.
With electronic calculators working on the binary principle, each
problem to be calculated must be expressed in terms of the numerical
values 0 and 1 only They require a previous transformation of the
initial normal numbers into binary numbers as well as, vice versa, a
return transformation of the final binary numbers into normal numbers.
As the calculation with binary numbers is only adaptable if the
transformation from normal numbers to binary numbers does not require
more time and other requirements than the mere calculation process
demands, such calculators are only suitable for the solution of
mathematical problems and especially only when a number transformed
into the binary system or derivations of such a number may be
repeatedly employed Therefore computers based on the binary principle
are not applicable for the ordinary commercial office machines for
book-keeping and the like, but only for very expensive large capacity
punched card machinery.
The great size of the known electronic calculators or rather
calculating plants restricts them to use in a definite location
prepared for them, and the servicing of them is extremely expensive.
The electronic calculator according to this invention is, on the other
hand, very reliable, simple, relatively small, handy and relatively
cheap It is suitable as a unit which can be used in combination with
the usual office machines, such as typewriters, book-keeping machines
of all kinds and sizes, and also for special machines, such as
machines for statistical and organising purposes It is further more
suitable for all desired combinations of such machines or for parts of
such machines and may be built in the most simple manner either as an
independent unit or in conjunction with other machines, or
combinations of machines.
The calculators according to this invention are, moreover,
considerably superior to all hitherto known electronic calculators
since, due to their relatively small size and simple and sturdy
construction they can be built as portable units and carried on a
journey in comparatively small receptacles (trunks, etc).
By building standardised types the manufacture, storage, sale, use and
servicing of the improved machines may be further simplified and
cheapened.
The new principle according to this invention is to have a separate
means for each of the four functions, and each operating for all the
denominations.
The process subsequently described requires only a single computing
means including a single digit value processing means and a single
carry-over means for the computing functions ( 2)-( 4) in all
denominations.
The process requires also only one computing record means for the
recording process ( 1) for all denominations In operation it takes one
digit value from the record means, 70 processes it arithmetically with
another digit value (for example, adds, subtracts, etc) in the single
computing means common for all denominations, removes the first-named
digit value from the record means and records the 75 new resulting
digit value in the record means.
This separation of functions may lead to complete separation of the
functions ( 1)-( 4) described above.
As the requirement of simultaneous record 80 ing and computing by the
same means can be dispensed with, a simple record means can be used
which is capable of recording a very large number of digit values It
therefore also facilitates in the simplest manner the produc 85 tion
of calculators with large capacity.
Furthermore, very steady and reliable circuit arrangements can be
provided for the three remaining computing functions ( 2) ( 4), which
could not be used otherwise, since they 90 are not required for
function ( 1).
The present invention provides a calculating machine comprising input
means and output means and, for one or more numbers, a computing
record means and an electrically 95 operating computing arrangement
(arithmetic unit), the said record means being other than a magnetic
tape or wire and having digit values represented by a change of the
electric or magnetic state of the record material of such 100 means,
different digit values being represented by such changes in different
localities of the record means each allocated to only one digit value,
the digit values being transferred to the computing arrangement from
the record means 105 denomination after denomination to effect result
signals under the control of other digit values delivered to the
computing arrangement, the result signals being transferred to the
same or other record means 110 Usually the said digit values are
transferred to the computing arrangement from the record means during
the computation of the different denominations of a number The digit
values within each denomination may be 115 recorded successively,
transferred and processed successively, effecting successive result
signals Resulting signals may be returned to appropriate localities on
the same record means from which one of the operands was 120 received
or to a record means moving in synchronism therewith.
According to another feature of the invention, the first said digit
values are transferred at the respective instant and/or period in 125
respect of a time base of which different instants and/or periods
represent different digit values Also, denominational values may be
transferred at the respective periods or a time base of which
different periods represent 130 786,021 below or equal to and those
above a limiting value In a normal decimal system such limiting value
would be " 9 " In a sterling currency system it would for example be "
11 " in a carry-over from pence to shillings and " 19 " in a
carry-over from shillings to pounds.
Other numerical systems would have other limiting values.
VALUE DIMINISHING MEANS A device for dividing a value greater than the
limiting value into two separate values, one equal to the limiting
value plus one (diminishing value), and the other being the remainder
or excess over the first.
SIGNAL-FORWARDING MEANS A device for carrying the diminishing value as
a digit value " 1 " into the next higher denomination.
different denominational values The said different localities may be
determined with reference to a fixed point on the record means or to
synchronising signals on the record means, and the time base above
mentioned may be determined with reference to the control frequency of
one or more electronic switches or to one or more synchronising
signals of distributing means.
The invention may be further characterised in that digit values are
represented in one or other of a plurality of number areas by changes
of state effected at different instants of a time base, and
denominational values are represented by different areas of the record
means, or vice versa, and the transferring of signals between record
means and computer arrangements may be operated on a basis of locality
and/or time selectively.
According to a further feature of the invention, there is relative
movement between the record means and sensing means in the computing
arrangement and during each cycle of such relative movement any area
of the record means can be selected for sensing Also, denomination
areas may be sensed in different computer areas at the same time.
In the description and in the appended claims the following terms
having the meanings shown:
CALCULATOR A machine incorporating signal-input and signal-output
means, a computing arrangement (arithmetic unit) and a computing
record means adapted to record one or more numbers.
The input and control means may be for example a keyboard, a magnetic
tape or otherwise, and the output means may be for example a magnetic
tape, disc, or drum, or the indicating screen of a cathode ray tube, a
printing unit or other indicator or the like.
The computing record means may for example be a magnetizable drum or
disc, the screen of a cathode ray tube, or other means (not being a
magnetic tape or wire) capable of recording and storing sensible
computing signals (the term computing signals including both value
signals for digit values and denomination values, and also control
signals).
This record means may be made up of number areas or sections each of
which can record signals for all the denominations of a number.
The computing arrangement or arithmetic unit incorporates digit-value
processing means (processing means) which are used to carry out
algebraic processes (addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division).
In the particular embodiments described, the computing arrangement
includes carryover means, which may be defined as a device including
signal separating-, value diminishing-, and signal-forwarding means,
each of which is defined below.
SIGNAL SEPARATING MEANS A device distinguishing between signals
PRE-MARK SIGNAL A signal made effective by a value-diminish 85 ing
means to cause the signal-forwarding means to carry the digit value "
1 " to the next denomination A pre-mark switch is a switch for
effecting the recording of a premark signal 90 The invention may be
provided with input means as set forth in my co-pending Application No
37214/54 (Serial No 786,033) and/or with output means as set forth in
my co-pending Application No 37201/54, 95 37203/54 and 37205/54
(Serial Nos 786,022, 786,024 and 786,026).
The calculating apparatus described in this specification is also
described wholly or in part in Specifications Nos 37226/54, 37227/54,
100
37229/54, 37230/54, 37231/54 and 37232/ 54 (Serials Nos 786,044,
786,045, 786,047, 786,048, 786,049, and 786,050), but the scope of the
claims differs in each case.
The invention is illustrated by the accom 105 panying drawings,
wherein: Fig 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a machine
incorporating the invention and constructed as a book-keeping machine
and embodying a magnetizable disc as a comput 110 ing record means,
Fig 2 is a fragmentary sectional elevation, looking to the left of Fig
1, Fig 3 is a view in axial direction of one half of the said disc,
formed as a magnetizable 115 signal carrier, the marking shown being
purely imaginary for the purpose of explanation.
Fig 4 a is a perspective view of one example of a magnetic signal
head, for example a sensing head on a magnetizable carrier, 120 Fig 4
b is a perspective view of an example of a set of heads consisting of
two magnetic heads for the forwarding of a signal with change of digit
value by " one," Fig 4 c is a perspective view of an example 125 of a
set of signal heads consisting of 11 magnetic heads for transfer of
computing signals in dependence on the operation of numerical value
switches or the like, Fig 4 d is a perspective view illustrating a 130
786,021 set of signal heads according to Fig 4 c in association with a
disc according to Fig 3, Fig 4 e is a like view to Fig 4 d showing
another example of a set of heads consisting of 11 magnetic heads,
which in this case embrace the disc at its edge, Figs 4 f-4 t
illustrate various forms of signals recorded on the record carrier,
the resultant shapes being modified because of the various alternative
recording arrangements which may be used in the carrying out of the
invention; and in said Fgures: Fig 4 f is a diagram in which the digit
value 6 is marked by recording A C in sine wave form in the digit
value fields 0-6,
Fig 4 g is a complementary recording of the digit value, by recording
A C in the digit value fields 7-9,
Fig 4 h shows how the digit value 6 is marked by recording impulses in
all the fields
0-6, Fig 4 i indicates that only the beginning of the row of digit
value fields is marked by an impulse as a " start" signal, the digit
value field 6 contains the digit value signal and the end is indicated
by a " stop " impulse, Fig 4 k is similar to Fig 4 i but with the "
start " and " stop " signals being of inverted polarity, one side of
the impulses being flat because it is effected by the discharge of a
condenser, Fig 41 shows that only the digit value field " 6 " is
indicated by an impulse, Fig 4 m illustrates how " start " and "stop"
signals are given by the sides of an elongated rectangular signal, the
digit value fields being indicated by an additional impulse, Fig 4 N
is similar to Fig 4 m, but with the " start " and stop " signals
indicated by an impulse in inverted direction, Fig 4 o is also similar
to Fig 4 m, wherein the inversion point of the " start " and " stop
signals indicates the digit-value field,
Fig 4 p is a diagram wherein "start," " stop " and digit value signals
are represented by wave periods, Fig 4 q is a diagram wherein "start"
and "stop " signals are given at the beginning and the end of the
sequence of periods and the digit value signal by the interruption
between them, Fig 4 r is similar to Fig 4 q, but with the interruption
filled by a wave of another frequency, Fig 4 S is a diagram wherein
the digit value field is marked by a signal formed by using different
frequencies, Fig 4 t illustrates how the recording can be effected by
a constant A C, the start signal and the digit value signal being
represented by short interruptions, Fig 5 is a perspective view of a
part of the disc according to Fig 3, as a rotor, with magnetic signal
heads, arranged as a stator, Fig 6 a is a representation in
rectangular form of the rotatable record means, which in Fig 3 are
shown as sections of the disc, and showing representations of definite
signals for the number " 28," Fig 6 b is a similar view to Fig 6 a,
show 70 ing the disposition of the various transmission means, e g
signal heads in a stator in relation to the various parts of the
record means, Fig 7 a is a diagram of a part or track on the disc of
Fig 3, with the signals representing 75 the number " 28," Fig 7 b
shows two tracks according to Fig.
7 a, with signal transmission means for the transfer of a signal from
track to track without change of value (" 8 + 0 = 8 "), 80 Fig 7 c
shows likewise two such tracks with signal heads displaced relatively
to each other, which are used for a transfer from track to track with
a change of value (" 8 + 1 = 9 "), Fig 8 a is a diagram showing two
tracks of 85 a record mean, a full keyboard, a selector switch for the
several denominational positions (columns) and with the circuit in
condition for a signal transfer from track a to track b, for the
problem (" O + 8 = 8 ") recorded in sector I, 90 Fig 8 b is a like
view but with the circuit in condition for the problem " 00 + 20 = 20
" recorded in sector II, Fig 8 c is a like view but with the circuit
in condition for the problem " 000 + 000 = 000 " 95 recorded in sector
III, Fig 9 a shows likewise the circuit in condition for the problem "
8 + 1 = 9 " recorded in sector I, Fig 9 b shows the same parts in
condition 100 for the problem " 2 + 9 = 11 " recorded in sector II,
Fig 9 c shows the same for the problem 0 + 0 = 0 " recorded in sector
III, Fig 10 a is a diagram showing three tracks 105 which allow a
transfer of signals from one track to a second or a third track, so
that the signal is recorded on the second track if below or equal to
the limiting value or on the third track if it is greater than the
limiting value 110 In this case (Fig 10 a) the transferred signal is
below the limiting value in sector I, Fig l Ob illustrates the same
process as Fig.
a, but with the transferred signal greater than the limiting value in
sector II, 115 Fig l Oc shows the transfer of signal " O " from the
second track to the third track, with the forwarding of a digit value
"one" as carry-over in sector III, Fig 1 la shows three tracks of a
magnetiz 120 able carrier with signal transfer means for the sensing
of computing signals from a track for signals for digit values equal
to or lower than the limiting value, without any diminishing of value,
in sector I, 125 Fig 11 b shows the same operation for digit values
higher than the limiting value with a diminishing of value in sector
II, Fig 1 c shows the same process as in Fig.
1 la, but in sector III, 130 786,021 Fig 19 a shows in symbolic form
the means for signal transfer diminishing of value (amplifier circuit
" C "), Fig 19 b shows in more detail a simple embodiment of the
amplifier circuit "C" control 70 ling an electromechanical relay as
carry-over pre-mark switch, Fig 19 c shows in still more detail the
amplifier circuit " C " but without carry-over pre-mark switch, 75 Fig
20 a shows in symbolic form the signal transfer means with diminishing
of value amplifier circuit " D "), Fig 20 b shows in more detail a
simple embodiment of amplifier circuit " D " using so an
electromechanical relay as carry-over premark switch, Fig 20 c is a
like view to Fig 20 b but controlling an electronic relay as
carry-over premark switch, 85 Fig 21 a shows in symbolic form the
means for the carry-over for the " fugitive one " in subtraction
problems (amplifier circuit " E "), Fig 21 b shows in more detail an
embodiment of the amplifier circuit " E " with elec 90 tronic relay,
Fig 22 shows a complete wiring diagram embodying the amplifier
circuits "A" to " E " shown in Figs 17 g, 18 c, 19 c, 20 c, (as
twostage amplifiers) and 21 b, 95 Fig 23 a is a view in the axial
direction of an inductive distributor, similar to that of Fig.
17 f, Fig 23 b is an edge view of the rotor used in the distributor of
Fig 23 a, 100 Fig 23 c is a cross section of the stator shown in Fig
23 a, on the line "A"-" B ", Fig 23 d shows a wiring diagram for the
control of gas-discharge tubes by an inductive distributor according
to Figs 23 a-c, 105 Fig 23 e shows the combination of an inductive
distributor similar to that of Fig 23 a with two contact switches of
commutator type, Fig 24 a is a diagram indicating how multiplication
is effected by repeated addition 110 from a full keyboard or punched
card or like selection device, with controlled electronic sector
switches.
Fig 24 b shows in principle an alternative control device for use in
multiplication and 115 division, Fig 25 a is a front view of a
register shifting device for factors having up to 8 denominations, Fig
25 b is a side elevation of the device 120 of Fig 25 a, Fig 25 c is a
part plan of the machine of Fig 1, showing the register shifting
device and the record means and signal heads, Fig 26 shows the basic
principle of the cal 125 culator for addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division with electronically controlled register
shifting device and cycle counter, Fig 27 a illustrates an alternative
arrangement of record means, sensing, transferring, 130 Fig 12 a is a
view corresponding to Fig 8 a, but illustrating means for adding and
subtracting digit values, the case shown being the addition problem "
1 + 8 = 9," Fig 12 b is a view corresponding to Fig.
12 a, but showing a subtraction problem by complementary addition " 1
+ 1 = 2," Fig 13 shows in a perspective view similar to Fig 5, a
rotatable signal carrier and stationary signal heads arranged above it
with a schematic representation of co-ordinated amplifier circuits A,
B, C, D and E, Figs 14 a-e show diagrammatically a discshaped
rotatable record means with the corresponding stationary signal heads
shown in a semi-circular ring, the separate figures showing successive
phases of the problem " 00 + 28 = 28," Figs 15 a-e show the same parts
as Figs.
14 a-e, but in the successive phases of another addition problem " 28
+ 91 = 119," Figs 16 a-h illustrate correspondingly the successive
phases of the subtraction problem " 119 84 = 35," Fig 17 a shows in
symbolic form the digit value processing means comprising a sensing
head, amplifier, group of numerical value switches and numerical value
coils associated with recording heads (amplifier circuit "A"), Fig 17
b shows in more detail a simple embodiment of the amplifier circuit
"A" of Fig 17 a, Fig 17 c shows in still more detail the amplifier
circuit "A" of Figs 17 a and 17 b, Fig 17 d is a side view of an
inductively actuating distribution arm serving as an alternative to
the contact sector switches of Figs 17 b and 17 c, Fig 17 e shows an
edge view of the same, Fig 17 f shows a section through an inductively
actuated distributor including the arm of Figs 17 d and 17 e, Fig 17 g
is the wiring diagram of the amplifier circuit "A" with an electronic
sector switch controlled by the distributor of Fig 17 f, Fig 17 h is
the wiring diagram of the amplifier circuit "A" with electronic digit
value switches also controlled by a distributor, Fig 18 a shows in
symbolic form the digit value separating and forwarding means
comprising a sensing head, amplifier, pre-mark switch and two pairs of
recording heads (amplifier circuit " B "), Fig 18 b shows in more
detail a simple embodiment of the amplifier circuit " B " using an
electromechanical relay as a carry-over pre-mark switch, Fig 18 c
shows in still more detail the amplifier circuit "B " of Figs 1 Sa and
18 b but with a carry-over pre-mark switch in the form of an
electronic relay, Fig 18 d shows an alternative arrangement of an
amplifier circuit " B " with an electronic relay comprising
exclusively high vacuum tubes, 786,021 6 78,2 separating and
diminishing means, Fig 27 b shows a further alternative combining the
digit value processing and carryover means, Fig 27 c is a view
corresponding to Fig 17 a showing the amplifier circuits "A" and " B "
as applied to the alternative arrangement of Fig 27 a, Fig 27 d shows
the amplifier circuits " C" and " D " also as applied to Fig 27 a, Fig
27 e is a part of amplifier circuit " D," as applied to Fig 27 a and
showing the premark switch for carry-over, Figs 27 f and 27 g show how
a discrimination is made between the two sensing heads of Fig 27 a by
electronic relay means, Fig 28 is a diagram showing the positions of
the signal heads relatively to the record means (shown as side-by-side
rectangular panels) but with displacement on sensing instead of on
recording as in Fig 6 b, Fig 29 is the wiring diagram of a calculator
with full keyboard when using the arrangement of Fig 28, Fig 30 shows
the wiring diagram of a multi-counter book-keeping machine in which
the input of digits is effected by a ten's keyboard, and the
processing of the signals is effected during the sensing, using the
arrangement of Figs 28 and 29, Fig 3 la shows the main shaft, and the
parts rotating therewith, of the calculator illustrated in Fig 26 but
without shift register, Fig 31 b is a view in axial direction of a
magnetizable disc used as a record means for the signals separated
according to whether they are below or equal to the limiting value, or
above the limiting value, Fig 31 c is an edge view of the disc in Fig.
31 b, Fig 31 d is a view in axial direction of a toothed disc used in
the one case as a signal generator for zero signals, and in another
case as a distributor rotor, Fig 31 e is an edge of the disc in Fig 31
d, Fig 32 is a face view of a computing record means formed as a disc,
with representations of tracks, digit value localities, denominational
sectors, and computing signals, as well as with a luminescent layer
for the stroboscopic indication of the numbers represented by the
signals, Figs 33 a, 33 b and 33 c are diagrams in perspective
representing respectively the indication of result signals by annular
stroboscopic, parallel stroboscopic, and cathode ray tube devices, Fig
34 a shows diagrammatically one method of computing by distributive
means, Fig 34 b is a delay means for delaying the pre-mark switch in
Fig 34 a, Fig 35 shows another method of computing by distributive
means and including a full keyboard, Fig 36 a is a part of a wiring
diagram of a computing arrangement incorporating the use of
cross-coils, showing how the coils are connected to the transmission
means and to recording heads, Figs 36 b, 36 c illustrate the wiring of
one example of a complete arrangement for computing by cross-coils,
with the simultaneous introduction of the second digit-value from
amagnetic record means, and adapted for addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division, Figs 36 d, 36 e, 36 f, 36 g illustrate
diagrammatically methods of computing e g with the cross-coils of Figs
36 a-36 c, Fig 36 h shows in part sectional elevation one constructive
embodiment of the cross-coil arrangement in combination with the
rotatable means for sensing the results, Fig 37 a shows a magnetizable
drum used as input and output means and as selective storage and
having a set of signal heads movable along its surface, said drum
being motor driven and geared to the mechanism for moving the heads,
Fig 37 b is a perspective view of a feeding mechanism for dealing with
two magnetizable tapes, Fig 37 c is a plan view of a disc bearing
optically sensible signals, Fig 38 is a diagram illustrating a method
of computing in which two input signals cooperate to select and
energize a coil representing the result, Fig 39 is a wiring diagram of
a device incorporating a capacitor for recording computing signals
according to the digit values presented by a keyboard, Fig 40 is a
wiring diagram showing the principle of processing by means of a
condenser as a result element, Fig 41 is a wiring diagram of an
arrange, ment for processing by means of a condenser as result
element, Fig 42 is the wiring of a computing arrangement wherein the
result is derived from result elements by means of deflecting a
cathode ray, Fig 43 is a wiring diagram of an electronic switch for
distributing computing signals to conductors co-ordinated to digit
values, denominations, etc.
Fig 44 is an electronic switch for controlling the recording of
computing signals, Fig 45 shows perspectively the cathode ray tube of
Figs 43 and 44, Fig 46 is a wiring diagram of a computer including the
screen of a cathode ray tube as record means.
In the drawings only so much of the mechanical parts of the calculator
has been included as is necessary for the understanding of the
invention, whilst for reason of clarity the electrical wiring diagrams
and the arithmetical problems dealt with have purposely been
simplified.
786,021 already stated, connected horizontally to all 65 other
keyboard contacts 160 for the keys having the same digit value " 0 "
The second horizontal line of keys 9 ' represent the digit value 1 in
all the denominations.
The contact 161 is therefore connected in 70 parallel horizontally
with the contacts 161 of all the other keys representing the digit
value "'1 " On the other hand there are vertical connections between
the other spring contacts 15 75 of the several pairs below the keys
For instance, spring contacts 15 shown in Fig 2 are connected to each
other vertically in the row 8 ' (Fig 1).
By means of the horizontal connection of the 80 respective contacts 16
for the same digit value, and the vertical connection of the spring
contacts 15 in the respective denominations, the full keyboard is
enabled to indicate, by depressing the appropriate key and closing the
85 corresponding contacts, any digit value in any denomination within
the capacity of the machine For any addition or subtraction operation,
and comparable with mechanically operating calculators, the keys of
the keyboard 90 will be arrested only for one such operation, whereas
for multiplying or dividing operations the keys remain arrested until
the operation has been completed.
The calculator contains within the casing 17 95 computers which
perform the operations of adding, subtracting and so on The mechanical
parts of the computers in the example now being described comprise a
shaft 18, which is rotated by the motor 19 either intermittently 100
or continuously as is described below On the said shaft 18 is mounted
the disc 7, comprising the computing record means (computing signal
carrier) The surface of the disc has a magnetizable layer, enabling
the recording, 105 sensing and erasing of signals inductively The
recording of such signals is effected during a movement of this disc 7
relatively to a stator indicated generally as 20 and comprising a set
of signal heads for recording, sensing and eras 110 ing respectively
The stator parts are mounted on the frame or chassis 21.
Also within the casing 17 is a sector-switch 22, mounted on the shaft
18 and serving to establish a co-operation between the vertical 115
rows of keys 8 '-8 ' and corresponding sectors on said magnetizable
layer, for a purpose described below Also carried by the frame 21 is
the stator 23 of a distributor, the rotor 24 of which is mounted on
the said shaft 18 The 120 stator 23 includes primary coils 23 ' and
secondary coils 23 ", whereby certain signals recorded on the disc
can, when transmitted to these coils, control output-mechanisms, for
instance the printing unit 2, and the carriage 125 roller 5.
The printing unit 2 is operable either by signals on the disc 7, or by
the contacts 1516 of the keyboard 1.
COMPUTING BY DISPLACING SIGNALS ON THE RECORD MEANS.
This may be done in two ways, namely by displacing the signals during
the recording of them on the record means, or by displacing them
during the sensing of them from the record means The former method
will be described first.
In the drawing, Fig 1 shows an electric calculator provided with a
full keyboard 1 as input means and a printing unit 2 as output means
This Figure also shows a further keyboard 3 for letters and
punctuation marks, and there are still further keys, 4 for
arithmetical functions, e g plus, minus, multiply and divide, as well
as command keys, e g.
print Printing is effected by the printing unit 2 and the carriage
roller 5 which holds the paper 6 and moves it linewise Fig 1 also
shows a disc which is contained within the interior of the machine
frame This Figure shows only a specific example of a calculator.
It is evident that there are many other possible ways of combining one
or more computers with input and output means There can, for instance,
be an input means in the form of a tens keyboard, or employing punched
cards, tapes, magnetic or optical storages or the like, other than the
computing record means Output means may be printing units, visual
indicating means and magnetic or optical storages, or the like, other
than the computing record means.
1 SURVEY OF THE MECHANICAL PARTS The full keyboard 1 contains ten
vertical rows 81-81 " of keys (see Fig 1), these keys also being in
ten horizontal rows 90-99 Of these ten vertical rows, the rows 81-8 '
represent different denominations, namely, from right to left, units
to ten millions, while the vertical rows 89 and 810 serve for
selecting the computers within which to operate The horizontal rows 9
'-99 represent in each denomination digit values from 0 to 9 The keys
in this keyboard can be pressed down, and when pressed down are
arrested mechanically by means of projections 10 (see Fig 2) provided
on each key and engaging below latches 11 on bars 12, one for each
vertical row of keys, these bars being urged longitudinally by springs
13 Each key is urged upwardly by a spring 14 so that when any key in
one of the vertical rows is depressed movement of the latch bar 12
releases any previously depressed key in that row Each key, when
depressed, closes contacts 15, 16 arranged below its lower end One of
these contacts in each pair is connected horizontally with the
corresponding contacts of all the other pairs in the same horizontal
row The key at the extreme right hand in Fig 2 and which is in the
fifth vertical row 85 (Fig 1) is adapted to make contact between
spring contacts 15 ' and 16 The contact 160 is, as 786,021 A THE ROTOR
Instead of the disc 7, a drum or other record-means can be used The
disc may be regarded as divided into 13 equal-sized sectors or
denomination areas I-XIII, that is to say, one more than the maximum
number ( 12) of denominations which are to be processed by the
computor.
As Fig 3 shows, the disc must be thought to be sub-divided not only
into the said different sectors I-XIII corresponding to the different
denominations of a given number, but also in such a way, that each
sector is sub-divided into digit areas or fields representing
different digit values The denominational area of sector I is for the
recording of the digit values in the last denomination of a number;
sector II is for the recording of digit values in the penultimate
denomination of that number; sector III is for the recording of digit
values in the antepenultimate denomination of the number, and so on.
Fig 3 shows also that, within each denomination area or sector there
are different groups of digit-areas or fields, these being indicated
in sector I as fields 0-9; 10-19; 20-39 To illustrate the way in which
signals of different digit-values in any denomination in a number are
recorded on the magnetizable disc 7, one must understand that, in each
sector the digit-value " O " will always be in field " O ";
digit-value " 1 " will always be in field " 1 "; digit-value " 2 "
will always be in field " 2 "; digit-value " 3 " will always be in
field " 3 "; digit-value " 4 " will always be in field " 4 ";
digit-value " 5 " will always be in field " 5 "; and so on, and
digit-value " 9 " will always be in field " 9 ".
The fields 10-19 are provided for intermediate recordings and the
fields 20-39 to allow for processing time.
The number 28 therefore, would be recorded in track a as shown in Fig
3 in such a way that there is an " 8 " digit-value signal recorded
within the field " 8 " in track a of sector I, whereas a digit-value
signal " 2 " is recorded in the field " 2 " track a of sector
II, and digit-value " O " is recorded within field " O " track a of
sector III, and further digitvalues " 0 " are recorded within the
fields " 0 " of all the remaining sectors of the said track a.
It is further to be seen from Fig 3 that the magnetizable layer may be
regarded as divided into side-by-side concentric tracks a-e; If,f,-fi;
m and n, the said digit-value signals corresponding to " 28 " being
shown in track a During relative movement between the disc 7 and
signal heads, the said different tracks are traversed by these heads,
which have recording, sensing and erasing means, the respective heads
being fixed within the stator in appropriate positions.
Whereas the tracks a, c, d and e are represented generally as single
tracks in the example now being described, the tracks b and 1,-fe, are
shown as a plurality of sub-tracks, each being traversable by a
recording, sensing and erasing head, these heads being either movable
from track to track or more usually there being signal heads for each
track which can be switched on and off as required The sub-dividing of
track b is illustrated fully in Figs 6 a and 6 b.
Within the tracks c and d there are interruptions in the magnetizable
layer Within each sector a magnetizable layer is present within track
c only within the fields 0-9, whereas, it is present within track d
only within the fields 10-19 The non-magnetizable portions of these
tracks are shown cross hatched.
In addition to the tracks a-e, which are used for the processing of
digit-value signals there are two further tracks in and N which
contain permanent signals In track N in each sector there is such a
signal in field 0, and in track m in each sector there are permanent
signals in the fields 0-9 These permanent signals are sensed by a
sensing head, whereby from track N in each sector a zero signal can be
put into the field " 0 " of for example track a, and track m provides
registering signals for use during computation proceedings as
described below.
B THE STATOR 95 The recording, sensing and erasing of the magnetic
signals on to and from the disc can be carried out in any manner known
from magnetic tape sound technology and the like.
Examples of signal heads and their manner of 100 use are illustrated
in Figs 4 a-4 e.
Fig 4 a shows a usual magnet head in a diagrammatic representation In
particular, the iron core 25 is shown with a slot 26 and a winding 27,
the head overlying the magnetic 105 layer 28 of the disc 7 A magnetic
flux in the head induced by an electric current within the winding 27
flows through the arms of the iron core 25 and partly through the
magnetic layer 28 and thereby brings about an increased mag 110 netic
saturation of this layer, and the remanent magnetizing-effect within
the magnetizable layer 28 constitutes a signal which may be of any of
the known recordable types.
For recording, the signal carrier or record 115 means need not be in
every case the movable part The signal heads may themselves move
without altering the principle of the process, since only the relative
movement between signal heads and record means is required 120 The
sensing of such magnetically recorded signals takes place in the
reverse manner, by means of sensing heads or sensing windings in the
same heads as the recording windings A magnetic signal which passes
the slot 26 of a 125 sensing head brings about a change of voltage
within the winding of that head, which constitutes a signal and which
when amplified can be used for computation or control functions or the
like 130 786,021 two tracks a and b, track b not being sub-divided The
disc lies in the slots of the heads, these being in line, and signals
are sensed in track a and recorded in track b The arrangement shown in
Fig 4 d has the advan 70 tage that the several slots can be arranged
much closer to each other, whereas the arrangement shown in Fig 4 e is
that it requires no more space for track b than for track a 75 As
shown in Fig 5 the signal beads are arranged as a stator over the
rotating disc 7.
There are different sets of signal heads to be seen The signal head 31
is for the sensing of signals within track a, from whence these sig 80
nals are picked up and are transferred by signal-transmission means,
which are switchable, to the recording heads 320-329 over the
respective sub-tracks in track b These elements for transferring
signals from track a to track b 85 are the digit-value-processing
means.
The sets of signal heads 33-38 are the signal heads of carry-over
means Of these the signal heads 33-34 are for separating or
distinguishing between signals on track b 90 which are equal to or
lower than a denominational limit value, for example, digit value 9,
and those on track b which exceed that limiting value, the former
being recorded on track c and the latter on track d Signal heads 35 95
are for the performance of the carry-over of the digit value " 1 "
from the preceding denomination (Signal forwarding means).
The transfer from the tracks c and d to the track e is effected by the
signal heads 36-38 100 When transferring from track c to track e there
is no change of digit-value, whereas when transferring from track d to
track e value diminishing means are provided comprising signal heads
37-38 There are pro 105 vided also means which determine whether,
within the next denomination, the recording heads 34 or 35 shall
operate, dependent upon whether or not there are signals in track d
for transfer to track e Only one arrangement 110 of these sets of
signal heads is provided irrespective of the number of sectors on the
rotating disc such one arrangement processing different denominations
in succession.
The tracks f,-f 1 of Fig 3 are for the 115 recording of the results of
12 computers, that is to say, for example, the calculator with twelve
tracks f,-1,2 is a twelve-computor calculator.
By enlarging the size of the disc or by 120 arranging a second or more
discs moving together in synchronism it is possible to have as many
signal-tracks as are required for any plurality of numbers.
As there is high-speed relative movement 125 between the record means
and the signal heads, there is an air gap between the relatively
moving parts preventing friction, but determining a recording and/or
sensing of signals in the required frequency and intensity 130 Erasing
takes place mainly by means of energizing an erasing head by a
high-frequency current Alternatively, the erasing could take place by
a suitable direct current erasing head, which would saturate the
magnetic layer and again de-magnetize it to bring about the original
condition of such layer The sensing and recording heads may, as shown
in Figs 4 b4 e, be mechanically united into a set of two or more heads
In this case the sensing can take place with the aid of a sensing head
and the subsequent recording with the aid of a recording head if they
are connected to each other over signal transmission means, for
example, an amplifier If the sensing and the recording slots 26 and 26
' of this combination of heads are in alignment radially of the disc
then a magnetic signal passing the sensing head is transmitted from
the sensed track to the corresponding field in the track under the
recording head 30 and therefore with the same digit value, since the
slots 26 and 26 ' are not displaced angularly relative to each other
as shown later on in Fig 7 b If the slots 26 and 26 ' are mutually
displaced angularly with respect to the record means (disc 7) then
with such a transfer of a signal from the sensed track to the track
under the recording head 30 a change of position angularly of the disc
will take place in the same sector, and therefore with a change of
digit value of the signal (see Fig 7 c).
Fig 4 b shows two signal heads 29-30 positioned side-by-side in such a
way that the slot 26 of the sensing head 29 is distant from the slot
26 ' of the recording head 30 by one field, which distance would be in
the direction of the relative movement between the heads and the
magnetizable layer.
Fig 4 c shows a combined set of one sensing head 31, with slot 310 and
ten recording heads 32 with slots 32 -329 by means of which the
transfer of signals from one track to other tracks can be effected in
such manner that any pre-determined changing of the position of the
signal on the signal-carrier, e g, the magnetizable disc 7 can take
place The slot 31 of the sensing head 31 is in the same angular
position as the slot 320 of the first of the recording heads 32, the
slots 32 ', 322 329 of the other recording heads being progressively
advanced angularly with respect to that of the previous recording
heads by the extent of one digit value field.
Fig 4 d represents the same set of heads as shown in Fig 4 c but in
the working position relatively to a magnetizable signal carrier or
record means in the form of a disc, namely disc 7, this set of heads
being able to change the position of signals in dependence on switches
(not shown) and operating with one sensed track a and a track b
divided into ten sub-tracks arranged side-by-side.
Fig 4 e shows an alternative arrangement in which such a set of heads
operates with only 786,021 Fig 6 a shows diagrammatically the
different fields on the rotating disc in which signals can be
recorded, whereas Fig 6 b shows in which different fields of the
stator the sensing, recording and erasing heads are provided Both
these diagrams show the different sectors as rectangles in order to
have enough room to show exactly the different fields in which the
signals are to be recorded, and in which the different signal heads
are arranged For convenience the tracks fl-f are omitted from Figs 6 a
and 6 b their purpose being similar to that of track e.
Figure 6 a also shows diagrammatically the different sectors, fields
and tracks of the magnetizable disc 7, used as a signal carrier or
record means Four sectors of a thirteensector disc are shown, placed
next to one another as rectangles, the third from the left
representing the identical sectors III-XII.
The complete signal carrier comprises the thirteen sectors, of which
the sectors I-XII are used as record means, for processing up to
twelve denominations The diagram shows sector II at the right of
sector I, but it is to be understood that on the disc sector II is
arranged in sequence to sector I, so that the fields 0-40 of the
sector I have their continuation in the fields 0-40 of the sector II,
which lead again in continuation to the 40 fields of sector III, and
so on and finally to the fields of the sector XII and then to the
switching sector XIII.
The permanent signals for " zero " in track N and for registering
purposes in the fields
0-9 of track m, which are used as signal generators in combination
with sensing heads, are indicated by stroke markings within the fields
of the track m and n Within track a is shown the recording of the
number 028 by means of signals within the field 8 of sector I, being
the signal for the lowest denomination 8 of this number 028, and
within field 2 of sector II, being the signal for the penultimate
denomination 2 of such number; both such signals being indicated in
the diagram Fig 6 a by hatched fields in the track a In the following
sectors III-XII there would be signals only in the fields 0 of track
a, and the complete recording would therefore represent the number
000000000028 Corresponding in position to the ten recording heads 32
of the digit value displacement arrangement the track b is made up
into ten sub-tracks, this as above stated allowing of an easier
construction and arrangement of the sets of signal heads with their
slots in a small angular distance.
Within the fields 0-9 of the tracks c and d there is a magnetizable
layer in track c only, whereas in track d the said fields are not
magnetizable, the layer being absent The cross-wise hatched lines
indicate that there is no possibility for recording within the fields
as indicated, as in these the layer is removed in order to separate
signals having a digit value equal to and lower than 9 and which are
recorded on track c, from those whose digit value is higher than 9 and
are recorded on track d For the same reason there is no magnetizable
layer within the fields 10-19 in track c, whereas the same fields in
track d can be magnetized Finally track e constitutes the result
track, whereas the track "f " (not shown in this Fig) allows of the
recording of as many digit numbers in the different tracks as there
are multi-column computers within the calculator.
Fig 6 b shows diagrammatically an example of the arrangement of the
signal heads within the stator For indicating the different types of
signal head the following symbols are used:
+ a recording head o a sensing head a non-switchable erasing head and
i: a switchable erasing head.
This diagram makes it possible to describe by means of symbols the
exact position of the signal heads within the stator, and the
different kinds of signal heads.
To facilitate the description, the following symbols will be used A
signal head of the stator within sector I, track a, field 9, is
symbolized e g in all the following diagrams by:
I a g; a signal head of the stator within sector I, track b, field 9
is symbolised e g in all the following diagrams by I b 9 etc.
In order to simplify the description of the position of the signal
heads arranged within the stator, their position is indicated by a
combined symbolism of letters and figures The Roman figure indicates
the sector of the stator, in which the signal head is to be found, the
small following letter indicates the track in which the signal head is
situated, and the figure finally indicates the field within the sector
of the track in which the slot of the signal head is situated.
" I a 9 " indicates, therefore, that the slot of this signal head is
in sector I, track a and field 9 of the stator.
In the stator there are provided sensing and recording heads for the
following processes:
COMPUTING PROCESS ( 1):
DIGIT VALUE PROCESSING.
This process effects the change of the digit value of a signal in
dependence of another digit value The means for this process comprise
sensing heads 32 -9 in the stator fields
I b 0 and I b 9 for the signal transfer from track a to track b, see A
in Fig 6 b COMPUTING PROCESSES ( 2)-( 5):
CARRY-OVER PROCESSES.
COMPUTING PROCESS ( 2).
By this process an indication is obtained as to whether the resulting
sum of the digit values of the respective denomination exceeds the
limiting value, and furthermore the forwarding of a carry-over by a
correction of the resulting digit value by " 1 " in dependence on
786,021 magnetizable disc 7 The description of the computing processes
therefore requires first an explanation as to how the signals
representing the digit values in a number are recorded A part of the
track a of the signal carrier is 70 therefore shown enlarged and
elongated in the various diagrams of Figs 7 a-7 c.
Fig 7 a shows two sectors of the track a (sectors I and II) for the
recording of the last and penultimate denominations of the number 75
028, and the subdivision of these two sectors into four times ten
fields The sectors are noted with Roman figures I and II, starting
with the last denomination of a number which is to be represented
Thus, for example, for 80 the recording of the number 028 sector I is
provided for the recording of the signal of the last denomination,
which is in this case the digit value 8, whereas the signal which
represents the digit value 2 of the penultimate 85 denomination of
this number is recorded within the sector II The next sectors III/IV
etc record only signals in the fields for the digit value 0.
The recording of a signal representing the 90 digit value 8 takes
place within the field 8 of the first quarter of the sector I by means
of an increased or otherwise altered remanence of the magnetizable
layer or in any other suitable known manner (e g a change of ampli 95
tude, frequency, phase, etc) The recording of the digit value 2
(penultimate digit) takes place in a corresponding manner by means of
a magnetic signal within the field 2 of the first quarter of the
sector II With numbers 100 which contain more than two denominations
signals for the corresponding digit values are recorded in the
remaining sectors; in this example (" 028 ") the digit value 0 is
recorded in the remaining sectors 105 For the transfer of signals in a
sector from one track to another, for instance from track a to track b
a sensing head is located within the track a and a recording head is
located within the track b In Fig 7 B two such signal 110 heads are
connected over an amplifier, shown symbolically If the slot of the
sensing head 29 and of the recording head 30, as shown in this
example, are in the tracks a and b respectively but in the same line
of stator fields and 115 within the same sector, signals recorded in
track a with the record means rotating in the direction of the arrow,
are sensed from track a, and transferred to track b without a change
of their digit value position In Fig 7 b the 120 signal 8 is being
sensed within the track a in exactly the same moment when the field 8
of track b passes below the slot of the recording head 30 as the two
slots of the sensing and recording heads are in the same line of 125
fields, whereby the sensed signal for 8 on track a is recorded again
as a signal for 8 on track b With further movement of the signal
carrier to the extent of one sector, the digit value 2 in the track a
in the sector II, that is 130 a carry-over pre-mark signal of the
preceding denomination.
The means for this computing process comprise sensing head 33 in
stator position I b 19, recording heads 341 and 342 in stator
positions I c 19 and I d 19 and the recording heads 35 ' and 35 ' in
stator positions I c 18 and I d 18 for the signal transfer from track
b to track c or d (B of Fig 6 b).
COMPUTING PROCESS ( 3):
The unchanged transfer of the digit value signals, if the sum of the
digit values does not exceed the limiting value, the means for this
process 3 comprising sensing head 36 in stator position II c 5 and
recording head 38 in stator position II e 5, for the signal transfer
from track c to track e (C of Fig 6 b).
COMPUTING PROCESS ( 4):
The digit value diminishing within the same denomination and the
pre-marking of a carryover as correction of a resulting digit value in
the following denomination is effected by the means of this process,
if the resulting sum of the digit value exceeds the limiting value.
The means of this process comprise sensing head 37 in stator position
I d 35 and recordinghead 38 in stator position II e 5 for the signal
transfer from track d to track e (D of Fig 6 b).
COMPUTING PROCESS ( 5):
The addition of the " fugitive one " in subtraction and the
re-transfer to track a The means for this process are the sensing head
58 in stator position XIII e 19 and the recording heads 59 and 60 in
stator positions XIII a 19 and XIII a 18 for the signal transfer from
track e to track a (E of Fig 6 b).
Erasing heads are provided in the stator positions II a-d 19 and XIII
e 39 The erasing heads in the tracks b-e are uncontrolled They
automatically erase the signals from these tracks after they have been
processed.
The erasing head in track a is effective only during addition or
subtraction processes It is provided with a compensation winding, by
which the erasing effect can be removed if no further addition or
subtraction is to be effected, for several rotations may run through
without processing, for instance, in multiplication or division or if,
instead of computing, sensing for indicating the result is to be
effective.
During a co-operation with the selective storage it is likewise
necessary to make use of controlled erasing heads in tracks which are
to receive signals from the selective storage or are to deliver
signals for the result and the like into the storage.
II COMPUTING PROCESSES FOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION.
1 DIGIT VALUE PROCESSING IN ADDITION.
Computing by means of such a signal carrier or record means and signal
heads depends on the changing of the position of signals on the signal
carrier, in this case the 786,021 12 786,021 the penultimate
denomination of the number 028 is likewise transferred unchanged in
value on to track b as a magnetic signal in field 2 of the sector II,
since sector II, field 2, track a of the rotor passes below the slot
of the sensing head 29 just at the moment when sector II field 2 of
the track b is below the slot of the recording head 30.
If, however, as demonstrated in Fig 7 c the slot of the sensing head
29 is displaced from the slot of the recording head 30 by one field,
for example, if the slot of this recording head is just over the field
9 of the sector I, then the magnetic signal of track a in field 8
13 induces a voltage in the sensing head, and the recording head
produces a magnetic signal in the magnetizable layer, of track b and
in a position altered by one field compared with the original signal
in track a.
By means of this displacement of the heads by one field, the signals
when being transferred from track a to track b are changed in position
so that the digit value of the signal sensed on track a is increased
by " one " on transfer to track b.
Figs 8 a-8 c shows the computing process of " 000 " + " 028 " = " 028
" The Fig 8 a shows the keyboard 1 with the different vertical and
horizontal rows of contacts The horizontally connected contacts 16
-169 (see also Fig 2) indicate the different digit-values 0-9, whereas
the vertical rows of contacts '-15 ' indicate the different
denominations, for example, 15 ' is the row of contacts for the last
or unit denomination of a number, 152 is the row for the penultimate
or tens denomination of the number, 15 ' is the row for the hundreds
denomination, and so on In Figs 8 a-8 c the full keyboard 1 shows that
in the last denomination there is pressed down the key " 8," which has
made a contact between the horizontal contact line 168 and the
vertical contact line 151, such contact being maintained so long as
this key is kept down.
In the contact row for the penultimate denomination, there is pressed
down the key " 2 " which connects the horizontal contact line 16 ' for
the digit value 2, with the vertical contact line 15 ' Therefore
within the full keyboard, the number 28 is introduced into the
calculator As there are no keys pressed down in the preceding vertical
rows of contacts '-158 there is indicated an " O " because contacts
below row 16 are normally connected but are separated when and so long
as another key in the same vertical row is pressed down.
Also, Fig 8 a shows the sector switch 22 (see Fig 2) with peripheral
contacts 39 I-390 and a centre contact 40 This contact 40 is connected
to the anode circuit of the amplifier 41 which amplifies signals from
the sensing head 31 which, as shown, is sensing a signal in track a at
slot 310 The peripheral contacts 391 _ 398 are connected to the
respective vertical contact rows 15 '-15 ' as shown and are wiped by
the contact 42 which rotates with the sector switch.
In Fig 8 a the arm 42 is wiping the peripheral contact 39 ' and at
that instant only digit values in the vertical row 151 can be 70
processed Fig 8 a also shows that the sensing head 31 over track a of
the rotating disc 7 is sensing the signal " O " in the digit value
field " O " of sector I, which signal is transferred over the
amplifier 41 to the centre 75 contact 40 of the sector switch 22 and
wiping arm 42 to the peripheral contact 39 ' thence to the vertically
connected contacts in row 15 ' and through the closed contact below
the depressed key " 8 " via the horizontal connec 80 tion 161 to one
side of the winding of the recording head having the slot 328, see
also Fig 4 c-4 d There is thus recorded in track b a signal in field 8
of sector I representing the computation " 0 + 8 = 8," effected by the
85 digit value processing means.
The other side of the winding of the recording head is connected back
to the amplifier 41 again Instead of zero signals being sensed from
track a they may be, in certain cases, 90 sensed on track N and
conveyed to the amplifier 41, the alternatives being determined by the
switch 43.
Fig 8 b shows the same processing means for dealing with the digit
values " O + 2 = 2 " 95 or " 00 + 20 = 20 " of the penultimate
denomination of the number 028 There is again shown the keyboard 1
with pressed down keys " 20 " and " 8 " so that, within the
penultimate vertical contact row 152 the key " 2 " is 100 pressed down
to close the contacts below it By this means there is a connection
between the vertical contact row 15 ' and the horizontal contact row
16 ' Within the sector II the sensing head 31, after passing over the
area 105 of sector I, senses a signal 0 in the track a (or n) which,
through the amplifier 41, the sector switch 22 and the contacts 39 of
the depressed key is transmitted to the recording head with slot 322,
whereby a signal is re 110 corded in track b in field 2 representing
the computation " 00 + 20 = 20 " In the same manner, sectors III, IV
and V and so on in track b receive a zero signal transmitted through
an amplifier 41, sector switch 22 and 115 the normally closed contacts
in rows 15 Y-15 ', representing the computations " 000 + 000 = 000 "
according to Fig 8 c.
Figs 9 a-9 c show the digit-value processing (without subsequent
carry-over) for the 120 addition of the numbers: " O 2: 8 + O 9: 1 =
0:11: 9 " within the sectors III, II, I for the three last 125
denominations of numbers 028 and 091.
Fig 9 a shows sector I of the tracks a and 786,021 286,021 b during
that instant of the relative movement between signal carrier and
signal heads, when sector I of field 8 of track a is below the slot
310 of the sensing head which is in the position I a 9 in the stator
(see Fig 6 b).
Over the track b there is again shown the set of the ten recording
heads with their slots 320-320 each displaced by one field from the
next within the stator positions I b 9 to I b 0.
These recording heads receive electric signals induced in the sensing
head 31 and transmitted via the amplifier 41, the sector switch 22 and
the contacts of key " 1 " (representing the last denomination of the
number 91) and the horizontal connection 161 to recording head with
slot 32 ' representing the computation " 8 + 1 = 9 " As the slot 32 '
of the energized recording head is displaced from the slot 310 of the
sensing head by one field, the magnetic signal of the recorded digit
value on to track b will in this case be " 9," instead of the sensed
digit value " 8 " The displacement by one field effects an addition of
" 1 " by these processing means These processing means are referred to
in the following description as " amplifying circuit A " With the
further relative movement of the rotor with respect to the signal
heads, a magnetic signal in the sector II, field 2, of track a (digit
value of the penultimate digit of the number " 28 ") passes under the
slot 31 ' of the sensing head This moment is shown in Fig 9 b As 20
and 90 are now to be added the recording head 329 is switched in
within the sector II of the disc 7 so that the magnetic signal " 2 "
in sector II track a is changed in position by 9 fields when
transferred from track a to track b and is recorded as " 11 " in
sector II of track b.
As on the further relative movement of the rotor by one sector, the
recording head becomes effective in sector III, in dependence on the
connection of the horizontal line 16 ' to the vertical row 15 ' for
the third-last denomination of the number, and the sensing head 31 in
the position I a 9 of the stator is connected with the recording head
320 in position I b 9 via the amplifier 41, sector switch 22 and the
zero contacts in row 16 of the keyboard 1 so that there is no changing
of digit value position during the signal transfer from track a to
track b.
The means for changing the digit value position of signals during
transfer from track to track are called in the following description
value-processing means (processing means).
They operate within the example so far described during a transfer
from track a to track b The result received on track b by an addition
of " 0: 2: 8 to 0: 9: 1 " by means of the set of signal heads 31-32 in
combination with the digit value switches in lines 16 '-169 and the
amplifier 41 will be " 0: 11:9 " These signals are recorded in track b
as an intermediate result of the computing processes effected by the
processing means as shown in Figs 9 a_ 90 In order to transform this
intermediate result " 0: 11: 9 " into the final result " 1: 1: 9 " a
carry-over is still essential and is effected by carry-over means
operating in 70 this example during signal transfer from track b to
tracks c and d and from those tracks to track e.
The several phases of these processes may be brought together by
corresponding switch 75 means and the like As it is possible, however,
to demonstrate in this example the different operations in different
phases, the following description will explain this.
2 CARRY-OVER 80 The carry-over means which is illustrated
diagrammatically in Figs 10 oa'-10 and 1 i1 1 consists of
signal-separating means, valuediminishing means, and signal-forwarding
means 85 a CASES EXCEEDING THE LIMITING VALUE AND FORWARDING THE
CARRY-OVER INTO THE NEXT DENOMINATION.
The separating means are for separating signals representing resulting
digit values gv equal to or lower than a pre-determined digit value (e
g, " 9 ") from signals representing digit values which are higher than
such predetermined digit value They comprise, in the example now
described, means for a signal 95 transfer from track b to tracks c and
d; usually sensing head 33, the recording heads 341 342, the amplifier
44, non-magnetizable areas 45 in the fields " 10-19 " of track c and
non-magnetizable areas 46 in the fields 100 " 0-9 " of track d, and
also two recording heads 351 _ 352, being distant from the recording
heads 34 I-342 by one field in each case and being effective as
forwarding means, if a carry-over of " 1 " into the next sector has to
105 be effected.
The transfer of signals from track b to the track c or d takes place
via " the amplifier circuit B " which consists of the amplifier 44,
the forwarding switch 47 having two ways 48 110 and 49, a sensing head
33 in the position I b 19 in the stator, two recording heads 34 '-34 '
in the positions I c 19 and I d 19 within the stator for the
separating of signals and two further recording heads 351-352, being
distant 115 from the recording heads 341-34 by one field in each case
and being effective as means for forwarding the value " 1 " if a
carry-over into the next sector has to be effected The recording heads
34 I-342 are connected in 120 parallel and connected to switch way 48
whilst 35._ 352 are in parallel and connected to switch way 49 of the
forwarding switch 47.
All the signal heads are suitably mounted fixedly on the frame 21 125
By means of the chequered arrangement of magnetizable and
non-magnetizable areas 4546 of the tracks c and d, the recording of
any one signal can only take place either in the track c or in the
track d since at any one 130 instant there is only one of the slots in
each pair of the recording heads 34 '-34 ' and 351352 over a
magnetizable layer Within the tracks c and d the signals of digit
values lower than or equal to 9, are therefore always recordable only
on the track c, whereas digit value signals exceeding " 9 " are always
recordable only on the track d.
In Fig l Oa, the separating of the signal " 9 " sensed from the track
b in sector I is effective during the transfer of that signal from
track b to tracks c and d only in track c, notwithstanding that it is
presented to both tracks, and the effect is that the signal " 9 " of
track b is now recorded in the field position " 9 " on the track c
whilst on track d no recording can take place.
If the forwarding switch 47 were in switch position 49, it would
connect the amplifier 44 with the second pair of recording heads 35._
352 In such event a forwarding of the signal " 9 " from track b would
take place, so that there would be a change of digit value position by
" 1 " and a signal " 10 " in track d would result This forwarding
switch 47 as is described later with reference to Figs 18 a18 ', may
consist of a plurality of electronic tubes but alternatively could
consist of relays or other suitable switch means.
Fig l Ob shows the separating of the magnetic signal " 11 " sensed
from track b in sector Il, after a rotation of the disc 7 by one
sector As a magnetizable layer in field " 11 " is provided in the
track d only, a transfer of a signal " 11 " from the track b to the
tracks c and d can only be effective on track d, in field " 11 " in
sector II of that track.
With the procedure described hitherto in the example " 028 + 091 =
119," the first sum 0 2 8 is still in track a During the transfer from
track a to track b, namely, during the value changing by the
processing means, there has taken place a changing of the digit value
position by one field because of the pressed down key " 1 " in the
last denomination row 151 of the keyboard 1 having been effective
within sector I of the magnetizable disc, as controlled by the sector
switch 22 (see Fig.
9 a).
After a relative movement by one sector there has taken place within
sector II a changing of the digit value position of the signal 2 in a
by "nine" fields because of the pressed down key " 9 " in the
penultimate denomination row 15 of the keyboard 1, " 028 + 091 =
0:11:9 " having been effected within the sector II as controlled by
the sector switch 22 (Fig 9 b).
Within Sector III no change of signal position has taken place during
this transfer from track a to track b as the sector switch 22 has made
only zero contacts effective (see Fig 4 ').
After the separating means has been effective in the three different
sectors, according to Fig 10 a-l Oc during a transfer from track b to
tracks c and d, the signals are now to be found in the tracks a, b, c
and d as follows.
Track Sector III Sector II a b c d 0 0 1.
2 Sector I 8 9 b NON-DIMINISHING OR DIMINISHING THE DIGIT VALUE IN THE
SAME DENOMINATION To complete the processing a diminishing 75 means is
required Such means is operated during a transfer of the signals from
the tracks c and d to the result track e, as shown in Figs.
lla-llc This transfer is effected in such a way that two sensing heads
36-37 are con 80 nected respectively via the amplifiers 50 and 51 to
the windings of the recording head 38.
The sensing head 36 is in position II c 5 over track c, whereas the
recording head is in the stator position II e 5 over the track e 85
Therefore, signals on the the track c are transferred to the track e
with the same digit value.
For example, in Fig 1 la, the transferring of the signal " 9 " in
sector I from track c to track e is shown 90 The diminishing means
consists of two amplifier circuits, the amplifier circuit C, by which
those signals are transferred from track c to track e when no
diminishing is to take place, the amplifier circuit " D " for transfer
95 ring signals from track d to track e, whilst at the same time
diminishing them in digit value by a corresponding change of digit
value position The extent by which diminishing takes place
(diminishing value) depends upon the 100 limiting value For example,
in decimal notation it would be by 10 fields, and in converting pence
to shillings it would be by 12 fields, and so on.
The amplifier circuit C consists of a winding 105 of the recording
head 38 in the stator position II e 5, the amplifier 50 and the
sensing head 36 over the track c in position II c 5 The amplifier
circuit D consists of another or the same winding on sensing head 38
in the stator 110 position II e 5, the amplifier 51 and the sensing
head 37 which is distant by 10 fields from the recording head 38 over
track d in the stator position I d 35 The amplifier circuit D controls
the carry-over forwarding switch 47 115 of circuit B and which moves
over from position 48 to position 49, dependent upon whether signals
are being sensed from track c or track d.
As with the further rotation of the disc 7 120 the magnetic signal "
11 " runs below the slot of the sensing head 37 of the amplifier
circuit D, there takes place, on the transfer from track d to track e,
a field displacement (change of digit value position) of the signal by
ten 125 fields so that the magnetic signal " 11 " on track d is
recorded in track e diminished to 786,021.
786,62 i the value" 1," in field 1 of track e (Fig 11 b).
This transfer effects also the ignition of the gas discharge tube 52
of the forwarding switch 47 and by energizing the relay winding 53
effects a switching over from the way 48 to the way 49 so that on the
transfer from track b to track c or track d the signal is forwarded
into the next sector III.
The transfer from tracks c and d to track e within sector III is shown
in Fig 11 In Fig.
9 e there has been shown the operating of the processing means with
the amplifier circuit A during a signal transfer from track a to track
b according to the computation: " O + O = O " On the transfer from
track b to tracks c and d shown in Fig 10 the forwarding of the
carry-over signal " 1 " was controlled by a tens carry-over signal
from the previous denomination in sector II, via the switch way 49 of
the forwarding switch 47.
Now the transfer of the signal " 1 " in sector III from track c to
track e, takes place by means of the amplifier circuit C without any
change of digit value position, and therefore the signal " 1 " is
recorded in track e.
On the further rotation of the the disc 7 the eraser heads 61-64 (see
Figs 5 and 6 b stator positions II a-d 19) of the tracks a, b, c and d
respectively which are permanently effective, operate to remove the
signals in those tracks, so that only in the track e are signals to be
found, as follows:
Track Sector III Sector II Sector I a b c e These result signals may
either be transferred back to trace a for further processing, or
transferred to one of the tracks f,-f, which are the record means for
further computers, or transferred to output means.
As the processing means operates successively in the several sectors,
independent of the number of sectors, that is independent of the
number of denominations of the numbers to be processed and independent
of the number of tracks f,-f of a multi-computor calculator, only one
set of signal heads is required Otherwise there is the possibility of
processing by more than one sets of signal heads, e g, in parallel or
in series There could if desired be more than one processing means
Figs 811 show that the value processing is independent of the shape of
the record means It can for example be a magnetizable disc, or a drum,
or the like.
The great practical advantages of the calculator according to the
invention may be clearly seen from the examples of addition already
described One of these advantages rests in the fact that the record
means may take the signals for the digit values directly, without
needing a previ 65 ous coding as with machines using only binary
numbers The machine according to this invention may therefore compute
directly numbers in the decimal system, and in any similar system 70 A
further great advantage rests in the fact that the value processing
may take place digitwise Thus, the value processing means are
immediately free for further processing, operating during the value
processing of a 75 complete number This results in particular from the
fact that the arrangement of the signal heads in the stator is such
that with every cycle of relative movement all the fields of every
sector have passed the signal heads 80 and all the value processing
operations for the denominations concerned are completed.
This means in practice that the value processing during the next
denomination area of the signal carrier (that is during the rotation
85 of the next sector past the signal heads for processing the next
denomination of the same number) can include a forwarding of a signal
from the previous denomination area As now the record means may be
within certain limits 90 of such dimensions as desired, with only one
value processing means, with very low inertia, a very large number of
denomination areas can be provided on the record means and when such a
calculation is Used in conjunction with 95 or within a book-keeping
machine, the work of a plurality of mechanical computers can be done
by only one value-processing means which need have only the capacity
for processing signals of digit values in a single de 100 nomination,
and including only one carry-over means By means of the digit-wise
terminating of the value-processing, by running through of the digit
values of a denomination it is also possible to use the resulting
digit values on 105 the signal carrier for further operations, for
example, in further computing or in printing, indicating, sorting,
checking and so on.
3 DIGIT VALUE PROCESSING DURING SUBTRACTION 110 Subtraction with the
machine according to this invention is carried out preferably by the
addition of complementary digit values, and is illustrated in Figs 12
" 12 b For this purpose the recording heads 32 -32 ' used as part 115
of the processing means during the transfer of signals from track a to
track b are each provided with an additional winding, and whereas the
one end of the normal winding on each head is connected to the key
contacts having 120 the digit value which that head represents, the
corresponding end of the additional windings is connected to the key
contacts having the complementary digit value For example, in head
328, one end of the normal winding goes 125 to key contacts 161 in row
9 ' and the corresponding end of the additional winding goes to key
contacts 161 in row 9 ' For the purpose of addition the change-over
switch 55 is in the position 56 and for the purpose of subtraction it
is in the position 57, under the control of the appropriate function
keys 4 (Fig 1).
For the purpose of comparison, Fig 12 & illustrates an addition of 10
to 80 in sector II, as a part of the operation of adding 119 to 84 The
sensing head slot 31 is connected over the amplifier 41 and the sector
switch 22 and vertical contact line 15 ' and horizontal line 16 ' to
the normal winding of the recording head 32 ', and the additional
winding of the complementary recording head 32 ' As the change-over
switch 55 is in position 56, only the normal windings are in circuit,
as shown by the thickened line in Fig 12 a.
On the other hand, subtraction is illustrated by means of the example
" 119-84 = 35 " 119 = 35 This is done by way of addition of the
complementary to nine in each denomination of the number 84 to the
number 119, e g.
" 00000119 + 99999915 = 00000035 " Fig 12 b shows the processing for
that part of this operation which concerns sector II.
The change-over switch 55 is now in position 57 and therefore puts
only the additional windings in circuit, as shown by the thickened
lines.
In this example a "fugitive one" well known in mechanical calculators
results in sector XIII and is to be added in sector I, this may be
done as a separate addition operation by the carry-over means as
described above, and as is usual in mechanical computers, or can be
done by change of digit value position during transfer from track e to
track a over amplifier circuit E.
EXAMPLE:
XIII XII XI X IX VIII VII VI V IV III II I o o O O O O O O 0 1 1 9 9 9
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 1 o O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 5 The amplifier circuit E by means of which this latter procedure is
carried out is shown in Figs 21 a and 21 b, and the above example of
subtraction in all its phases is shown in Figs 16 a-16 h.
The Figs 7 a-12 b serving by way of explanation, give only sections of
the tracks a-e used with single calculation procedures, and show them
in extended form Fig 13 shows the components of the amplifier circuits
A-E and especially the arrangement of their signal heads on a disc as
a magnetizable carrier (being the disc 7 of Fig 5).
4 COMPUTING IN SUCCESSIVE PHASES.
The following diagrammatic representations, Figs 14 a-16 h show, for a
better understanding of the working procedure of the computing
arrangement, the solution of a simple addition " 28 + 91 = 119 " and
of a subtraction problem " 119 84 35," the operation being shown in
its successive phases For clarity's sake only a three-place mechanism
(sectors IIII as computing sectors and sector IV as a time-lag sector)
is illustrated, and these sectors are imagined as having digital
fields according to the decadic figure system (compare Fig.
3) The sector IV of the computing signal carrier is an empty sector.
In the Figs 14 a-16 h the stator is illustrated as a section of a
circle which surrounds the computing signal carrier The surfaces
corresponding to the rotor tracks are also characterized here as
tracks, merely to show the relative positions of the signal heads in
the stator.
The marking of the sectors in the stator extends from zero in the
running direction of the rotor, whilst the marking of the sectors in
the rotor extends from zero in the opposite direction.
The position of the zero line of the rotor is made clear in each
figure by the extended radius line.
a ADDITION Task: 28 + 91 = 119.
The figures 14 a-14 e show the phases of the first part problem,
namely, the entering of the first summand " 028 " Phase of rotation in
Fig 14 a.
During the first rotation " zero-signals " will be recorded in the
record means by the recording head in position IV a 19 The arrangement
of the signal heads with regard to the single tracks and sectors of
the stator has been made in full accordance with the diagram in Fig 6
b, to gain a better understanding (compare Fig 14-16 with Fig 6 b).
Likewise the division of the record means (disc 7) in Fig 14-16
corresponds to the view of the disc in Fig 6 a.
The signal generator for the zero-signal is e.g a permanent
zero-signal within the " O " fields of track N of the signal carrier
in association with a signal head (compare Fig 6 a) or a mechanical
tooth or the like passing the 786,021 786,021 17 core of coils shown
in Fig 31 a, 31 d and 31 c (compare II, page 33) Such a zero-signal is
shown in Fig 14 a in field " O " on track a of sector I of the rotor
It is indicated by a vertical dash As with all other digit value
signals of these Figs, the zero signal is indicated additionally
inside the inner-circle of the record means by a numeral in the first
part of sector I of the rotor Furthermore in the fullkeyboard the key
" 8 " of the unit column is pressed down and switched on (see above),
so that the recording-head 328 (the last denomination of the number "
28 " to be added) is prepared for action by the contact below the
depressed key of this denomination, which has the effect that this
head records a signal in track b at that instant at which it receives
via the amplifier a signal from the sensing head 31 in position I a 9
The other recording heads 32 '-32 ' and 329 I b 9-2 and I b 0 remain
inactive, as they are not switched on or not prepared respectively The
indication that the signal-head " 8 " is prepared, is shown by the
numeral " 8 " on the circumference of sector I of the stator in Fig 14
a.
Phase of rotation in Fig 14 b.
After a rotation of the drum by 10 fields it will arrive at the
position shown in Fig 14 b.
The signal " O " on track a has moved accordingly, being just below
the sensing head, in position I a 9 of track a At this instant the
already switched-on recording head I b 1 of the stator has become
active via " amplifying circuit A" and at field " 8 " of track b of
the drum a signal has been recorded, representing the sum of " O + 8 =
8 " (see Figs 8 a and 17 a, process ( 1), the computing process).
In the meantime, another " 0 " signal has been introduced by the
recording head 59 in position IV a 19 of the stator.
Phase of rotation in Fig 14 c.
On rotation through a further 20 fields the rotor will arrive at the
position shown It is evident that the signals of both tracks a and b
have moved accordingly While signal " O " of track a at this continued
turn has not been used, the magnetic signal " 8 " of track b has
induced a surge within the sensing head 33 in position I b 19 during
the movement of the drum at the instant under the signal head (process
2, carry-over process).
As the carry-over pre-mark switch (telegraphic or electronic relay) is
in non-active position, because from the preceding sector no
carry-over pre-mark signal has been forwarded, this surge after
amplification has been led via amplifying circuit B to the recording
heads 34 ' and 342 in positions I c/d 19 connected in parallel
(compare Fig 10 a) Both signal heads have been active, but only signal
head 341 above track c had been able to record a signal in field " 8,"
because in the fields " O " to " 9 " of track d no recording of
magnetic signals is possible, because within these fields no
magnetizable layer on track d is provided.
Therefore signal " 8 " is transferred to track c with the same digit
value.
The sector I of the rotor holds a signal " O " on track a, on track b
signal " 8," and on track c also a signal " 8 " Meanwhile, the penulti
70 mate denomination of the keyboard has become active and has
switched on the recording head in stator field I b 7, indicated by
numeral " 2." Signal " 0 " on track a of sector II of the drum has
been moved on likewise 75 Phase of rotation in Fig 14 d.
With a further rotation by 30 fields the " O " signal on track a has
been erased by passing under the erasing head 61 in position II a 19,
consequently erasing the signals on SO track a of the rotor The signal
" 8 " on track b has moved on without having become active again The
signal " 8 " on track c, on the contrary, has passed below the sensing
head 36 in position II c 5 transferring the signal 85 " 8 " with
unchanged digit value after being amplified onto track e by the action
of the recording head 38 in position II e 5 (compare Fig lla,
computing process ( 3) transfer process, if the sum is less than 10)
The transfer 90 process ( 4) of Fig 20 diminishing 10 if the sum
exceeds 9, could not become active because no signal was on track d
when the respective field passed below sensing head 37 in position I d
35 As described in Fig 14 c 95 the signal " 8 " has been transferred
to track c and not to track d, because it is less than 10.
On sector II of the drum the " O " signal on track a has passed under
sensing head 31 At the instant of passing the signal head generates
100 a surge in its coil transferring it to the switched-on recording
head 32 ' via the amplifier By this means the signal causes a signal
displacement by two fields, which means addition of " O + 2 = 2 "
(compare Fig 8 b) 105 Meanwhile on sector III of the rotor again a " O
" signal has been recorded on track a.
Phase of rotation in Fig 14 e.
The rotor has now almost finished one " revolution " On sector I of
the rotor the 110 signals " 8 " on tracks b and c have been erased by
erasing heads 62, 63 in positions II b/c 19 The signal " 8 " of track
e meanwhile has passed under the sensing head 58 in position IV e 29
and has transferred this signal 115 with the same digit value " 8 " to
track a, because the excited pre-mark switch for the "fugitive one"
had not been excited The signal " 8 " on track " e " is still
existing.
On sector II meanwhile, the signal " 2 " 120 according to process ( 2)
has been transferred onto track c with the same digit value because
the gas dicharge tube 52 of the pre-mark switch 47 has not been
excited by a carryover pre-mark signal and because the record 125 ing
head 342 in position I d 19 of track d cannot become active at digit
values less than in consequence of the fact that the fields of this
track are not magnetizable This signal " 2 " has moved during the
further rotation 130 786,021 under the sensing head 36 (I c 5 process
( 3) which has transferred this signal with the same digit value onto
track e In the further course of the rotation the signal " O " on
track a and the signals " 2 " in tracks b and c have been erased by
the erasing heads 61, 62 and 63 (II a-c 19), and the signal " 2 " on
the track e has been moved on.
On sector III the " 0 " signal has been transferred without change to
track e by the processes ( 1), ( 2), ( 3), according to Figs 8 c, 1
Oc, 1 ic, because " O O = O " The transfer of the " 0 " may also be
suppressed if the " O "contact is held inoperative during process (
1).
In this case, no signal will be transferred from track a to track b in
sector III and the signal " O " will be eliminated by the erasing head
61 of track a before becoming active As shown in Fig 14 e the sum of "
0 + 28 = 28 " has been recorded on track e.
* When the erasing head in position IV e 39 is switched off, and the
amplifier in computing process ( 5) is switched over to the capacitor
of the discharge circuit of the intensity discharge lamp for the
generation of the stroboscopical light flashes, the sum " 028 " will
be visible by means of the stroboscopical disc as explained later The
same result can be obtained from track a, if desired.
Task: 28 + 91 = 119 (Figs 15 a-e and 16 a).
As described in Fig 14 a the signals for " 028 " are recorded on the
rotor, as on track a and also on track e sector I the signal " 8 " is
recorded and in sector II at this instant the signal " 2 " only is on
track e.
Phase of rotation in Fig 15 a.
The last denomination of the new figure 91 " viz, the " 1 " has been
prepared for the input by the pressing down of keys in the keyboard.
In sector I track a of the rotor the signal 8 " is under the sensing
head 31 of track a (I a 9), compare Fig 9 a, process ( 1) As only the
recording head 321 ( 1 b 8) is switched on, indicated by numeral 1,
the signal, while transferred to track b will be displaced by one
field and recorded as " 9," i e, as the sum of " 8 + 1 = 9 " In sector
II the signal " 2 " and in sector III the signal " O " have been moved
on.
Phase of rotation in Fig 15 b.
In sector I of the drum the original signal " 8 " on track a has
advanced without having been active again The signal " 9 " on track b
has in the meantime moved under the sensing head 33 of the track b (I
b 19) according to process ( 2) and in the course of this, the signal
" 9 " has been recorded on track C in the manner described, because
the gas discharge tube 52 of the carry-over pre-mark switch had not
been excited in the preceding denomination (therefore the same digit
value), and because there is no magnetizable medium on track d in the
fields for digit values less than 10 (compare Fig 10 a).
The sensing head 37 on track d which performs the diminishing of " 10
" at digit values above 9 and also causes the carry-over to the next
denomination, has not become active, as no signal has been recorded on
track d.
In sector II meanwhile the signal " 2 " on track a has been moved
under the sensing head of this track, actuating the computing process
( 1) of Fig 9 b The recording head in position I b 0 is switched on by
pressing down the key " 9 " in the penultimate column of the keyboard
according to the number " 91," and in process ( 1) according to Fig 9
b a displacement of digit value signals takes place by " 9 " fields
Therefore on track b of the sector II of the rotor the signal " 11 "
will be recorded, being the signal of the sum.
In sector III of the drum a signal " O " still remains on track e.
Phase of rotation in Fig 15 c.
In sector I the original signal " 8 " on track a and the signals " 9 "
on the tracks b and c have been erased by the erasing heads 61-63
after the signal " 9 " has previously been transferred from track c to
the track e with the same digit value at the running under the sensing
head of track c (compare Fig 1 la).
In sector II the original signal " 2 " on track a has moved on without
having been active again On track b the signal " 11 " has almost
reached the sensing head of the track b according to process ( 2) of
Fig 10 b.
In sector III, the " O " signal has moved on without having been
active.
Phase of rotation in Fig 15 d.
In sector I the signal " 9 " has moved on in track e The signals on
the tracks b and c are erased.
In sector II the signals " 2 " on track a and " 11 " on track b have
moved on, without having been active When signal " 11 " passes under
the sensing head of track b, this signal " 11 " is transferred to
track d instead of to track c and is recorded there with the same
digit value This digit value remains unchanged, for the gas discharge
tube 52 of the carry-over pre-mark switch had not been excited in the
preceding denomination The transfer takes place only to track d
because track c has no magnetizable layer at these fields (fields 10
to 19) in contrary to track d which is magnetizable in these fields,
whereas track d is not magnetizable in fields 0 to 9 (compare the
blackened fields on the figure).
At the further rotation the signal " 11 " is passed in track d below
the sensing head 37.
Hereby process ( 4) became effective As this digit value exceeds 9, a
change of signal position takes place by 10 fields, effecting the
diminishing by 10 (compare Fig 1 lb, the transfer from sensing head 37
in position I d to recording head 38 in position II e 5).
The recording on track e is performed as a signal " 1 " The discharge
tube 52 is excited by the 786,021 has been ignited Herewith the
addition process of the second number has been finished during one
rotation of the rotor.
b SUBTRACTION.
Task: " 119 84 = 35 " The detailed description of the subtraction
process is started by the switching on of the last denomination of the
subtrahend ( 84), that is 4, within the keyboard 1 and actuating the
subtraction key (Figs 16 a-h).
The final phase according to Fig 16 a is in this case at the same time
the initial phase of the subtraction.
Phase of rotation in Fig 16 b.
In sector I the signal " 9 " on track a has moved under the sensing
head 31 in stator field
I a 9 for process ( 1) according to Fig 17 a.
Thereby a surge has been induced in the sensing head, which after
amplification is conducted to the switched on secondary winding of the
recording head 325 of the complementary digit value of the " 4 " in
stator field I a 4, which records the new result as signal " 14 on
track b.
In the sectors II and III there are the signals 1 " still on track e
of each of the sectors.
Phase of rotation in Fig 16 c.
With further rotation the original signal " 9 " in track a of sector I
has moved on without having been active in the meantime The signal "
14," however, has been transferred by process ( 2) according to Fig 18
a from track b with the same digit value to track d, because no
carry-over pre-mark signal has been released by the preceding
denomination and the summand exceeds the value " 9 " In sector II
meanwhile the signal " 1 " is transferred by process ( 5) according to
Fig.
21 a from track e to track a, and on track e this signal is erased by
the erasing head 65.
In sector III the signal " 1 " remains on track e.
Phase of rotation in Fig 16 d.
In sector I the original signal " 9 " is still on track a The signal "
14 " in track b has moved on without having been active again.
On track d the signal " 14 " has passed below the sensing head 37 of
this track whereby a transfer to track e has been performed, effecting
the diminishing by 10 by a displacement of 10 fields from sensing head
37 in position
I d 35 to recording head 38 in position II e 5 within the stator The
signal " 14 " of track d consequently has now been recorded on track e
as a signal " 4 " In this phase the discharge tube 52 has been excited
(see above, rotation phase of Fig 15 d).
In sector II the original signal " 1 " has passed below the sensing
head 31 of track a.
At this instant the transfer to track b has been performed according
to process ( 1) of Fig 12 b with the complementary digit value of " S
" by the switched on secondary winding of the recording head 32 ' in
stator field I b 8 This is equivalent to an additive signal
displacepre-mark signal for the forwarding of a carryover from
amplifier 51 (see hatching of the discharge-tube 52 in Figs 15 d, 15
e) By exciting the telegraphic or electronic pre-mark switch 47 (Figs
10) of process ( 2) at the next process ( 2) the transfer of the
magnetic signal in track b to track c or d will take place from
sensing head 33 in position I b 19 to the recording heads 35 ' and 352
in positions I c/d 18, thus effecting the tens carry-over.
In sector III meanwhile the " 0 " signal has been recorded by process
( 1) likewise as " 0," so that the " O "-signals are recorded in the
tracks a and b.
Phase of rotation in Fig 15 e.
In sector I the signal " 9 " on track e has moved on, without having
been active in the meantime.
In sector II the original signal " 2 " on track a has been erased, as
well as the signals " 11 " on tracks b and d On track e the signal " 1
" has moved on without having been active.
In sector III the original signal " 0 " on track a has also moved on
without having been active again The signal " 0 " on track b, however,
has passed under the sensing head on track b At the transfer process (
2) according to Fig 10 c, which performs the carry-over from the
preceding denomination, signal " O " of the track b has been
transferred by the sensing head 33 in position 1 b 19, via the
amplifier, to the recording heads 35 ', 352 in positions I c/d 18, as
the pre-mark switch 47 (see above) has been switched over By this
however only the recording on track c could be effective, as described
repeatedly above In the rotation-phase of this figure there are,
therefore, " 0 "-signals on track a and on track b, whereas on track d
the signal " 1 " is recorded.
Phase of rotation in Fig 16 a.
The rotor meanwhile has finished its rotation and has returned to its
zero-position.
In sector I according to Fig 21 a the signal " 9 " has been
transferred by the process 5 with the same digit value
amplifier-circuit E from track e to track a Therefore this signal is
recorded on both tracks e and a.
In sector II the signal " 1 " has moved on without having been active.
In sector III the signal " 1 " on track c has been transferred to
track e by process ( 3) via amplifier circuit C according to Fig llc
The signals " O " on tracks a and b and signal " 1 " on track c have
been erased bv the erasing heads 61, 62 and 63 of these tracks.
The discharge tube 52 has meanwhile been extinguished by a signal
which is generated by permanent signals, e g by the zero-signals of
the track n, provided in the " 0 "-position of each sector The signals
are generated by a special sensing head at the same time with the
passing of the field 20 under sensing head
33 and will be active if the discharge tube 52 786,021 ment of the
value " 1 " by the primary winding On the track b therefore the signal
" 2 " is recorded.
Within the sector II meanwhile the signal " 1 " has moved on without
having become' active.
Phase of rotation in Fig 16 e.
During the further rotation the original signal " 9 " on track a and
the signals " 14 on tracks b and d have been erased by their erasing
heads 61, 62 and 64 The signal " 4 " on track e remains.
The original signal " 1 " on track a of sector II has moved on without
having been active again The signal " 2 " on track b has passed under
the sensing head 33 of this track and is transferred by it to track c
as a signal " 3 " by process ( 2) according to Fig 18 a This signal is
now recorded there, because the discharge tube 52 has been excited
(see phase of rotation in Fig 16 e) and the value " 3 " is below 10.
The signal " 1 " of sector III has been transferred from track e to
track a by process ( 5) and on track e this signal has been erased.
The secondary winding of the recording head in position I b 0 is
switched on, indicated by the numeral 9 at the circumference of the
stator.
Phase of rotation in Fig16 f.
The signal " 4 " on track e of sector I has moved on without having
been active.
The signal " 3 " of track c sector II has been transferred to track e
with the same digit value by process ( 3) of Fig 19 a All the signals
" 1," " 2," " 3 " on tracks a, b, c have been erased.
In sector III the signal " 1 " on track a has passed under the sensing
head of this track.
In this way it has induced a surge, which has been conducted to the
secondary winding of the recording head " 9 " in stator field I b 0
via amplifier 41 This signifies the addition of " 9 " or the
subtraction of " O " respectively.
Consequently the signal " 10 " has been recorded on track b by process
( 1) When passing under the sensing head 33 of this track, the signal
" 10 " is transferred to track d with the same digit value by process
( 2), because no carry-over pre-mark signal has occurred influencing
the relay, which therefore remains in the original position.
Phase of rotation in Fig 16 g.
On track e in each of the sectors I and II meanwhile the signals " 3 "
and " 4 " have moved on without having been active.
In sector III the original signal " 1 " on track a has been erased The
signal " 10 " on track b moved on without having been active again The
signal " 10 " on track d however has passed under the sensing head 37
of the track d, transferring by process ( 4) the signal " 10 " from
track d and diminishing it to a signal " O " At this instant, the
discharge relay 52 has been ignited by the same signal, preparing a
ten's carry-over into the next denomination It is necessary to provide
suitable means (compare Fig 26, reference numbers 156, 112, 148, 149)
in case of a transfer of a carry-over from the last sector, i e,
sector III 7 G in the example illustrated, to sector I, to secure the
action of the control-relay in process ( 5) by exciting the
corresponding discharge relay tube 147 (compare Fig 26 and in Fig 16 g
the hatched discharge tubes 52 and 147) 75 Phase of rotation in Fig 16
h.
The signal " 4 " on track e sector I has meanwhile passed under the
sensing head 58 in position IV e 19 As the relay 147 has been switched
on before, this signal has been con 80 ducted from the sensing head 58
to the recording head 60 in position IV a 18 by process ( 5), being
amplified and transferred from track e to track a By this step a
displacement by " one " in additional direction has 85 been performed
(digit value carry-over of the "furgitive one ") Consequently the
signal " 4 " of track e has been recorded on track a, now as signal "
5 " The signal " 3 " on track c has moved on, having been unchanged
and 90 been inactive.
In sector III the signals " 10 " on tracks b and d have been erased
and the signal " O " only remains on track e Herewith the subtraction
procedure 119 84 = 35 has been termin 95 ated.
C SUBTRACTION BELOW ZERO.
As subtractions below zero there is in contrast to the subtraction
with results higher than zero no addition of the "fugitive one" 100
required, because no " passing through " carry-over in all the
denominations occurs as with the complementary adding In this case the
complementary digit " 9 " remains in the first denomination The result
recorded on the 105 record means in the computer, can be shown by the
indicating unit as well as by the printing unit in positive figures.
THE ELECTRIC SWITCHING MEANS FOR THE DIFFERENT COMPUTING PROCESSES
110
The electric switching means are designed as standardised units as are
also the mechanical parts which are described above, whereby such
units can be combined with each other ad libitum 115 These electric
switching means are shown in Fig 13 by the generally used symbols This
Fig shows also the co-ordination of these electric switching means to
the different signal heads within the stator The switching dia 120
grams of the amplifiers, electric switches, etc, are shown in detail
in Figs 17 a to Fig 22.
The design of the machine may be simplified by using the same means
for different processes, whereas in these Figs separate 125 switching
means are shown for every process in order to facilitate the
description and their understanding.
The switching means are electronic tubes, 786,021 sively according to
the relative position of the rotor to the stator 65 On the other hand
there can be used switches which are practically without inertia
directly as the digit value switches 54 -549, for instance by means of
a tens keyboard or the like, wherein the digit value signals are 70
not switched directly, but are first recorded for instance in a
magnetic storage or record means This process is in principle
explained in Fig 17 h For the understanding of the digit value
processing at higher speeds it is suffi 75 cient to know that the unit
is provided with a practically inertia-less control device, which
makes effective those digit values for the different denominations
which are recorded in the corresponding sectors 1, II, III, etc 80 a
AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT BY CONTACT SWITCHING.
The operation of the amplifier circuit by contact switching and full
keyboard is as follows: 85 The sensing head 31 in stator field I a 9
(corresponding to the stator diagram of the Fig 6 a) is connected
according to Fig 17 b with the control grid and the cathode resistance
of the pentode 67 of the amplifier 41 90 The voltage surge, which is
generated within the sensing head 31 by the passing magnetic signal,
is made effective after its amplification via a coupling capacitor 69
at the control grid of the discharge tube 68 The capacitor 70 is 95
loaded via the resistance 71, so that its voltage is only a little
below the ignition voltage of the discharge tube 68, as the discharge
tube is biassed by means of the resistance 72 Due to the high
resistance 71, only a single dis 100 charge occurs within each sector.
A signal, coming from the sensing head 31 and amplified by the pentode
67 effects the ignition of the discharge tube 68 and subsequently the
discharge of the capacitor 70 The 105 current surge resulting from the
discharge of the capacitor 70 is conveyed to one of the recording
heads (Fig 17 b recording head 32 ' in stator field I b 1) via the
contact below the pressed down key " 8 " of the keyboard 1 110 which
connects the vertical row 15 ' with the horizontal row 16 ', via the
contact 391 of the sector switch, wiping contact 42 in sector I
position and central contact 40 of the sector switch 22 The bias is
preferably stabilized 115 by an electronic stabilizer (not shown) In
case of a transfer process according to Fig 8 a the magnetic signal "
8 " is recorded by the discharge tube 68 via the recording head 324 in
stator field I b 1 at the instant, when the 120 magnetic signal in
field 0 sector I track a of the rotor passes the slot of the sensing
head 31 and in track b the field 8 passes the slot of the recording
head 32 ' in stator field I b 1, whereby this recording head is
switched on 125 by the pressed down co-ordinated key of the last
denomination on the keyboard By this means the magnetic signal " 8 "
is recorded as discharge tubes and so on, preferably used with the
usual circuit elements like resistances, capacitors, transformers,
etc.
The machine according to the invention is operating without any
quantitive measuring and is therefore independent of the
characteristics of tubes, special voltages and the like and is as a
pure Yes-No process (black and white method), extremely reliable.
For a better understanding there will now be described electric
switching means for the different processes involved in a computing
operation with the arrangement according to the invention, namely:
1.
2-5.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Digit value processing means; Carry-over means; Separating and
forwarding means; Undiminished transfer; Diminishing means; Carry-over
of Fugitive " 1 " 1 DIGIT VALUE PROCESSING MEANS FOR PROCESS 1 IN
AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT A.
The processing means, which are in principle described above (the Figs
7-9 and 12) effect the transfer of a signal from track a to track b In
Fig 17 a the arrangement is shown by means of symbols The transfer of
signals from track a by the sensing head 31 in stator field I a 9 to
one of the recording heads
32 " in stator fields 1 b 9-0 effects the change of the position or
displacement of the computing signals for digit values This transfer
is effected via a low frequency amplifier 41 to compensate for the
losses of the airslot, of the leakage field and magnetizing losses,
etc, at the transfer and via the digit value switches (and
denomination switches 54 U 9) In Fig 17 b the contacts of the
horizontal contact rows 16 -, which are arranged below the keys of the
full keyboard 1, correspond to the above-mentioned switches 54 The
contacts are made effective beginning from the last denomination
successively by the sector switch 22 with the single distributor
contacts 391 to 39 ' In the example shown the number 028 is pressed
down within the keyboard in similar manner with reference to Figs 8
a-c.
At the full keyboard the distributing contacts 391 are connected with
the vertical denomination contacts 151 15 ' (compare also Fig 8 and
9).
When using a tens keyboard provision is made whereby either the keys
operate a full contact board stepwisely denomination by denomination
or the denomination switches are provided indicating within which
denomination each depressed key is to operate.
The denomination switches (sector switches) can be as the Figs 17 b to
17 g show, electromechanical, or electronic distributing switches.
Electronic switches for instance can be discharge tubes, which are
switched on succes786,021 the resulting signal of the addition of the
" zero signal" plus " 8 " on track b ( O + 8 = 8).
In order to ensure that the signals receive a defined position within
track b, which is independent of the exactness of the position of the
signals sensed within track a, at the transfer from track a to track b
an electronic " registering" is provided This registering effects the
recording of the resulting signals at defined fields regardless of
little inaccuracies which may occur in a longer row of additions.
In this case the electronic registering records the result according
to computing process The amplifier circuit A which is coordinated to
this process is also designed for a higher counting speed by the
arrangement of reliable electronic means.
Fig 17 c shows this modification of the switching diagram of this
amplifier circuit It effects by means of an additional
registeringcircuit, that during one computing period at the transfer
from track a to track b the signals for the results are recorded at
defined fields by signal switching control means, which are operating
either photo-sensing or an inductive signal generator.
In this Fig the sensing head 31 is connected with the control grid and
the basic point of the cathode resistance of the amplifier tube 74
Photo-cell 79 makes it possible to take from punchcards the computing
signals in a photo-electric way Voltage signals occurring in the
sensing head 31 in stator field
I a 9 cause the pre-amplifier pentode 74 to ignite the pre-relay
discharge tube 73 via the coupling capacitor 75 and open hereby the
pentode 67, which then receives the required screen grid voltage as a
voltage drop at the resistance 77 in the discharge circuit of the
discharge tube 73 on discharge of the capacitor 86.
The opened pentode 67 is the amplifier tube for the signal markings
(magnetic or optic on the signal carrier), whereby in case of magnetic
markings the sensing is effected by the sensing head 76 in stator
field XIII m
19 or in case of optic markings by photocell 78 Hereby either the
sensing head 76 is excited by magnetic signals within track m or the
photocell 78 is excited by corresponding optical markings Both means,
signal head as well as photocell, effect in the same way, via the
pentode 67 the discharge of capacitor 70 via the discharge tube 68
This discharge will become effective by that recording head, which is
switched on by its co-ordinated digit value switch 54 (see Fig 17 b)
and hereby 6 (J effects the recording of signals on track b displaced
according to the above-described process 1 (" processing ").
As the amplifier circuit A of the calculator can operate with digit
values, introduced by different input and control means, for instance,
manually by keyboards (full or ten's keyboard) but also by means of
punched cards, optic or magnetic tapes or the like, this amplifier
circuit will be adapted to these different input and control means,
according 70 to the different functions required in the computing,
that is to say, the input of the figures, of the signals " addition,"
" subtraction," etc, and the number of the computor, which is to
operate Other examples of the design of this 75 amplifier circuit A
are shown for the control of punched cards and tapes separately.
b AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT A BY ELECTRONIC SWITCHING.
In Figs 17 d and e are shown as modifica 80 tions of the sector switch
22 (compare Figs 8, 9, 12 and 17 b), designed as a contact
distributor, a rotating magnetic yoke as an inductively effective
signal distributing arm Such a signal distributor arm will be
preferably 85 used at speeds, at which contact distributors like the
sector switch 22 are unreliable The signal distributing arm 80 is
fixed on shaft 18 (compare Fig 2) in a position defined by key 84 Fig
17 f shows the distributing arm 90 in a stator 85.
In the stator, primary coils 81 " and secondary coils 82 '",
magnetically connected at one side as pairs, by the stationary yokes
83 are arranged If the primary coils are con 95 nected electrically in
series, as it shall be presumed for the cause of simplification, and
if during the rotating of the rotor these primary coils are constantly
energized, e g direct current, the secondary coils, by the passage of
100 the distributor arm 80, receive voltage surges.
These voltage surges are generated within those secondary coils, which
are co-inordinated to the corresponding sector, for instance, the
secondary coil 82 ' for sector I, the secondary 105 coil 822 for
sector II, the secondary coil 82 ' for sector III and so on by an
inductive effect at the changing or cutting of the magnetic field by
the distributor arm and therefore the changing of the magnetic
resistance between 110 coils 81 and 82 In total the stator contains 13
pairs of primary and secondary coils, whereby each sector of the
signal carrier 7 has a co-ordinated pair of these coils.
The signal distributor arm 80 connects mag 115 netically in turn the
primary coil with the secondary coil of each pair of coils and the
connection is effected at the beginning of each sector During the time
of the passing of the signal distributor arm 80 over a pair of coils
120 this forms an amplified coupling and therefore a lower resistance
via the signal distributing arm 80 and the closed magnetic circuit
acts as a transformer.
Fig 17 g shows the wiring of the amplifier 125 circuit A with
electronic denomination or sector-switches operated inductively by the
signal distributor arm.
In detail (like in Fig 17 c) the pentode 74 of amplifier circuit A
amplifies the signals 130 786,021 786,021 23 sensed in the signal head
31 in stator field
I a 9 The amplified signals are led via the coupling capacitor 75 to
the discharge tube 73 and effect its ignition to discharge capacitor
86 The screen grid voltage of pentode 67 is effected by a voltage drop
at resistance 77.
The electronic registering is effected by means of the permanent
signals in track m, whereby the signals are sensed from the signal
carrier by means of sensing heads 76 As an alternative there can also
be used a photocell 78 for sensing optically marked permanent signals
in a track corresponding to track m but in an optical way After the
amplification by the pentode 67 they effect the ignition of the
discharge tube 68.
The recording heads 32 9 in stator fields
I b 9-0 are not directly connected with the discharge circuit of the
discharge tube 68 as 21) in Fig 17 c via a contact sector switch 22
The discharge tube 68 controls only the recording via the pentode 87
and the discharge distributor tubes 88 '8, of which there is provided
one for each denomination of the full keyboard 1 Such discharge
distributor tubes 88 '- operate together with the contact rows '-15 '
Only at the ignition of one of these distributing tubes 88 W-88 ' the
full keyboard will be effective in that vertical denomination row,
which is co-ordinated with the ignited tube.
Therefore all the discharge tubes 88 '-88 ' have a defined voltage
drop between anode and cathode, which is below the ignition voltage
(it is to be preferred to stabilize the voltage by a stabiliser) The
control grids of the discharge tubes 88 '-88 ' are adjusted negatively
compared to the cathode by means of the voltage division between
resistance and secondary coil 82 of the respective discharge This
voltage drop (low ohmic coil) has such a dimension that at the
ignition of one of the discharge tubes 88 '-88 ' the voltage at all
the other discharge tubes is decreasing almost to the arc-voltage, so
that ignitions of other discharge tubes 88 W-88 ' of this circuit is
prevented.
Before the " zero "-position of a sector is reached during the
rotation of the signal carrier and indicating disc 7, the discharge
tube which corresponds to this particular sector/denomination, must be
ignited.
If for instance for the purpose of a repeated addition
(multiplication) controlled by the full keyboard 1, the digit values,
being indicated by pressing down the respective keys, are to be
effective successively denomination by denomination with great
denomination-computing speeds, this is preferably done as follows:
The keys of the keyboard 1 remain untouched, after they have been
pressed down The last denomination row of the keyboard (in which in
the shown example key " 8 " is pressed down) will be made effective by
the ignition of discharge tube 88 ' of the inductive distributor
(compare Figs 17 d-f), so that the recording head 32 ' in stator
fields I b 1 via discharge tube 881 and the contact below the key " 8
" (of the last denomination) is switched on by the ignition with a low
current This 70 current is not sufficient to effect the recording of a
signal, but it maintains the discharge as an electronic preparation
for its effectiveness.
Immediately after the sensing head 31 has been excited in stator field
I a 9 (see above), 75 the capacitor 70 is discharged by the
registering signals via the discharge tube 68 and resistance 90.
The voltage drop, which is effected at resistance 90 " opens " the
pentode 87 and effects 80 a strong current surge in its plate circuit.
The discharge tube 88 ', which is ignited, tries to keep its
arc-voltage despite the enlarged current of the pentode 87, and
therefore a voltage surge in the switched-on re 85 cording head 32 '
in stator field I b 1 (pressed down key " 8 " of the last denomination
of the keyboard) is effected, which in turn effects the recording of
the resulting digit value signal 90 By means of pentode 91 and
discharge tube 92 the extinction of the discharge tubes 88 '888 is
precisely controlled at the end of the passing of each sector For this
purpose there is sensed either a permanent magnetic signal 95 by a
signal head or, as a variation, a permanent optic signal sensed by a
photocell is used as an extinguishing signal This signal, which is
preferably the permanent "zero "signal in each sector in track n, is
sensed by 100 the sensing head 93 and effects an ignition of discharge
tube 92 via a coupling capacitor.
By the resistance 94, the cathode of pentode 87 will be for a short
time strongly positive compared with the voltage on the control grid
105 Thus pentode 87 will be closed for a short while and the ignited
discharge tube 88 ' will be extinguished by the blocking of the plate
current.
According to the position of switch 121 an 110 output of figures can
be effected by a visual indicating unit such as stroboscopic
flash-tube (see also tube 150 in Figs 32 and 33 l, and 214 in Fig 33
b) or by a distributor 23 a.
Instead of electronic denomination switches 115 (Fig 17 g) electronic
digit value switch can also be used for the whole switching process.
This process is shown in principle in Fig 17 h.
Here we see again the full keyboard 1, where the keys indicating
number " 28 " are pressed 120 down in the last two denominations The
contacts of the full keyboard are connected via the contact rows 16
with the corresponding electronic digit value switches 95 "-', which
are to operate successively The switching on of 125 these digit value
switches is effected denomination by denomination beginning with the
last denomination, which is marked in Fig.
17 h as vertical row 15 ' in the full keyboard 1.
The successive operation in the different de 130 786,021 nomination I,
II, III etc of the full keyboard is effected by contacts, for instance
by pressed down keys, in such a way, that an inductive sector switch
(Figs 17 d-17 f) is used, whereby its secondary coils 82 '' receive a
voltage surge by the rotating inductive yoke 80, beginning
successively at the right hand coil 82 ' at the beginning of each
sector Thus this process operates denomination-wise.
The secondary coil 82 ' of the sector switch will be effective via the
vertical contact row ' within sector I, the secondary coil 822 will be
effective via the vertical contact row 152 in sector II, the secondary
coil 82 ' via the vertical contact row 15 ' of the full keyboard in
sector III etc.
If this inductive sector switch, according to Figs 17 d-f, creates by
the mechanical movement of its inductive signal distributor arm 80
(rotating yoke) an impulse as voltage surge, via the vertical contact
row 151 in sector I, that is to say in that circuit, which is
coordinated to the last denomination, then automatically one of the
digit value switches will be effective within this number, and is
marked by the pressed down contact of the full keyboard or by an
equivalent sensing device as input means.
Within the full keyboard 1, shown in Fig.
17 h, the digit value " 8 " is within the last denomination.
When the inductive distributor arm 80 generates a voltage surge within
secondary coil 82 ' the digit value switch 95 '-96 ' is excited in the
shown example via the vertical contact row 15 ' and the horizontal
contact row 16 '.
The digit value switch 951/968, which is coordinated to the digit
value " 8 " is " closed " for the time length of one denomination,
that is during the passing of one sector The signal of the voltage
surge " closes " this preferably inertia-less switch and the computing
process is effected by the digit value processing means of the
amplifier circuit A because of the switched on digit value switch By
this electronic switch (discharge switch) only pentode 96 ' will be
effective The recording head 32 ' in the plate circuit of pentode 96 '
will receive the signals, which are to be recorded, as this recording
head 32 ' is co-ordinated to the pentode 96 s.
In Fig 17 h digit value switches comprise the combination of a gas
discharge tube 950 9 with the co-ordinated pentode 96-9 The pentodes
lead digit value signals only to that one of the recording heads 32
"-329, the co-ordinated gas discharge tube of which is ignited, as the
screen grids of the pentodes receive in this example its voltage by
the voltage drop at the resistances 97 -, which are connected into the
main discharge circuits of the gas tubes.
After the computing process, for instance the addition process, is
terminated under the influence of a switched-on digit value switch
95/96 -9 within one sector, the digit value switch is automatically
returned to its ineffective position by the extinction of the ignited
gas tube by a control signal, which is delivered to all the tubes 9609
at the end of each sector After resetting all the digit value switches
into the ineffective position, these electronic switches are again
prepared for new action within the second digit, that is within
penultimate denomination, which is to be processed Within this
penultimate digit the digit value " 2 " is marked within the full
keyboard 1 by pressing down the required key of this full keyboard and
thereby closing the corresponding contacts.
The contact input by pressing down keys can be replaced by equivalent
contact means, for instance controlled by punched cards, punched
tapes, or other equivalent means, for example magnetic tapes or the
like, as input means In this case the denomination or digit
value-distributor as a contact distributor, inductive or electronic
distributor or the like synchronized mechanically or by means of
synchronization signals, for instance start-stopsignals, so that the
digit value signals of the input means can control the electronic
digit value switches 95/96 correspondingly As soon as the magnetic
yoke 80 of the inductive distributor (compare Figs 17 d-f) cuts for
instance the magnetic field of the coil
82 ' of the vertical contact row 152 at the beginning of sector II, a
voltage surge is automatically delivered via the contact " 2," to the
control grid of the gas tube 95 ', which is part of the digit value
switch 95/962, and this digit value switch will be closed for the time
length of processing within the penultimate denomination Hereby the
displacement by two digit value fields of those digit value signals
will be effected, which are in that sector coordinated to the
penultimate denomination of the number.
After the termination of the processing within the penultimate
denomination the switched on digit value switch will be automatically
switched off by the extinction of the digit value tube and all the
digit value switches are ready for a new operation.
Within the third last denomination by means of the secondary coil 82 '
and the vertical contact row 15 ' in sector III in the example, there
will be effective a rest current signal " 0 " by the rest contact " O
" of the full keyboard 1, because no other signal is pressed down
within this denomination In the remaining denominations the digit
value switches 95-96 are operated in similar manner.
By this means the digit value signal displacement will be effective
successively on the signal carrier in the different denomination areas
(sectors) of the computing signal carrier.
As soon as the first denomination of the number in the Fig the eighth
denomination to be 786,021 signals into the next denomination The
digit 65 value signals recorded in track c, are transferred by process
3 without any further change of value.
If at the preceding denomination the gas discharge tube 52 of the
pre-mark switch has 70 been ignited in process 4 by a pre-mark signal
for a necessary carry-over forwarding into the next denomination, then
the signal transfer from track b to track c or d is effected via
sensing head 33 in stator field I b 19 to the 75 pair of recording
heads 35 ' and 352 in stator field I c and d 18.
The ignition of the tube 52 operates switch 47 and therefore the
signal is displaced by one field and recorded on track c or d by
record 80 ing head 35 ' or 352 thus effecting the forwarding of the
carry-over by changing the digit value by " one " The transfer is
effected via the amplifier 44 and via one of the two switching ways of
the 85 carry-over pre-mark switch 47 (symbolically shown as an
electromechanical relay 47), whereby in the resting position of this
relay (if no carry-over forwarding was to be effected) in its
switching position 48, the sig 90 nals are led to the pair of
recording heads 34 ' and 342 of the tracks c and d in the digit value
fields 19, and in the operation switching position 49 (if a carry-over
forwarding has to be effected) supplied to the pair of recording 95
heads 351 and 352 in the digit value fields 18 of the tracks c and d.
At speeds which are higher than 200 denomination additions per second
(as in Fig.
18 b) electronic relays instead of telegraphic 100 relays are to be
preferred, which can be designed for instance with a wiring diagram
according to Fig 18 c and d or with a wiring diagram corresponding in
its effect, for instance by controlled ring modulators or the 105 like
Such electronic relays operate practically without inertia and can
operate very reliably even at high speeds, for instance 50,000
denomination additions per second etc As these electronic relays are
very simple and require 110 no service, their use is to be recommended
also at lower speeds than 200 per second.
As the electronic relay operates with two pentodes or the like and one
gas discharge tube according to Fig 18 c, they effect at the 115 same
time the amplification in the required degree, and a separate
amplifier can be omitted.
a AMPLIFYING CIRCUIT B BY CONTACT SWITCHING 120 Fig 18 b shows the
amplifying circuit B which effects the transfer from track b to track
c and d with an electro-mechanic (telegraphic) relay The sensing head
33 above the track b in stator field I b 19 is connected via 125 the
amplifier 44 and the carry-over pre-mark switch 47 with one of the
groups of the recording heads 34 ' and 342 or 35 ' and 352 connected
in series or respectively in parallel.
processed has been recorded, then if instead of a simple addition a
multiplication is to be effected by repeated addition, the computing
process can be again begun at the last denomination of the number,
whereby a larger number of areas or sectors can be provided than the
numbers to be processed have denominations, for instance preferably 16
denominations, so that the signal carrier contains 16 areas for digit
values or 16 sectors.
THE DIGIT VALUE CARRY-OVER MEANS FOR COMPUTING PROCESS 2-5 IN THE
AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS B-E.
The digit value carry-over means comprise:
amplifier circuit B for the computing process 2 a, the separating
means, which distinguish between resulting digit values of the
computing process 1 below or equal to and those above a limiting
value, and they comprise for the computing process 2 b the forwarding
means, which effects the carry-over forwarding into the next
denomination by a displacement of the resulting digit value within the
said denomination by " 1 " These carry-over means are effective at a
signal transfer from track b to track c or d; in amplifier circuit B
means for an unchanged signal transfer from track c to track e for the
computing process 3; in amplifier circuit D diminishing means for the
diminishing of the resulting digit values within the same denomination
and means for the forwarding of premark signals to the next
denomination for the computing process 4 at the signal transfer from
track d to track e and in amplifier circuit E means for retransfer of
signals from track e to track a and for taking regard of the "
fugitive one " in the computing process 5.
2 THE SEPARATING AND FORWARDING MEANS FOR COMPUTING PROCESS 2 IN
AMPLIFYING CIRCUIT B. The arrangement is shown by symbols in Fig 18 a
The transfer of digit value signals is, as already described in Figs l
Oa-l Oc, effective from track b by means of sensing head 33 in stator
field I b 19 to track c or d via the recording head pairs 34 ' and
342, in stator fields I c and d 19 or 35 ' and 352 in stator fields I
c and d 18 connected in parallel, whereby at any time only one of
these recording heads can be effective within one of the tracks c or
d, as at any time there is only in one of these tracks a possibility
for magnetizing In track c only signals for digit values smaller than
10 can be recorded and in track d only signals for digit values which
exceed " 9 " can be recorded By such an arrangement the separating is
effected, dependent on whether the respective sum of digit values of
this sector is within the limit digit value " 9 " or whether it
exceeds it.
The digit value signals recorded on track d are transferred by process
4 to effect the diminishing and the forwarding of pre-mark 786,021 In
the resting position 48 of the carry-over pre-mark switch 47 both
recording heads 34 ' and 342 will be effective in the stator field I c
and d 19, whereas after a switching over of the carry-over pre-mark
switch 47 to switching way 49, both recording heads 35 ' and 352 in
the stator field I c and d 18 are switched on, whereby a digit value
signal displacement is effected by one field and thus a carry-over
forwarding from the preceding denomination by a change of the digit
value by " 1 " At the transfer to track c or d respectively the
signals, which have resulted from the counting process 1 are separated
according to whether the resulting digit value is equal or lower than
the limit digit value or whether it exceeds it, whereby there is taken
regard already of carryover forwarding by one from the preceding
denomination.
Signals with a digit value which does not exceed the limit digit value
(in the example " 9 " according to a decadic number-systerm) and which
are recorded in the rotor fields 0-
9, are recorded in track c, as track d has no magnetizable layer in
the rotor fields 0-9.
The signals, the digit value of which exceeds the limit digit value
(higher than 9), are recorded in track d, as the alternative track c
has no magnetizable layer in its rotor fields 10-19, and therefore
fields of track d can only be magnetized with resulting digit values
from 10-19.
The sensing head 35 is connected to the control grid of the amplifier
pentode 98 In the pentode plate circuit is an electro-mechanical
(telegraphic) relay 47, which has a definite bias to the resting
position 48 and which is used as carry-over pre-mark switch This
switch has two switching ways 48 and 49, the alternative position of
which switches in one or other of the two recording head groups 34 ',
342 or 351, 352.
b AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT B WITH ELECTRONIC RELAY.
Fig 18 c and d show two designs of the switching diagram of amplifier
circuit B with electronic relay, which can be used for higher speeds
of the calculator and which can be used in combination with the
amplifier The sensing head 33 in stator field I b 19 is connected via
the amplifier pentode 98 of the amplifier 44 and to the carry-over
pre-mark switch, which in this case is an electronic twoway switch
described with reference to Figs.
18 c and 18 d, constituting an electronic relay.
Such relay in its resting position is connected to the recording heads
34 ' and 34 ' in stator fields I c and d 19, and in the operating
switch position to the recording heads 35 ' and 352 in stator fields I
c and d 18 according to the carry-over pre-mark signals from the
preceding denomination in the winding 99.
Such a pre-mark signal is supplied to the grid of the discharge tube
52 (compare also Fig 10 a-c) and it ignites this tube When this tube
is ignited, the pentode 101 is opened and the pentode 100 is closed On
the contrary, if it remains extinguished, the pentode is opened and
the pentode 101 is closed.
This opposite and mutual opening and closing of the pentodes is
effected by the resistance 102 and 103, which are connected into the
discharge circuit of the gas discharge tube 52, whereby the junction
regulates the potential of the cathode and whereby the positive side
is connected to the screen grid of the pentode 101 and the negative
side is connected to the suppressor grid of the second pentode 100.
If the gas discharge tube is extinguished, the cathode and the
suppressor grid of the pentode 100 have the same potential, so that
the tube 100 is effective, it is opened.
If the discharge tube is ignited, there is a voltage drop at the
resistance 102, 103 according to the current of this tube Thereby the
screen grid of pentode 101 receives a positive voltage, whereas the
suppressor grid of the second pentode 100 is negatively biassed.
In consequence of it and contrary to the preceding state, the pentode
101 is now opened, and the pentode 100 is closed.
Both groups of recording heads are connected into the plate circuits
of the pentodes and 101, whereby the groups of signal heads becoming
effective are selected by the switching condition of the gas discharge
tube.
The effecting of a carry-over forwarding into the next denomination
(next sector) depends therefore on whether the discharge tube 52 is
ignited or not The extinguishing of the discharge tube 52 is shown in
Fig 18 c by means of the discharging of the capacitor 104 An
extinguishing can also be effected in a different timing instant by
the known means of breaking down the plate circuit The description of
the amplifier circuit A in Fig 17 g shows an electronic solution for
it The pentode is not required if two discharge tubes are directly
coupled.
A further modification of the design according to Fig 18 d shows as
electronic relay, two coupled electronic tubes instead of the use of
gas discharge tubes The signals which are induced in Fig 18 d in the
sensing head 33 are in this case amplified as usual by the pentode 98
of the amplifier 44 and hexodes 105, 106, the control grids of which
are connected in parallel via the capacitors 107, 108 In the plate
circuit of the hexode 106 are the recording heads 35 ' and 352 of the
positions I c and d 18 and in the plate circuit of the hexode are the
recording heads 34 ' and 342 in the positions I c and d 19.
If a current flows within the hexode 105, the cathode resistance 109
of the hexode 105 supplies the negative bias of suppressor grid of the
hexode 106 Alternatively, if there is a current in the hexode 106, the
cathode resistance 110 delivers a negative bias to the lio 786,021
amplifying circuit D in combination with the forwarding pre-mark
signal of a carry-over as shown in Fig 20 a.
The means which transfer signals of the sensing head 37 track d in
stator field I d 15 to the recording head 38 in stator field II e 5,
are of a similar design, but regard must be taken of the radial
displacement of the signal heads by ten fields, by which the
subtraction of " ten " is effected The circuit is provided with a
usual low frequency amplifier 51.
The plate circuit of the tube 113 of the amplifier 51, is via a
transformer 112 which is directly connected to the ignition electrode
of the discharge tube 52 (compare Figs 10, lib and 19 c), the
discharge current of which effects the carry-over pre-mark switch by
its winding 53.
Fig 20 b shows a practical example of the amplifier Circuit D The
signals sensed by sensing head 37 are amplified by the pentode 113,
the plate current of which excites the winding 53 b of the carry-over
pre-mark switch and simultaneously effects the recording of computing
signals by its recording head 38. The transfer from track d to track e
is
effected according to Fig 20 c via the sensing head 37 which supplies
the signals via the amplifier tube 113 to the recording head 38 in
stator field II e 5 By means of the additional winding 99, this
recording head 38 effects the ignition of the gas discharge tube 52
(amplifier circuit B Fig 18 c) for the purpose of the forwarding of
the carry-over to the next denomination By this means the transfer of
the signal from track d to track e representing the resulting digit
value is displaced by ten fields according to the difference between
the position of the sensing head 37 in stator field I d 35 and the
position of the recording head 38 in stator field II e 5.
Hereby the discharge tube 52 of the amplifier circuit B will be
ignited for switching over the carry-over pre-mark switch 47.
MEANS FOR THE CARRY-OVER OF THE FUGITIVE " 1 " FOR PROCESS ( 5) IN
AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT E.
From track e signals of digit values can be re-transferred for the
purpose of further additions to track a These signals can also be
transferred to and recorded on other tracks (for instance to a
selective signal carrier storage of signal carriers in form of tapes
as output means).
The re-transfer to track a can be effected without any displacement If
during subtractions by complementary additions there is given the
carry-over signal for a " fugitive one," the transfer in the last
denomination is effected by the relay in the amplifier circuit
according to Fig 21 a This relay can be designed in full accordance
with the electronic pre-mark switch of the amplifier circuit B of Fig
18 c.
hexode 105 Thereby the opened hexode delivers by its cathode
resistance the block voltage by which the other hexode is closed By
this way only one of the tvo hexodes can be opened at any instant The
control of this electronic relay is effected by means of negative
signals, which are supplied to the relay either from the amplifier
circuit C or D at the transfer of computing signals.
The switching over from the electronic tube to the other electronic
tube 106 or vice versa is effected in this case by the suppressing of
the current in the electronic tube 105 or 106 for a short instance,
either by a negative impulse to the control grid itself or-as in Fig
18 d-by a negative signal to a second control grid So long as a
current flows in one tube, the other one is blocked by the bias of its
suppressor grid by means of the voltage drop at the cathode
resistances 109 respectively 110 If by a negative impulse the hexode
105 is closed for a short while, in this instant no bias is delivered,
and hexode 106 is opened by the blocking of the hexode 105 until the
hexode 105 will be opened again by a negative impulse onto the control
grid of the hexode 106.
3 MEANS FOR UNDIMINISHED TRANSFER FOR PROCESS ( 3) IN AMPLIFYING
CIRCUIT C.
An unchanged transfer of digit values is effected by means of the
amplifier circuit C, symbolically shown in Fig 19 a The transfer is
effected from sensing head 36 in stator field
II c 5 to the recording head 38 in stator field
II e 5 via the amplifier 50 without any alteration of the digit value
This transfer is effective, if the resulting digit value of thc
computing process ( 1) does not exceed the limiting value Special
switches deciding whether the transfer process ( 3) or the transfer
process ( 4) will be effective are not required, as by the arrangement
of the tracks c and d this separation is already effected on the
rotor.
The signal heads 36 and 38 are in the fields of the stator which
correspond radially one to another, so that the digit value signals
are transferred with the same digit value Fig.
19 b shows a modification of the amplifier circuit C The digit value
signals sensed by means of sensing head 36 are amplified by tube 111
For the control of the digit value pre-mark switch, designed as an
electro-magnetic (telegraphic) relay, an additional repositioning
winding 53 a is provided at the output side of the amplifier.
Fig 19 c shows the same wiring diagram for co-operation with Fig 20 c,
that is without the operation of such a repositioning winding.
4 THE DIMINISHING MEANS FOR PROCESS ( 4) IN THE AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT D.
A diminishing of the digit value signals in the same denomination is
effected during the signal transfer from track d to track e in the
786,021 The amplifying circuit E of Fig 21 a, via the amplifier 66,
connects the sensing head 58 in stator field XIII a 19 to the
recording head
59 in stator field XIII a 19 for an unchanged transfer, or to the
recording head 60 in stator field XIII a 18 if regard has to be taken
to a fugitive " 1 " With computers of medium or greater capacity the
amplifier circuit E effects the addition of the fugitive " 1 " without
additional cycles of operation, whereas in slower operating computors
requiring further cycles of operation in computing process ( 2) the
fugitive " 1 " is forwarded from the first denomination to the last
denomination of the number These forwarding means are arranged in the
empty sector, in which otherwise the fugitive one would appear as a
pre-mark signal for a carry-over forwarding It is a repetition of
those carry-over forwarding means for the next denomination in process
( 2), and is controlled in the same way by the carry-over premark
signal released in process ( 4) This premark signal is delivered to
its gas discharge tube 147 only during the passing of sector XIII of
disc 7 through the zero-position of the stator (compare Figs 16, g and
h where for clearness sector IV is shown as on empty sector) In Fig 21
b the discharge tube 147 receives ignition signals only in the case of
a carry-over forwarding from the last into the first sector, and such
ignition effects the switching over of the pentodes as described with
reference to Fig 18 c, see pentodes 100 and 101.
6 A SUMMARIZED WIRING DIAGRAMS OF THE AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS A-E.
In Fig 22 there is given a summarised survey of the amplifier
circuits, based upon the preceding description of these circuits in
the
Figs 17-21 The different amplifying circuits are separated from each
other by dotted lines.
As a switching diagram for amplifier circuit A there is chosen the
switching by full keyboard and an electronic denomination switch as
sector switch according to Fig 17 g.
The amplifier circuit B is in accordance with Fig 18 c.
The amplifier circuit C uses a switching diagram according to Fig 19
c.
The amplifier circuit D is switched according to Fig 20 c.
The amplifier circuit E corresponds to the switching of the switching
diagram of Fig.
b.
By the preceding description of the different Figures 17-21, the
reading of this complete diagram for computing processes as for
instance addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, will be
easier.
In Fig 22 is shown the possibility of a connection with output means,
by which either intermediate or definite results can be recorded by
means of printing units, storage means or the like or by which such
results can be shown by visual indicating means, for instance,
stroboscopic means.
The connection to these output means is shown in the cathode circuit
of the discharge 70 tube 68 If the recording switch 121 lies in the
switching way 122 by reason of the function key 4 " print " of the
keyboard in Fig 1, the signals of digit values sensed from the record
means are, according to their timed 75 position with respect to the
zero-timing moment, supplied to a distributor in this circuit, for
instance to the primary coils 23 a of the distributing stator 23
(compare Fig 2), which is shown in detail in Figs 23 a-d, and which 80
allows the change-over of the different timed digit value signals into
different switching ways and relays or storage positions according to
the digit value.
If as shown this recording switch 121 is in 85 switching way 123,
these processes can be connected which require no additional
distributing means, for instance, the visual indicating of a result by
means of a stroboscopic visual indicating means according to Figs 32/
90 33.
The inductive distributor according to Figs.
23 a-d comprises in stator 23 a circle of ten primary coils 23 a 0-9
and ten secondary coils 23 b 0-9, the cores 128 a and 128 b of 95
which are on their one side connected with each other in pairs by the
yokes 124 Fig 23 a shows the side-view and Fig 23 c the section on A-B
of the stator illustrated in Fig 23 a.
The rotor 24 (compare also Fig 2) is fixed 100 on shaft 18 by a key
125 in a defined position relative to disc 7 It is of starlike form
with teeth 1260-S (rotating yokes) and in the example has nine teeth
equally spaced so that between the 9 parts of the rotor and between
105 the ten parts of the stator there is a vernierlike displacement by
rotor movement in the direction of the arrow 127, which is used for
the purpose of the digit value distribution for the digit value
signals 0-9 in the different 110 sectors of the disc 7.
The rotor 24 is fixed by its key 125 on shaft 18 in such a way that in
that timing instant, in which, according to Fig 8 a, the digit value
field 0 is below the slot 31 of the sensing 115 head 31 in track a,
the tooth 126 of the starlike rotor 24 is exactly opposite the cores
128 a' and 128 b O of the pair of coils 23 al and 23 b V connected
magnetically by the stationary yoke 1240 The magnetic resistance is
very 120 low at that instant, when the tooth 126 connects the primary
coil 23 a O magnetically to the secondary coil 23 b O in the way of a
transformer; and if a digit value signal " 0 " has been recorded on
track a it will be sensed at 125 that instant In all other pairs of
coils there is no inductive connection and therefore they have a high
magnetic resistance A sensed signal " 0 " therefore, supplied to all
the primary coils 23 a O therefore will generate a 130 786,021
especially to the descriptions of the Figures 65
9-11, 14, 15 and 17.
The fundamental processes of additional means for the denomination
displacement, the " counting of the rotations " and the control of the
rotations effective at each denomination 70 will be described as a
supplement to the abovementioned Fig 17 g, by means of the Figs.
24 a-b and 25 a-c Fig 24 a comprises a computing arrangement connected
with electric denomination switch and full 75 keyboard, such as is
shown in Fig 17 g.
Figs 25 a and b show a multiple inductive distributor arm 141 -8 of
the sector switch which can effect the functions of the denominational
displacement 80 In Fig 24 a the amplifying circuit A with control from
the full keyboard, including the reference numbers is so far identical
with Fig.
17 g, and additional description is not required so far as the similar
parts are concerned 85 As in Fig 17 g, the digits to be added, in this
case the multiplicand for the multiplication process, are recorded in
the full keyboard by closing the corresponding contacts between the
vertical denomination contact rows 151 90 ' and the horizontal digit
value contact rows 16 '', i e, corresponding to " 000 000 28 " The
separate denominations are made effective denomination by denomination
and, beginning from the right hand, by the ignition of the 95 single
gas discharge tubes 88 '', which is effected by secondary coils 82 -'
of the inductive sector switch The inductive distributor arm not shown
in Fig 24 a which makes effective the electronic denomination switches
one 100 after another, may be the distributor arm 141 ' of Fig 25 a
This distributor arm 1411 is fixed to shaft 18 in such a way that it
connects the secondary coil 82 ' with the primary coil 81 ' when the
rotor is in the zero-position concern 105 ing the denominations
(sectors) and digit value fields The connection of the primary coil
812 and the secondary coil 822 is effected by the same distributor arm
141 ', when the rotor has passed the sector I, and when, concerning
the 110 digit values, it is in the zero-point of sector II By this
arrangement, during the passing of sector I the denomination 15 ' (in
the shown example switched on digit value " 8 "); at the passing of
sector II the denomination 152 115 (digit value " 2 "); at the passing
of sector III the denomination 15 ' (digit value " O "); and at the
passing of sector IV the denomination 15 ' (digit value " 0 ") etc, is
effective.
At the first rotation of the disc is added, 120 according to Figs 8
000 + 028 = 028.
During addition the arrangement is effective only for a single
rotation (computing cycle) and the blocking of the keys is released
after 125 this single rotation, the keys remaining in a rest position
during multiplication, so that at the keyboard, " 28 " remains
switched on, and signal only in the magnetically-connected secondary
coil 23 b Y.
If in the next instant the field of the digit value " 1 " is below the
sensing head 31, the connection of the coils 23 a' and 23 a' is
effected by the tooth 1261 In that timing instant " 2 " the coils 23
al and 23 b are connected via the tooth 1262 etc, until, after " 9 "
the inductive distributor begins again with " O " For a better
understanding, in Fig 23 a there was chosen a vernier division, at
which in one rotation of the rotor each coil will be effective ten
times, giving a total of 100 fields in the sectors I-X It is evident
that where 13 sectors are used, each sub-divided into 40 digit value
fields, suitable modifications will be made to the rotor and stator By
reason of using the vernier divisions larger coil intervals can be
allowed On the same principle, there could be an arrangement with the
teeth in the zero-position of each sector and ten primary and
secondary coils in the stator fields
0, 1, 2, 3 9 of the same or of the following sector.
As Fig 23 d shows, the primary coils 23 a 0-9 are connected in series
and in switching position 122 via the recording switch 121 to the
discharge circuit of the discharge tube 68 (compare Fig 22) At that
instant in which a digit value signal is sensed by the sensing head 31
in track a a current surge is generated by the amplifier circuit A
which is given to the primary coils 23 a' A movable magnetic tooth 126
connects one of the secondary coils 23 b' with the corresponding
primary coil so that within this secondary coil a voltage surge is
generated, which corresponds to the respective digit value signal "
0-9 " such a voltage surge is used for the ignition or exciting of one
or another of the relays connected to each secondary coil, for
instance a discharge relay 129 ' by means of which output or storage
means can be connected in accordance with the timed instant of digit
value signals.
By means of such a distributing switch a stroboscopic visual
indication of the signals, sensed from disc 7, can be effected such as
is shown in Figs 32/33.
Fig 23 e shows in perspective the practical design of an inductive
distributor switch with rotor 117, teeth 1950 ', primary and secondary
coils 116 a, 116 b respectively on yokes 197, with a further rotor 118
of a contact switch, pairs of gliding brushes 119 ' an 1192 and
contact 120, for another distributing switch, e g, the sector switch.
VI COMPUTING PROCESSES FOR MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION.
Multiplication may be effected by a denominational displacement and
within each denomination a repeated addition So far as an addition
process is concerned, reference is made to the above-mentioned
elucidations, 786,021 during a second rotation is computed:
028 + 028 = 056, at a third rotation 056 + 028 = 084, at a fourth
rotation 084 + 028 = 112 etc.
After nine rotations the signal carrier shows as a result 28 x 9 =
252, provided the process of repeated additions has not been
interrupted.
The number of cycles effecting additions in this denomination is fixed
by the last denomination of the multiplier For example, in the task 28
x 69 = 1932 the first step is to find the result of 28 x 9 in the
manner described above After terminating the nine cycles with the
intermediate result 252, recorded in the signal carrier, the circle 85
of coils Fig 25 c comprising the primary coils 81 q and the secondary
coils 82 ' (see Fig 17 f) is mechanically shifted in the axial
direction in such a way that the inductive distributor arm 141 ',
which is displaced by one sector relative to the distributor arm 1411
(Figs 25 a and b), now connects the primary and secondary coils 811
and 82 '-', instead of the distributor arm 1411.
This may for instance be done in the way shown in Fig 25 c The
multiple distributor arm 1411-' is fixed to shaft 18 The circle 25
with its primary and secondary coils 81 '- and 82 ' is switched
mechanically step by step after each ten rotations by means of the cam
groove 142 of the ten-part intermittently operating mechanism 143 The
springs 144 urge the slide on which the circle 85 of coils is mounted
towards the next switching position.
Beginning at the right side, the circle and its slide are moved
axially after each ten rotations to bring them into register with the
next arm of the multiple distributor arm 141 ' The ignition of the
denomination switches 88 ' is effected after each lateral displacement
of the circle so that after each ten cycles a displacement of the
ignition time of the tubes 88 -' of the electronic denomination switch
is effected and therefore a denomination displacement by one sector
The distributor arm 1411 is located in each adjusted position so that
it effects first an ignition of the last electronic denomination
switch 88 ' according to the last denomination 151 of keyboard 1, at
the beginning of the passing of the sector I; then it effects the
ignition of the denomination switch 88 at the beginning of the passing
of the sector II as is described with the reference to Fig 17 g The
successive ignitions of the denomination switches recurs ten times
during the first ten cycles of the computing signal carrier After
these ten cycles the last denomination 151 of keyboard 1 becomes
effective when the sector II of the rotor becomes operative, and the
penultimate denomination 152 is effective at the beginning of the
passing of sector III, etc In this way is effected a successive
displacement of each sectors by one sector length between the sensing
of the values from keyboard 1 and the sensing of the values from the
computing signal carrier 7, this displacement bringing about an
alteration of the denominations.
It has already been shown that instead of such mechanical displacement
electric changeover switchings are possible, e g, with different
coils.
As every distributor arm becomes active ten times before the axial
movement of the coils to the next arm of the distributor is effected,
there must be provided a device which ensures that only a certain
number of cycles of the distributor arm in each position of the coils
is effective.
A practical example of this cycle-counter and comparison-device for
use with contact switching is shown in Fig 24 a, which includes full
keyboard 162, with vertical contact rows 138 ' and horizontal contact
rows 134 -9, similar to those shown in Figs 2, 8, 9 and 17 g
Corresponding to the keys which are pressed down, e g, the keys " 69,"
a connection of the vertical and the horizontal contact rows is
effected by which digit values of the single denominations of the
second factor are represented.
The switch 131 is part of the cycle counter which after each rotation
switches to the next position During the first rotation of the
computing signal carrier, switch 131 effects the connection to
switching field 133 ', during the second rotation to switching field
133 ', that is to say, the centre contact 132 is connected to the
single contact 133 before the first rotation; and switches over to
1331 during the passing of sector XIII of the first rotation, to 1332
during the passing of sector XIII of the second rotation and so on.
Switch 135 switches to the next contact field after ten rotations of
the computing signal carrier, that is to say, once after one rotation
of the distributor switch 131 during its switching-over from field
1339 to 133.
In its starting position, switch 135 connects the positive pole, via
the central contact 136, the contact arm, and the switching field
1371 to the last vertical contact row 138 '.
After ten rotations of the signal carrier, that is after ten cycles,
switch 135 switches over to switching field 1372, so that the positive
pole is connected via the centre contact of this switch to the
vertical contact row 1382, that is to say, the penultimate
denomination of the multiplier After ten further cycles it moves to
contact field 137 ' and connects the centre contact 136 to the third
contact row 1383 and so on.
In connection with the cycle counting, the device has the task of
comparing the digit 786,021 nominations are multiplied in an
automaticmechanical way by a repeated denomination addition.
If electric switches are used, the change of connection can
immediately be controlled by 70 such a comparison device The same
schedule would be valid for controllable mechanical displacement
devices But as in general the addition speeds exceed greatly the
requirements of office machine operation, it will 75 generally not be
necessary to bring about an acceleration at simpler devices.
The division process differs from the multiplication process only in
that, after the introduction into the machine of the dividend by a 80
single addition, a repeated subtraction for instance in the form of a
complementary addition during nine rotations is effected in the same
way as it is done in the multiplication process, and in that during
the tenth rota 85 tion an addition is brought about This repeated
subtraction is interrupted when the process has passed below the value
zero This passing below the zero value is marked by the absence of the
fugitive " 1," and therefore the 90 winding 139 b of the relay 140 of
the comparison device is excited, and further complementary additions,
viz, the subtraction process, are rendered ineffective Simultaneously
the rotation number is recorded on the signal 95 carrier so that the
number of effective rotations in each denomination is clearly fixed in
a magnetic way and can be read and used as a quotient When dividing,
the process always passes below the zero value in consequence of 100
repeated subtraction processes, and a tenth process is always effected
for the single addition from which results the " remainder " of the
division in this denomination and which is the starting position for
further subtractions 105 in the next lower denomination Otherwise the
processes are completely analogous to the already-described
addition/subtraction processes and to the rotation and comparison
processes used in multiplication 110 One difference which must be
mentioned is that the switching of the distributor arms must be
opposite to that described with reference to Fig 25 c, so that the
division process begins at the highest denomination of 115 the
dividend and finishes at the last denomination As already described,
the " remainder " remains in storage in the signal carrier together
with the quotient which is also fixed in a magnetic way and they can
be taken off at 120 any instant The details of a practical example of
this arrangement will now be described:
*1 WIRING OF THE COMPUTING ARRANGEMENT FOR ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MUL
125 TIPLICATION, AND DIVISION.
a AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT A FOR PROCESS ( 1).
The sensing coil 31 in position I a 19 of Fig 6 b is shown in Fig 26
with the same reference number The amplifier of process 130 recording
in the full keyboard with the number of the rotations of the rotor By
this means the computing arrangement will be kept effective until the
number of rotations within each denomination of the multiplier is
attained which corresponds to the digit value of the corresponding
denomination of the multiplicand For this purpose the windings 139 a
and b of a relay are excited each time the central contact 132 is in
the zero-position 133 of the cycle-counter 131 The co-ordinated relay
contacts for instance contact 140 keep effective the computing
arrangement in this switching position by closing the circuit of the
keyboard When arranged as a polarised relay, or by means of an
additional winding or the like, the relay remains effective, until in
the particular denomination the cycle counter switch 131 closes a
circuit through the contact corresponding to the key pressed down in
the keyboard 162 and the switched denomination contact field of the
switch 135, giving within this comparison device a condition wherein
the rotation number which corresponds to the digit value has been
reached, and further addition processes are to be kept ineffective The
lowest denomination of the multiplier is represented by the digit
value " 9 " which is made effective by means of the switch 135 having
switching field 137 ' connected thereto and the key contact " 9 "
After the switching on of relay 139 repeated additions in the contact
positions 133 ', 1332, 1333-1339 are made in all nine times.
On the contact 132 moving from 1339 to 133 ' a circuit consisting of
the contact arm 136, contact field 137 ', vertical contact row
138 ', key-contact " 9," horizontal contact row 1349, connected to
contact field 1339, contact arm 132 and winding 139 b is closed and
switch 140 is opened, thereby disconnecting the computing arrangement.
In completion of the ten rotations the coils are shifted to coincide
with the second distributor-arm 1412, and the switch 135 switches to
the contact field 1372 The relay
139 is again excited via contact 133 and winding 139 a The repeated
addition is now recommenced in the next denomination during the
switching positions 133 ', 1332-6 of the switch 132, i e, for six
rotations After the sixth rotation the relay is interrupted via the
keyboard 162 by a counter winding 139, and further addition processes
during the rotations 7, 8, 9 are rendered ineffective.
After the second series of ten cycles the third distributor-arm 1412
is in effective cooperation with the coils 85, displaced axially.
This time the relay 139 remains in its resting position at the
switching position 133 of switch 132, as via the resting contact 134
'138 ' and switching field 137 ' of switch 135 the operating winding
139 ' is short-circuited.
In this position no rotation is effective as addition In the same
manner the further de786,021 32 786,021 ( 1) is pentode 67 with the
co-ordinated switching means, registers and capacitors The primary
windings of the recording heads in I b 9-0 are the windings 32 - The
secondary windings of these heads for the subtraction (complementary
windings) are the windings 166 - Use is made of the full keyboard 1.
The successive switching of the last, penultimate,-etc, denomination
of the full keyboard is effected by means of gas discharge tubes 88 '
(compare with Fig 17 g).
b AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT B FOR PROCESS ( 2).
The sensing head 33 in the position I b 19 of Fig 6 b is represented
with the same reference number The carry-over pre-mark-switch is
represented together with the amplifier by two electronic tubes 100
and 101 of which pentode 100 is the resting contact including
amplifier, and pentode 101 the operation contact including amplifier
The recording heads within their plate circuits are accordingly the
signal heads 351 and 35 ' and the recording heads of the "resting
contacts" 100 are the heads 341 and 342.
c AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT C FOR PROCESS ( 3).
The signal head 36 is used as a sensing head, and the pentode with its
switching means is used as an amplifier The recording is effected via
a secondary winding of the recording head 38.
d AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT D FOR PROCESS ( 4).
The sensing head 37 is connected to the grid of the pentode 113 which
is used as an amplifier together with its resistors and capacitors The
recording head 38 with the transformer 112 indicated in Fig 10 are
shown with the same reference numbers The discharge tube which effects
the change-over switching of the electronic relay is identified by
reference numeral 52.
e AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT E FOR PROCESS ( 5). The sensing head 58 in
position XIII e 19
of Fig 6 b is connected to the electronic relay which is formed by the
two pentodes 145 and 146, and also effects an amplification It is
operated as a switch by the discharge tube 147 Pentode 146 represents
the resting contact for the recording head 59 in position XIII a 19,
and pentode 145 represents the operation contact for the recording
head 60 in position XIII a 18.
The switch which provides the pre-mark carry-over signals only at the
passing from sector XII to sector XIII can effect an ignition of the
gas discharge tube 147 and by it a change-over of the electronic relay
in the ring-modulator circle 112, 148, 149 controlled by the gas
discharge tube 154 This tube switches the signals from transformer 112
to transformer 149, and therefore to the grid of the discharge tube
147, but only when tube 154 is ignited Provision is made in the main
discharge circuits to ensure that the tubes are extinguished at
controlled timing instants.
f VISUAL RESULT-INDICATING DEVICE.
Pentode 67 can be switched over in the grid circuit by the switch 152
', and in the plate circuit by means of switch 1522, so that pentode
67 effects, together with sensing head 151 via the transformer 153,
the control of the light flashes of the lighting impulse tube 150.
The discharge control device for especially short and intensive light
flashes has not been shown, to simplify the description.
2 SUPPLEMENTARY MEANS FOR MULTIPLI 75 CATION.
Mechanical parts of the computing arrangement are shown in
perspective.
On shaft 18 signal distributing arms 141 8 cut the fields of the coils
155 '- which are 80 arranged round these arms and also displaced
progressively and can be shifted axially in the direction of the arrow
230 Moreover there is shown the coil 156, which is not movable and
whose field is also cut by an arm 170 85
In co-operation with the coils and the discharge tubes 88 ' the arms
effect the automatic denomination displacement for the purpose of the
multiplication and division and the switching of the single
denominations of 90 the full keyboard, for the processing.
There is provided a second keyboard 162, which is used for the
feeding-in of the multiplier and pre-sets the cycle control respective
cycle comparison The second keyboard 95 also effects the necessary
switching processes in co-operation with the stepping mechanisms 157
and 158 which operate inductively and without contacts The windings of
the coils of these stepping mechanisms are marked 159, 100 and the gas
discharge switch which replaces the relay 139 is marked 161.
The decision whether the operation process shall be addition,
subtraction, multiplication or division is effected by the choice of
the key 105 " A-S-M-D " Below these keys are the marked contact sets
which initiate the selected function.
3 MULTIPLICATION PROCESS.
By reason of the preceding description the 110 "addition" process is
known, so that the "additions" description can be confined to the
control of the repeated addition and the denomination displacement.
In the full keyboard 1, for instance, may be 115 tapped " 28," and in
the second keyboard 162 may be tapped " 69," and the task " 28 x 69 =
1932 " is submitted to the calculator on operation of the command key
" M " The discharge tube 881 ignites The arm 120 141 ' cuts the field
of the coil 155 ' and a voltage surge is generated within the coil,
and the surge is conveyed to the grid of the tube.
The ignition of the discharge tube prevents the ignition of any other
tube in one cycle 125 786,021 The set of coils 155 8 is now shifted by
one denomination to the left (in direction of the arrow 230) always
after nine rotations in a manner indicated by reference to Fig.
c During the next passing of sector I of 70 the signal carrier 7 no
discharge tube is ignited as no denomination of the full keyboard 1 is
effective, and only the " O " discharge tube 167 or the like becomes
effective so that in the sector 1 of the new sum " O " is added, 75
and the sum remains unchanged.
At the continued rotation the arm 1412 has reached the field of coil
1551, has therewith ignited the discharge tube 88 ' and has rendered
effective the pressed down key " 8 " 80 in the last denomination of
the full keyboard 1, preparatory for the passing of sector II of the
signal carrier 7 (compare Figures 14 c and 14 d) The displacement of
the distributor arm by one denomination effects therewith that 85
without any contact switches and the like in the further course of the
repeated addition of " 28 " the computing signals become effective
displaced by one denomination.
In the described practical example again 90 nine rotations ensue
mechanically in a similar manner.
As in the penultimate denomination of the full keyboard 162, however,
the key " 6 " is pressed down; only the first six rotations 95 become
effective as additions, whereas during the three further rotations no
functions are effective This is brought about by discharge tube 161,
which at its ignition biasses the suppressor grid of the pentode 67
and by 100 means of the voltage drop in the resistance 173 the tube is
practically " closed " Thereby the amplifying function of the pentode
for the voltage surges of the passing digit value signals, which are
induced in the sensing head 105 31, becomes ineffective in the same
instant.
Moreover, by the closing of the pentode the discharge tubes 88 ' of
the penultimate denomination of the full keyboard 1 is extinguished By
means of a compensation winding 110 231 of the erasing head 61, in
position II a 19, in the discharge circuit of discharge tube 161, the
erasing effect in track a is cancelled at the same time, so that the
digit value signals for a sum recorded in this track are not 115
changed or erased during the next rotations by the extinction of the
discharge tube 161 After terminating the nine rotations the pentode is
" opened " again and the effectiveness of the erasing head 61 is
restored 120 The ignition of said discharge tube 161 is controlled by
an inductive distributor having a yoke on its discs of the counter as
a cycle and by means of which the magnetic flux between the pole-shoes
of a pair of coils is 125 preliminarily closed.
The pairs of coils 59 are arranged around the " units " disc 157 of
the cycle counter, and the pairs of coils 160 around the " ten's "
disc 158 of the cycle counter The yoke 168 is fixed 130 The main
discharge circuit of the discharge tube is in the plate circuit of
pentode 67 whose current is controlled by its grid potential This
pentode is biassed to such an extent that its plate current is just
strong enough to keep up the ignition of the gas discharge tube.
When the sensing head 31 in track a (compare 31 in Fig 6 b) generates
a voltage surge by induction of the magnetic signal, this raises the
plate current of tube 67 and effects a signal recording by means of
the recording head 32 ' (in position I b 1, compare Fig 6 a, 8 a and
14 b) and records signal " 8 " in track b.
On further rotation of the computing signal carrier 7 the discharge
tube 88 ' is extinguished in that the grid of the pentode 67 is tapped
negative by the sensing head 171 to such an extent that the current
which is necessary to sustain the discharge of the tube is no longer
maintained.
On further rotation arm 141 ' cuts the next coil 1552 The succeeding
discharge tube 882, which renders effective the penultimate
denomination of the full keyboard, is thereby ignited as this coil is
connected to the ignition electrode of this tube.
As the penultimate denomination key " 2 " is pressed down the
recording head 322 " 2 " becomes effective (addition) On the passing
of the signal " O " below the sensing head 31 of track a, the
recording head 322 effects the recording of signal " 2 " in track b
(compare figures 8 b, 14 d).
Thus, during the first rotation the denominations of the keyboard are
successively rendered effective by igniting the successive discharge
tubes 88 at the passing of the arm through the fields of the
successive coils.
If no key in any vertical row has been pressed down, zero signals are
effected electrically by means of the discharge tube 167.
If any one of the gas discharge tubes 88 is ignited, the discharge
tube 167 " O " cannot also be ignited, as meanwhile the plate voltage
has broken down to arc-voltage.
If, however, no key is pressed down and the contacts remained open, so
that the discharge tube 88 which is co-ordinated to the denomination
could not ignite, then on additional impulses in their place the
discharge tube 167 ignites, the main discharge circuit of which leads
via a winding of the recording head 32 " 0 " Similarly, the second
cycle is effected, and to the interim sum " 28 " which is on the
signal carrier, is now added the number " 28," so that at the end of
the second cycle the interim sum " 56 " is on the signal carrier at
the end of the third cycle " 84 " and so on.
In the last denomination of full keyboard 162 is a " 9 " therefore
nine rotations, i e, nine cycles are effected successively After these
nine cycles the digit value for " 9 x 28 is recorded on the computing
signal carrier.
786,021 to the non-magnetic disc 157, and the yoke 169 is fixed to the
non-magnetic disc 158 The secondary windings of the coils 159 are
connected via the keyboard with the primary 3 windings of the coils
160 The secondary winding of the coil 156 is connected with the
primary windings of the coils 159, and the secondary windings of the
coils 160 are connected with the cathode and the ignitionelectrode of
the discharge tube 161 When the arm 170 moves through the magnetic
field of the coil 156, built up by direct current of its primary
winding, a voltage surge will be generated in the secondary winding at
each revolution This surge will be conducted, as described above, via
the inductive working distributors 159 and 160, however, only when in
this denomination of the keyboard the contact, which corresponds to
the revolution, is closed in order to ignite the discharge tube, in
this case after the sixth revolution.
Another solution of this problem is in the description of of the ten's
keyboard in the computing distributing process (cross-coil method)
described later In this case the ignition impulse of the discharge
tube will be generated in a coil similar to coil 156 The rotation disc
157 is provided with a tooth.
In another practical form of the calculation arrangement, a recording
head is shifted at each revolution along the signal carrier by a gear
unit such as is shown in Fig 24 b, or a slowly operating storage-unit
is connected to it In this case the digit value signals are kept in
the respective fields of the circumference, for instance, signal " 6 "
in the field in which after the sixth revolution the sensing head and
the storage-unit are opposite to each other.
If in a case of multiplication the signal is passing under the sensing
head, the discharge tube 161 will be ignited.
In order to increase the speed of the cornputor, it is possible to
eliminate any ineffective revolutions in any particular denomination.
For example, if there are only two denominations in a number, then
they can be recorded immediately the digit in the ten's denomination
has been reached Further, when the number in the units denomination
has been reached, switching over to the tens denomination can be
effected without delay caused by the completion of the complementary
remaining rotations in the units denomination.
The switching of the relay 152 ', 1522 does not require any further
explanation The contacts make effective the computing process in the
shown position after switching over they effect the indication and
eliminate the effectiveness of the erasing head in track a The
intermediate switching of a multiplication-body is outlined in the
chapter of the computing distributing process (cross-coil computor).
4 THE DIVISION PROCESS.
The additional equipment for the division consists of a compensatory
winding of the coil 155 , by means of which an indication is given
that the value " O " has run through and has been evaluated for signal
forwarding, and of a set of signal heads 172 9 by the means of which
the result (quotient) is 70 recorded in the signal carrier.
The cycles at the division are the same as that at the multiplication
When the dividend is set in the keyboard 162, and the divisor is set
in the keyboard 1, in the course of the 75 first revolution the
dividend will be recorded on the signal carrier by addition The slide
with the circle 85 of coils 1550-8 is in the left-hand position Its
starting position when dividing corresponds therefore to the final 80
position at the multiplication At this position of the circle 85 of
coils 155 -s the divisor which is set in keyboard 1 is subtracted
during the course of nine revolutions.
The subtraction is effected again by the 85 employing of secondary
windings 166 of the recording heads 32 -, the co-ordinated digit value
of which is complementary to the primary windings.
The change-over switching from "addition" 90 to "subtraction" will be
performed by the shifting of switch 55 from switchway 56 to switchway
57.
Similar to the procedure of multiplication the effectiveness of these
nine revolutions con 95 cerning the computing process is interrupted
when the discharge tube 161 is ignited The ignition occurs if, during
the passing of distributor arms 141 through the field of the coil , no
digit value forwarding signal of the 100 "fugitive one " has been
performed.
If the coil 155 has a secondary winding, the magnetic flux of this
coil can be compensated by the ignition of the discharge tube 147 as
the secondary winding is part of the 105 main discharge circuit When
there is no " fugitive one " this discharge tube does not become
effective The coil 155 effects in turn the ignition of the discharge
tube 161, which blocks the pentode 67, current to the erasing 110 head
61 of track a is counteracted and the process of repeated subtraction
is interrupted.
Moreover, the ignition of the discharge tube 161 effects the recording
of a digit value signal by recording head ( 172 ') which is effective
115 via the distributor 159/168 at a position of the change-over
switch 227 ' corresponding to that at which it is " switched on" at
the respective revolution The quotient of the division process is
recorded denomination by 120 denomination on the signal carrier such
as described above The correct denomination-wise co-ordination in the
signal carrier is accomplished by the co-operation of the distributors
160 and 169 in conjunction with 125 the set of coils 155 i.
Of the nine revolutions, co-ordinated to one denomination, only such a
number of cycles will be effective as is necessary to bring the result
below " zero " The number of cycles 130 786,021 ated " probe
electrodes " can effect the control.
The signal heads 33, 341, 342, 35 ' and 35 ' as well as the respective
track b are no longer required.
The erasing heads, too, can be arranged within the sector I The
sensing head 177 of track d effects only the releasing of the
carryover pre-mark signal, but no transfer functions.
The figures 27 f and 27 g show by thickened lines the alternative
paths of current through the electronic relay of Fig 27 a.
2 CONTROL OF THE DIGIT VALUE SWITCHES BY ELECTRONIC TUBES.
In the preceding description of the Fig 27 a the switching of the
signal heads which correspond to the single digit values is effected
by the full keyboard 1 In Fig 17 g an " electronic-switch " effected
the switching-on of the single denominations of the keyboard 1
successively, beginning with the last denomination 151 With a
computing arrangement suitable for all calculations a change of this
process can be effected suitably in such a way that the electronic
relays are co-ordinated to the respective digit values as digit value
switches (compare Fig 17 h) instead of being co-ordinated to the
different denominations as shown in Fig 17 g The result of any
counting process will be sensed from the signal carrier via a
distributor, for instance, a distributor which is inductively
effective by means of moving magnetic yokes, electronic-switches and
the like, so that the sensed computing signals effect the ignition of
the discharge tubes 9509, corresponding to the digit values of the
denomination to be processed The gas discharge tubes are switches,
which when ignited act as contacts for digit values like those of the
full keyboard The new digit value can in this case be taken off either
from the full keyboard or from a magnetic storage used at the input of
the digit value by means of a ten's keyboard or the like, or used as a
substitute for punched cards, etc This method has the advantage that
the transfer quality of the signals by the amplifier, the sensing and
the recording heads, requires even at the addition of the longest rows
of denominations, no special requirements, as the signals will be
processed in general only once.
Fig 27 b shows the electronic digit value switches combined with an
electronic relay according to the Figures 27 a, 27 f and 27 g,
operating as a digit value transfer switch, so that the switching
corresponding to the processes ( 1) and ( 2) corresponds to the
preceding descriptions Track e of Fig 27 b is provided as a record
means track, whereas track a can be situated as an input and output
storage outside of the computor These can be also intermediate
transfer tracks for transfers from a selectable storage or the like,
whereby there can be timing differences between the selecting and the
processing of the computing signals.
recorded on the signal carrier, however, will be one less, due to a
suitable arrangement of the connection of the distributor coils in
combination with the recording heads 172 '.
As a "' tenth revolution " takes place for practical purposes within
every denomination displacement, an addition of the divisor, recorded
in keyboard 1 is effected in a way that, during the course of the
tenth or last cycle within one denomination displacement, the contact
55 is switched over from switchway 57 to switchway 58 For the
performance of addition, switch 228 is closed; for subtraction, switch
229 is closed For multiplication switches 2261 and 226 ' are closed
For division, switches 227 ' and 2273 are closed.
Round-off procedures, in dependence of the decimal point are possible
with both multiplication and division These operations will be
explained later in the description of the distributive computing
process (cross-coil computing arrangement) in union with the use of
the ten's keyboard in order to facilitate the explanation of the
multiplication and division.
VII SIMPLIFICATIONS AND MODIFICATIONS OF THE WIRING.
On account of the separate performance of the computing processes (
1)-( 5) in single amplifier circuits the operation of the calculator
becomes particularly clear Further advantages can result from the
combination of several functions within one switching circuit.
In the following are given some characteristic examples of such
combinations.
1 COMBINATION OF PROCESS ( 1) WITH PROCESS ( 2).
Instead of separating the process ( 1) from the process ( 2) (the
processing) the carry-over forwarding a combination of both processes
can also be made within the switching diagram The processes ( 3) and (
4) can also be combined to a certain degree The changes resulting in
this case are to be seen by the example in Fig 27 a.
This Figure shows that sensing heads 31 ' and 312 are provided and
that they are arranged in the positions I a 9 and I a 10 of the
stator.
The displacement by one field of the digit value carry-over which
otherwise occurs in process ( 2) is here already effected in process (
1) in that the electronic relay, formed by the tubes 174-176, in the
case of a transfer without a digit value carry-over from the preceding
denomination, renders effective the sensing head 31 ' via the pentode
174 At the performance of the digit value carry-over, however, it
renders effective the sensing head 312 via the pentode 175 The
switching-over ensues by controlling the suppressor grid or the screen
grid by means of the gas discharge tube 176 In this case the voltage
drop at a resistor in the main discharge circuit is used as a control
voltage.
In a modified form, the currents of separ786,021 The transfer
functions 3 and 4 of the Figures 19 a and 20 a are also introduced by
an amplifier circuit Figs 27 b, 27 c and 27 d show in symbols both the
amplifier circuits which can replace the amplifier circuits A, B, C
and D of the Figs 17 a, 18 a, 19 a and 20 a.
3 COMPUTING BY SIGNAL DISPLACEMENT AT SENSING.
The preceding practical examples of the computor, carried out the
displacement of the digit value signals at process 1, the " processing
" by voltage surges, induced in one sensing head, or in the
combination with the ten's carry-over of process 2, previously
described, sensed selectively in one of two sensing heads, which
surges are lead via the amplifier to ten recording heads of which only
one was switched on via a contact-switch, gas discharge or the like.
Contrary to this in the modification corresponding to Fig 29 there are
provided ten sensing heads of which at each timing instant one sensing
head is switched on via a digit value switch operated from the full
keyboard 1 In this case the transfer occurs via an amplifier may be to
one recording head, or at a simultaneous performance of the digit
value carry-over to two recording heads, or finally in the shown
combination if the limit digit value is exceeded with the diminishing
of the digit value the transfer occurs to four recording heads.
The arrangement of the heads within the stator and the connection
between transfer means and signal carrier is shown in Fig 28 (similar
to Fig 6 b, and illustrating diagrammatically a digit value processing
means which becomes effective by displacement at the recording).
The difference between the procedures of Fig 28 and Fig 6 b is only in
the switching arrangement in that the decision whether digitvalue sums
keep within the limiting value or exceed it, can be made immediately
at the transfer process from track a to track b At the exceeding of
the limiting value a switch is operated which, if the digit value
transgresses the limiting value effects the transfer to the second of
the recording heads which is displaced by ten digit-value units
opposite to the first or both the recording heads (limiting value
switch).
By this arrangement the processing of the digit value in the same
denomination can be combined with the diminishing and the carryover in
the same transfer, and together with the transfer from track a to
track b can be made the selection as to whether the digit value is
below or equal to the limiting value or exceeds it If signals of digit
value exceeding the limiting %alue are to be transferred by means of a
coupling member, the carry-over pre-mark switch will be made active in
the same way as it was done at the preceding description by the
selecting and wiring of the computing signals to the separated tracks
c and d.
For this reason the diagram of Fig 28 differs from that of Fig 6 b
only so far as the diagram of the signal heads for the sensing 70
comprises ten sensing heads which are arranged in the fields I a 10-19
for the digit-values
0-9 In track b, however, are provided both the recording heads which
are displaced by ten digit-value units; these recording heads are 75
situated in the field positions I b 0 respectively
I b 10.
In the tracks c and d, however, no sensing or recording heads are
provided, as the situation whether the sum of the digit-value exceeds
80 the limiting value is already effected by a switch, which is
switched-over compulsorily at this limiting By this switch, digit
value signals which do not exceed the limiting value are recorded by
the recording head 179 of field 85
I b 0, whereas the recording of the signals of digit-values which do
exceed the limit digitvalue, and therefore must be diminished in the
same denomination, is effected by the recording head 181 in the
position I b 10 90 The arrangements of the sensing heads and the
recording heads are therefore equivalent in their effectiveness, if by
co-ordinated digitvalue switches, via an amplifier, such heads of two
tracks are connected which differ in their 95 mutual distance by that
number of fields which the digit value signal shall be displaced at
the effective addition.
In Fig 29 an especially simple structure of the calculation
arrangement of an office calcu 100 lator according to the invention is
represented by the way of an example It is provided only with one
electronic tube and a gas dischargetube and the amplifier can also be
replaced by a gas discharge relay with a cold cathode or 105 the like
The switching diagram shown in this figure can be used with
calculation arrangements with not too high an operation speed (up to
200 denomination additions/sec at the minimum) 110 The sensing heads
31 are switched on successively by the contacts under the keys of the
full keyboard 1, denomination by denomination by the denomination
distributor 42 115 The voltage surges, induced within the switched-on
sensing coil will be lead via the transformer 183 to the grid of the
pentode 67 and will be amplified there As is shown in the figure, the
sensing head co-ordinated 120 to the digit-value " 0 " is arranged,
corresponding to Fig 28 i e, contrary to the figure 6 b in the
position I a 10 The sensing head in I a 19 is provided for the
digit-value " 9 " The recording head for digit-values below 125 " at
which there has to be taken no regard of a digit-value carry-over from
the preceding denominations, is 179 in position I b 0, but if a
carry-over from the preceding denomination is to be dealt with, it is
180 in position 130 786,021 is provided for complementary addition
(subtraction).
The relay 55 effects the switching-over "addition-subtraction " The
contacts 54 -540 of the keys 0-9 of the ten's keyboard are also 70
shown in the drawing The sensing heads 31 only become effective during
that rotation of the signal carrier following pressing down of the
keys The switching-on of the digit value switches 54 is effected via
the 75 relay 190 and contact 192 The relay is controlled by the
adjustable cams which are on the automatic switchboard 193 fixed to
the movable part of the printing unit Its part A controls, by means of
cams 194 and switches 80 1930, to which denomination the respective
digit value belongs For instance, if cam " 2 " is set, the sensed
digit-value is recorded in sector II (penultimate denomination), as
only in sector II of the rotating distributor 199 is 85 provided a
contact for effecting the switchingon of the relay 190 via its winding
189.
Part Bl selects by means of cam 195 and switch 193 ', in which track
(a b, or f) of the storage unit, to which registry computor the 90
digit values are delivered, whereas in part B 2 cams 196, in
co-operation with switches 1932 and 193 ', select whether an addition
or a subtraction shall be effected By cams 197, part Cl of the
switchboard and switches 1932 and 95 193 ' controls which balance
computor shall be excited, whereas part C 2, by means of cams 198 and
switches 1934, 193 ', 1938 and 193 ' effects addition or subtraction.
Corresponding to the description of the 100 multiplication processes
(section VI), the controlling of these processes can also be effected
by different tracks of the storages, which are provided for these
programme control markings, and which are sensed by a gliding group
105 of sensing heads.
The working operation is as follows: The displacement of the computing
signals for addition is effected by the switching-on of the respective
sensing heads 3 F 1 - The displace 110 ment of the signal by the
required distance is effected by transfer to the recording head 179,
if the sums keep within the limiting value The signal which is excited
in the sensing head is amplified by pentode 74, so that the gas dis
115 charge tube 73 is ignited, and the capacitor 86,charged through a
resistor to a voltage lower than the striking voltage, is discharged
in a short time (compare Fig 17 c) The voltage drop at the resistor 75
affects the screen-grid 120 voltage and the pentode 67 is opened This
tube amplifies the signal taken from track in by sensing head 76.
If the limiting value has not been exceeded, the undiminished
recording is effected in 125 switching position 200 of the limiting
value switch by means of the recording head 179.
After the passing of field 9 under the slot of this recording head the
limiting value switch switches-over to position 201, thus connecting
130 XIII b 39 For dealing with result-signals which exceed the
limiting value, and the recording ensue without a digit-value
carryover from the preceding denomination then recording head 181 in
position I b 10 operates, but if regard must be taken of a digit-value
carry-over, the recording ensues by the recording head 182 in position
I b 9 of the stator.
The separating irrespective of whether the resulting digit-value of
the sum of the processed denomination exceeds the limiting value or
not, is effected automatically each time by means of a contact switch
184, which is arranged at the circumference of the drum or in a
similar way This limiting value switch transfers the digit value
signals which are below or equal to the limiting value, to the pair of
recording heads 179/180, but it transfers those signals which exceed
the limiting value, to the recording heads 181/182 This arrangement
ensures that a running through digitvalue carry-over, for instance at
the passing from 99 999 to 1000 000, is taken care of.
If the recording of the digit value signals is effected by the
recording heads 181/182, the digit-value carry-over to the next
denomination is forwarded simultaneously Via the secondary windings
185 of heads 181/182 the discharge tube 52 of the cover pre-mark
switch is ignited The discharge current of this tube is limited by the
resistor 186 The ignition has, in consequence of the small current in
the main discharge circuit, only a preparing character By a cam-switch
187, which is controlled by the circumference of the signal carrier 7,
the resistor 186 is bridged, so that the winding 53 of the carry-over
pre-mark switch receives sufficient current to change-over its
armature 47.
By this means the recording heads 180 and 182 instead of the recording
heads 179 and 181, are prepared for the recording of resulting digit
value signals for the sum The recording is then effected by the digit
value 4 S signal in the switched-on sensing head via the transformer
183 and the pentode 67.
The gas discharge tube 52 of the carry-over pre-mark switch is
extinguished by the opening of the holding contact 188, as the main
discharge circuit is interrupted The contact is controlled, e g, by
cams on the disc.
In Fig 30 is shown an arrangement for a complete bookkeeping machine,
e g, a machine capable of dealing with say 50 twelve denominational
numbers, each of them with direct subtraction below zero This
calculator can be provided with a selective storage device which
allows the automatic storage of the new balance after computation if
the new balance signal is not recorded on a magnetizable layer or the
like on or in an account card Each of the sensing heads 31 has two
windings, one of the windings being connected to contact 56, and
provided for direct addition, and the other, connected to contact 57
of the relay 55, 786,021 the recording head 181 to the pentode 67 for
the recording of diminished values By displacement of signal head the
diminishing is effective.
The winding 53 a of the carry-over pre-mark switch 47 which comprises
a polarized relay, is excited by a secondary winding of the recording
head 179 The relay switches to switchway 48, effecting the recordings
without forwarding the digit value carry-over A computing signal,
recorded by means of the recording head 181, energizes by the winding
99 the winding 53 b of the polarized relay and turns it over to
switchway 59 By this arrangement, the sensing head 31 ' " 1 " is
switched-on and effects the forwarding of the digit value carry-over
to the next denomination.
Thus within all the denominations (sectors) which are not computed,
the digit value signals of the same value are transferred via the
holding contact 191 and the switchway 48, so that the sensing head 310
is effective At the performance of the carry-over forwarding, the
sensing head 31 ' is effective.
Only once in the operating sector and during only one revolution, i e,
at every key-pressing, the relay 189 changes over to switchway 192 and
effects in the same denomination an addition via the closed switch of
the switches 54 9 of the ten's keyboard In the following sectors, the
forwarding of the digit value carryover is effected according to
whether the switchway 201 is rendered effective A " fugitive one " is
transferred directly from the last sector into the first sector.
The recording of the result can be done by the usual recording units,
by the types of a typewriter or the printing unit, described in the
following.
VIII VARIATIONS OF THE MECHANICAL PARTS.
The fundamental structure of the mechanical parts of the computer is
shown according to the invention, in Fig 31 a.
On the main shaft 18 are firmly arranged and fixed in their mutual
position -by keys or the like: toothed wheels 205 and 206, the
magnetizable discs 207 the cylindrical computing signal carrier 71 as
well as the inductive switches i 57 and 158, necessary for the
multiplication.
The Figures 31 b and 31 c show in side view and edge view respectively
one of the magnetizable discs 207 which are provided as track c and d
for the distinguishing of the digit-values, i.e, whether the result is
less than or equal to limiting digit-value or exceed it The figures 31
d and 31 a are similar views of the toothed wheel 205 of Fig 31 a such
as can be employed for the input of the zero signal in connection with
a signal head.
In the following Figures 32, 33 a, 33 b, and 33 c are suggested three
modifications of a visual indication device.
Fig 32 shows a computing signal carrier, comprising disc 7, divided
into four sectors and corresponding to the rotor of the figures 1416
The non-magnetizable areas, for instance and 46, are rendered
conspicuous by hatching Around the annular magnetizable area 208 70 is
arranged a second ring, which contains in an optic layer the pictures
of the numerals 0-9.
The same disc for stroboscopic indication is shown in Fig 33 a.
The main shaft 18 carries the stroboscopic 75 disc Its optic layer
shows by means of suggestion the pictures of the numerals 0-9 which
are illuminated by a flashing lamp 150 behind the viewing aperture 210
and which are projected by means of the optic lens 211 to the 80
screen 212.
On the main shaft 18 of Fig 33 b is provided the stroboscopic cylinder
7 ', likewise with the pictures of the numerals and with magnetizable
tracks The sensing means (signal 85 heads 213) as well as the
glow-lamps 214 controlled by said heads for the stroboscopic
illumination of the numerals are outlined.
Further result indication means comprising a cathode ray tube is shown
in Fig 33 c 90 COMPUTING BY DISTRIBUTIVE MEANS OF COMPUTING.
In the preceding description has been described a principle of
computing by calculation arrangements comprising displaced signal 95
heads co-operating with magnetizable computing signal carriers and
transfer means The displacement could be effected at the recording as
well as the sensing.
According to the invention computing 100 signals can be delivered to
signal carriers of modified forms of computing arrangements which will
give a result-signal defined relative to space or time.
As a further example of a computing 105 arrangement the computing
operation is effected by computing distributors, of which the
recording of the result is as described in the preceding section A, by
transfer means to a signal carrier 110 I DISTRIBUTIVE COMPUTING WITH
SUCCESSIVE INTRODUCTION OF THE SECOND
DIGIT-VALUE.
As a practical example a distributor was chosen which is effective by
variations of a 113 magnetic field.
Fig 34 shows a computing unit suitable for slow operational speeds.
In this case, the movable magnetic yoke 126 (" 0 " yoke), comparable
to a contact 120 arm, moves during the first revolution between the
primary coils 215 a, 216 a, 23 a O ', 217 a and the secondary coils
215 b, 216 b, 23 b-', 217 b of the instructive distributor This
rotation is co-ordinated to the digit value " 0 " of 125 the one
number to be added.
After this revolution the yoke is displaced axially, so that at the
second revolution the yoke 126 ', angularly backwards displaced by one
field, will move through the fields of the 130
786,021 field " O " passes under the sensing head 31.
As the discharge tube 219 will switch on the pentode 220, and a
voltage surge, generated in the sensing head 31 is amplified by the
pentode 220 and transferred, but only if the 70 surge reaches the grid
of the pentode during the time of its opening, that is to say, during
the first revolution only a " 0 " signal is transferred, during the
second revolution a " 1 " signal is transferred, etc Therefore a corm
75 paring verification of the numbers of revolutions with the numbers
of the signals being stored will be obtained automatically If there is
conformity between these two cycles the signals will be transferred
(for other solutions 8 C of this problem see the chapters concerning
multiplication, cycle-counters in section AVI).
The signal sensed by sensing head 31 will be transmitted to the
ignition electrode of the discharge tube 218, via transformer 221, so
85 that this tube will be ignited in the case of conformity before the
yoke is entering the pairs of coils 23 a/b 9 and 217 a/b At the
passing of the magnetic yoke through the pairs of coils 217 a/b, that
is, after the revolution has 90 been finished, the discharge tube 218
will be extinguished by a corresponding extinguishing impulse
generated by coil 217 b.
The voltage surge, generated in the secondary coils 23 b-' will be
recorded by the 95 recording heads 179, 180, 181 and 182 The selection
of the proper recording head from the above set will be performed by
procedures analogous to those of Fig 29 The signal heads 179, 180 are
displaced, as described in that 100 figure, relative to the heads 181,
182 by ten digit value units This has been done for the purpose of the
diminishing of ten from resulting sums above the limiting value The
switching over is done by a suitable switching mech 105 anism 47/184
The forwarding of the digit value carry-over is effected by means of a
polarised relay 47/53 a, 53 b which will switch over according to
which pair of heads is excited The relay serves as a carry-over pre
110 mark switch.
The switches 47-184 are operated by pulses from the secondary windings
of heads 179-182 in the same way as is described with reference to
Fig29 115 At the energising of relay 223 via the switching-over
contact 47 of the said relay, the switching over to the switching
position 49 with the recording heads 180/182 is effected at the
performance of the digit-value carry 120 over, whereas in the holding
position the signals are recorded in switching position 48, by the
heads 179/181 As already mentioned, at any instant only one of these
heads will be effective by means of the switch 84 125 The contact
switch-over mechanism can be replaced for inertialess operating by
inertialess switches, such as gas discharge tubes, electronic relays,
etc.
In the construction above described, ten 130 pairs of coils On
completion of this second revolution, which is coordinated to the
digit value " 1," the yoke 1262, then 126 ', etc, pass between the
coils, that is to say, in ten revolutions ten yokes, displaced each
time by one digit field pass between the coils.
By the switches 54 '-, which might be the switches of the full
keyboard, the keys of a typewriter or a bookkeeping machine, etc, one
of the primary coils 23 a'9, representing the digit values 0-9 (at
subtraction cycles the complementary values 9-0) will be excited.
The switch position remains unchanged during ten revolutions.
In the example, the " 2 " has been switched on by the digit value
switch 54 ', -which connects primary coil 23 a 2 in the main discharge
circuit of the tube 218 If during the first revolution which is the "
O " cycle, the discharge tube 218 has been ignited A voltage surge
will be induced in the secondary coil circuit 23 b at the instant of
the signal timing position " 2 " ( 0 + 2 = 2) It is in that moment,
when the yoke 126 passes the field between the magnetic poles of the
excited coil 23 a 2 and secondary coil 23 b W, that the signal will be
recorded in the record means (in the example a magnetic layer) by
means of one of the recording heads 179-182 at the corresponding field
It is evident that in lieu of this a glow-storage, a contact-storage,
etc, can be used.
If, instead of the digit value switch 542, the digit value switch 548
for the digit value " 8 " had been closed, the voltage surge would
have been released at the signal-timing position " 8 " An ignition of
the gas discharge tube 218 during the second revolution, effects the
addition of " 1 " The digit value switch 54 ' shown closed, introduces
as a first operand the digit value " 2 " At the passing of the yoke
126 ' during this revolution the voltage surge would be excited in the
signal timing position " 3," etc.
It is evident that this procedure is similar to the digit value signal
displacement by signal heads which are mutually displaced and
represents a means to generate a signal corresponding to the sum of
both the operands when the corresponding denomination passes under the
recording head.
The ignition of the discharge tube 218 during the revolution
corresponding to the first operand requires a more detailed
explanation.
In this example of the computing arrangement, the ignition of the
discharge tube 218 takes place whenever one of the magnetic yokes 126
-9 runs through the group of coils 215 a, 215 b and 216 a, 216 b
During the passing of the magnetic yoke through the coils, 215 and 216
the discharge tube 219 will be ignited by an impulse from coil 215 b
and extinguished afterwards by an impulse from coil 216 b.
During the passing by of the yoke 1260 the ignition takes place at
that moment when the 786,021 revolutions are necessary for each of the
computing cycles However, in consideration of the available revolution
numbers this is tolerable at normal computing operations Another
practical example of the computing arrangement requires only one
revolution at every computing operation.
PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF A CALCULATING ARRANGEMENT ACCORDING TO THE
COMPUTING DISTRIBUTING PROCEDURE WITH SIMULTANEOUS ACTUATION OF
THE
SECOND DIGIT-VALUE.
High efficiency is possible with the abovedescribed computing
distributing method, if each of the magnetic yokes has its own set or
circle of coils on the stator according to the Fig 35, and comprising
primary coils and secondary coils, the former being marked 240, 241,
242, 243-249, and the latter 250, 251, 252, 253-259 In the secondary
coils it will be seen that coils 251-259 are sub-divided into coils
251 a and 251 b, 252 a and 252 b and so on, the number of coils
sub-divided progressively increasing in number to effect the carryover
into the next denomination Coils 240 will not be so sub-divided as
they only deal with values " 0-9 " While in the mechanism according to
Fig.
34 the magnetic yokes will be shifted laterally opposite to the set of
coils, causing the magnetic yoke 126 first to enter the magnetic
fields of the coils during the first revolution and by yoke 1261 at
the second revolution and by yoke 1262 at the third revolution etc
this lateral movement will be omitted in the mechanism according to
Fig 35.
In Fig 34 the discharge tube 218, by means of which the coils were
excited, was ignited during one revolution only and remained
extinguished during the other revolutions, but in Fig 35, one of the
discharge tubes 244 will be ignited during every counting revolution
These discharge tubes, in the same way as the discharge tube 218 in
Fig 34, will excite the energizing of the co-ordinated sets of coils.
The only difference is, that for every digitvalue, one discharge tube
and a set of coils " 0 to 9 " has been co-ordinated.
In the case where a " O " should be added to the digit-value " 6," set
in the last denomination of the full keyboard according to Fig 35, the
discharge tube 244 will be ignited By this ignition, the primary coil
2400, co-ordinated to the " 6 " will be excited and if the magnetic
yoke 126 passes, a voltage surge will be induced in the secondary
coils 250, connected in series, at the instant at which the respective
field of the rotor passes the recording head 179, recording the
addition " 6 " + " O " =cc 6 " If, however, the addition " 6 + 1 = 7 "
has to be performed, the discharge tube 244 ' is ignited according to
the second digit to be added, viz 1 As the magnetic yoke 126 ' is
displaced angularly relative to the magnetic 65 yoke 1260 by one digit
value unit, the " 7 " corresponding to the sum of the digit values
will be recorded on the signal carrier by the recording head 179.
The ignition of the discharge tube 244 9 70 is effected by the upper
set of coils 238/239 by means of the magnetic yoke 126 .
If the voltage surge of a digit value signal is imparted to the grid
of pentode 87 and amplified, the discharge tube 237 will be 75 ignited
via the coupling member 236; the discharge tube 237 together with the
capacitor 233 represents a sawtooth generator The capacitor has been
biassed closely below ignition voltage by a resistance 80 At the
moment of the ignition of discharge tube 237 the capacitor 233
discharges itself via the primary coils 238 9 of the set of coils A
strong current surge will thus be initiated in the coils 238 at that
instant at which 85 the digit value signal which corresponds to the
one digit passes under the sensing head This surge will only be
imparted, via the magnetic yoke 126 , to that pair of the secondary
coils 239 -9 past which the yoke 126 moves, that 90 is, and which is
in the case of the digit value " O " to the coil 2390, in the case of
" 1 " to the co-ordinated coil 239 ' etc co-ordinated to this digit
value.
One end of the secondary windings is con 95 nected to the cathodes of
the discharge relays 244 '-, and the other end of the coil 2390 is
connected with the ignition-electrode of the tube 2440, and the coil
239 ' with the ignition electrode of the tube 244 ' etc; the discharge
100 tube will be ignited each time the co-ordinated digit value signal
passes under the sensing head 32 ' or 322.
With this cycle the proper addition process (computing process 1) has
been terminated 105 The arrangement of the set of coils allows at the
same time the separation of signals depending on whether the result of
both digit values is less than or equal to the limiting value or
exceeds it 110 The operation of the sub-divided secondary coils is as
follows: In the path of the magnetic yoke 1260, which is the " 0 "
track, such a sub-division has not been provided The secondary coils
115 250 " are all connected in series, and a digit value carry-over
cannot be effected, as the highest of the digit value sums,
co-ordinated to this set of coils is less than the limiting value 120
In the next set of coils of the digit value 1 " of the magnetic yoke
1261, the last secondary coil 250 ', however, is separated, as its
co-ordinated signal timing instant " 10 " requires a digit value
carry-over The two 125 coils 2520-2529 on track " 2 " of the magnetic
yoke 1262 are separated in order to forward the digit value carry-over
of the signal timing instants " 10 " and " 11 " The signals 786,021
full keyboard but, in the case shown, control of these groups of
elements by the discharge tubes 950 9 has been provided.
The arrangement illustrated is such that the magnetisable elements
have primary coils each 70 having two windings for control purposes,
and the windings are insulated from each other.
For example, the one part of the core 260 'a carries the primary
windings 260 ' and 270 .
The windings of each set of primary windings 75 260 '-', 261 etc are
connected together and arranged in vertically-connected rows in the
anode circuits of the discharge tubes 95 -9, the latter being operated
in accordance with one of the digit values which is to control the 80
arrangement The windings of the other sets of primary windings 270 -9,
271 -9 etc, are connected together and arranged in horizontal rows in
the anode circuits of the discharge tubes 244 '-', these being
controlled in accord 85 ance with the second digit value.
The arrangement of the windings on their cores is such (as will be
apparent from the drawing) that the conductors forming the windings
are in two sets such that each con 90 ductor is linked to a
multiplicity of the elements and each element is linked to one and
only one conductor of each set, whilst no two of the elements linked
to any conductor of one set are linked to the same conductor of the 95
other set.
For each element with its primary windings, there is a secondary
winding, and these are sub-divided or separated-except the row 280 '
co-ordinated to the result digit value " O " 100 each into two groups,
which are identified by the indices a and b By this arrangement, the
energising of a coil marked with index a indicates a result without
diminishing of the digit value by ten within the same denomination 105
and without forwarding of a carry-over premark signal into the next
denomination, whereas the actuation of the coils with the index b
effects the diminishing of the digit value and the forwarding of the
carry-over 110 pre-mark signal into the next denomination will be
effected.
All the elements are suitably provided with an additional winding (not
shown) by which a magnetic flux will be induced in one direction, 115
and which exceeds by a small amount the magnetic flux generated in the
other direction by the current of the discharge circuit of one of the
gas discharge tubes 244 '-9 or 95 "-9.
Thus an effective magnetic flux can only be 120 induced by igniting
two gas discharge tubes at the same time to excite the two primary
windings on a single element.
Computation according to this system may be carried out as follows In
Fig 36 a, a digit 125 representing signal is sensed by sensing head 31
' from track a Switch 47 is in position 48 during this sensing and the
signal is amplified by amplifier 41 prior to being fed to all the
primary coils 304 ' of cores 304 a' of the 130 of the coils 250, 251
a, 252 a, 253 a and 259 a exceeding the limiting value ignites the gas
discharge tube 235 By means of the displaced recording heads 179 and
181 in the discharge circuits of the tubes 234 and 235, the
diminishing is effected in the same process.
Both discharge tubes are part of a sawtooth generator and are biassed
close to the striking voltage.
Corresponding to the excited recording heads (either 179 or 181), that
winding 53 a or 53 b of carry-over pre-mark switch which is connected
in parallel, will be excited too Each time the signals are given via
the discharge tube 234 to the recording head 179, the armature of this
relay will connect the sensing head 31 ' to the grid of pentode 67 If,
however, the recording is effected by the signal head 181, because the
sum of the digit values exceeds the limiting value, the sensing head
312 will be connected by the armature 47 of the relay with the grid of
the pentode 67.
When the magnetic yoke 126 ' passes the coils 238/239 at the beginning
of the next digit column, and if the sensing is done via the sensing
head 312, that pair of the coils 239, which is " higher " by one unit
will be excited, and tube of discharge 244 9 which is "higher" by one
digit will be ignited, and thus the digit value carry-over into the
next denomination will be terminated.
If higher speeds are required, the polarized relay would have to be
replaced by an electronic relay.
COMPUTING BY MEANS OF RESULT ELEMENTS By a result element, of which
there are different forms of execution, is meant a device which may be
influenced by twvo digit values jointly to deliver a result, and which
may be for example in the nature of a 2-entry gate, or may be
dependent on combinations of voltage, current and/or time.
RESULT ELEMENTS IN THE NATURE OF 2-ENTRY GATES.
(a) CROSS ELEMENTS.
Referring to Figs 36 a and 36 b, there are shown examples of a
computing arrangement with inductive result elements comprising
magnetisable elements, for example cores, having one or more
conductors forming windings whereby the magnetic saturation of the
cores may be varied.
The cores are shown in horizontal rows representing one set of digits
0-9, and in vertical rows representing another set of digits 0-9 Each
core is shown in two parts In the drawing, the cores are designated
2600 a to 260 'a down the left-hand vertical row and 260 Ta to 269 'a
along the topmost horizontal row In this arrangement, for example, the
two parts comprising the core 263 a would lie in the sixth horizontal
row from the top and the fourth vertical row from the left.
The respective vertical rows of the elements 2600 a to 2699 a may be
switched directly by a 786,021 input distributor The signal will pass
to only that secondary coil 305 which is connected to its primary coil
by one of the magnetic yokes 304 b-' completing the magnetic circuit
between the two parts of the related core 304 a at the instant of
sensing, and thereupon ignite the co-ordinated gas discharge tube 95 '
As a result of this ignition, a current flows through all the
co-ordinated and interconnected primary windings in the corresponding
one of the columns of elements 260 'a-269 'a.
A second digit representing signal, say from a keyboard or from
another storage track, is now conveyed (by means not shown) to the
control grid of the correspondingly valued tube of the series of
discharge tubes 244 -9 connected respectively to the rows 270 '-9, 271
etc of primary windings, and therefore only in that element in which
the two primary windings on a common coil are energised is there
sufficient current to induce a voltage surge in the corresponding
secondary winding 280-289 on the passage of one of the sensing yokes
200 -9 The surge is conveyed to the co-ordinated gas tube of the gas
discharge tubes 407 or 408 -' dependent on whether the digit value
result is below or equal to or in excess of the limiting value of the
denomination (namely " 9 " in a decimal notation) and such tube when
ignited, effects the recording of a result signal on track e either by
recording head 179 or 181 according to its value, that is to say
according to whether the result is above or below the limiting value.
There are ten yokes co-operating with the distributor cores 304 'a and
ten yokes with each of the groups of cores 2600 a-2690 a to 260 'a-269
'a The digit values are sensed from the track a and recorded on the
track e serially with only a small distance between the recording
positions allocated to adjacent digit values of a denomination The
physical position of the yokes co-operating with each group of cores
is staggered in relation to the position of the cores so that although
the yokes are driven in synchronism with the movement of the tape, the
separation of the cores is greater than the separation of
corresponding positions on the tracks.
The yokes associated with each row of cores are staggered in relation
to the other rows, the yokes for three rows being shown in Fig 36 a.
The relative positions of the yokes is such that all the cores which
represent a particular result value will have their magnetic circuits
completed at the same time The construction of the yokes is described
above in connection with Figs 23 a to 23 e.
The spatial relationship between the yokes 200 and the distributor
yokes 304 -b is such that the particular tube 95 is ignited under
thecontrol of the distributor before the yokes 200 complete the
magnetic circuits of any of the cores 260 -a to 269 'a.
In the secondary coils it will be seen that coils 281-289 are
sub-divided into coils a and b, the sub-division being progressively
shifted from row to row.
The operation of the sub-divided secondary coils is as follows: 70 The
secondary coils 280 are all connected together and to the tube 407 ,
since a digit value carry-over cannot be effected, as the highest of
the digit value sums, coordinated to this set of coils is less than
the 75 limiting value.
In the next set of coils 281, the right-hand secondary coil 281 b
however is separated, as it represents the result value " 10 " which
requires a digit value carry-over In the next 80 set of coils, the
last two coils at the right-hand end of the row are separated in order
to forward the digit value carry-over of the result values " 10 " and
" 11 " The secondary coils, suffixed a, at the left-hand side of the
sub 85 division effect an ignition of the gas discharge tube 234,
through one or other of the tubes 407 ' , whereas the secondary coils,
suffixed b, at the right-hand side of the sub-division effect an
ignition of the gas discharge tube 235 90 through one or other of the
tubes 408 9 By means of the displaced recording heads 179 and 181 in
the discharge circuits of the tubes 234 and 235, the diminishing is
effected in the same process 95 Corresponding to the excited recording
heads (either 179 or 181), the switch 47 will be in one or other of
its two positions Each time the signals are given via the discharge
tube 234 to the recording head 179, the 100 sensing head 31 ' will be
connected to the amplifier 41 by switch 47 (in its position 48).
If, however, the recording is effected by the signal head 181, because
the sum of the digit values exceeds the limiting value, the sensing
105 head 312 will be connected to the amplifier 41 by switch 47 in its
other position.
The head 312 is displaced from the head 31 ' by a distance equal to
adjacent digit recording positions on the track a, so that a 110 digit
representing signal on the track is sensed one digit time later by the
head 312 than by the head 31 ' For example, a signal which is sensed
by the head 31 ' at such a time that the output from the head
represents the value 115 " 8," is sensed by the head 312 at such a
time that the output from that head represents the value " 9 " Thus,
ignition of the tube 52 in parallel with the tube 235 by a signal from
a secondary coil suffixed b causes shifting of 120 the switch 47 from
the position shown, so that the sensing of the next denomination will
be effected by the head 312 The value sensed from track a will
therefore be increased by unity, so taking account of the carry 125
The discharge tube 234 will be ignited by exciting the secondary coils
280 a, 281 a, 282 a, 283 a, etc The co-ordinated capacitor will be
discharged and by means of the recording head 179 will effect a
recording of the result in 130 786,021 246, the ignition of the
discharge tube 300, which causes a current surge in the windings 304
By means of the co-ordinated row of yokes 3232 an impulse will be
induced in the co-ordinated coil of the secondary coils 305 to 70
energise one of the gas tubes 950 D In the main discharge circuit of
these gas discharge tubes are situated the primary coils 260 -D to 269
-.
The vertically connected windings in Fig 75 36 b (which are shown
horizontally in Fig.
36 a), are shown in Fig 36 b as long and narrow rectangles ( 270-279)
The horizontally connected primary windings (which are shown
vertically in Fig 36 a) are represented by small 80 rectangles In each
case, for the sake of clearness only some of these windings are shown.
Also represented as long and narrow rectangles are the secondary coils
280-289.
This arrangement is the same as that shown 85 in Fig 36 a with the
exception that the remaining details of the switching means according
to Figs 36 b and 36 c deal with the means for the processing of the
multiplication and the division, the automatic rounding-off
operations, 90 the stepping arrangement for automatic tabulating of
denominations, and the setting of the decimal point.
When a key of the keyboard 54 in Fig 36 c is depressed, a circuit is
completed through 95 one of the wires in the cable k (Figs 2 and 3) to
the ignition electrode of the corresponding tube of the group 95 -959
in Fig 36 b At the same time, through a circuit not shown, the tube
2440 is also fired The cross coil 100 arrangement is then effective to
add " O " to the digit entered by the keyboard 54, so that the tube
234 will be fired at a time representative of the digit value, in the
manner already described in detail in connection with Fig 36 a 105 The
firing of the tube 234 produces a pulse which is fed through the
switch 245 in the intermediate position, the recording head 31110, the
contact arm of the switch 320 and the switch 319 in the position
shown, so that 110 the appropriate digit value is recorded in the
first denominational position of track c Each time a key of a keyboard
is operated the relay 317 of Fig 36 c is energised, and this operates
the stepping switch 320 after the recording of 115 a digit has been
completed.
Consequently, when the next digit is entered on the keyboard, the same
addition process in the cross-coil arrangement takes place, but the
pulse due to the firing of the tube 234 is now 120 applied to the head
311 ' and so on for subsequent digits so that the multiplicand digits
are recorded in successive denominational areas in the track c.
The multiplier is recorded in the track d in 125 exactly the same way
except that the switch 245 is set to the extreme right-hand position
(Fig 36 b) so that the pulses from the tube 234 are fed to the heads
313, which are again selected in turn by the stepping switch 320 130
track e of the signal carrier.
When one of the secondary coils 281 b289 b is excited, the discharge
tube 235 will be ignited, and a recording by the recording head 181,
as well as operation of the switch 47 will be effected The recording
heads 179 and 181 are displaced against one another by ten digit
recording positions in order to effect the diminishing of the digit
value if above the limiting value.
The discharge of tube 234 performs at the same time a repositioning of
the carry-over pre-mark switch In this arrangement, the carry-over
pre-mark switch is shown as an electronic relay 292 which is reset by
the transformer 254, the primary winding of which is situated in the
discharge circuit of the discharge tube 234 The discharge of tube 235
effects the switching on of the electronic relay 292 of the carry-over
pre-mark switch by the resulting signal induced in the secondary
winding of the transformer 255 The digits of one of the values which
is to be added are taken from track a by means of the sensing heads 31
-20 (Fig 36 b), displaced progressively by one denomination relatively
to each other Via the step-switch 321 and the switch 247, i e the
"multiplication-division " switch, the signals will be conducted to
the transformer 296 and the tubes 291/293 of the electronic relay in
Fig 36 c Depending on the ignition or extinction of the gas discharge
tube 292 effected by the transformers 254/255 which are part of the
recording circuit, one or other of the two pentodes 291, 293 is
effective The digit value signal is amplified and via the
corresponding transformer is led to the gas discharge tubes 297/299
and 298 which will be ignited The main discharge circuit of the
discharge tube 297 is led over the windings 3020, but the current
through the discharge tube 298 is led over the windings 3021 (Fig 36
b) These windings are arranged in such a way that the windings 302
correspond to an addition of the digit value " 0," but the windings
302 ' correspond to the addition of the digit value " 1 " to perform
the digit value carry-over from the preceding denomination, i e they
are equivalent in effect to the windings 260 and 261 of Fig 36 a.
By the yokes 1261/0 to 126 "/' is provided a sequential magnetic
connection between the cores carrying the windings 3020 and 302 ' and
the cores carrying the horizontal connected winding rows 303 ', so
that by excitation one of the winding rows will ignite the
co-ordinated discharge tube 244 and so energise a related primary
winding 270 to 279.
The second digit value to be added is taken from storage track c by
means of one of the heads 311 and imparted via the transformer 317 to
pentode 295 controlled by the gas discharge tube 294 When the gas
discharge tube 294 is ignited, pentode 295 amplifies the computing
signal and effects, via the transformer 786,021 During multiplication
the track a is used for accumulating the partial products and the
track b is used as an auxiliary track for dealing with the
rearrangement of the digits in accordance with whether or not there is
a carry in the same way as is described above.
At the start of multiplication tracks a and b both contain zero As a
first step, the first multiplier digit is sensed from the track d to
control the ignition of the corresponding one of the tubes 3010 to 301
' The stepping switch 320 is in the position shown (Fig 36 b) so that
the head 31410 is effective to sense track d and the signals from this
head are fed to the primary winding of the transformer 315 The signals
from the secondary of this transformer are amplified by the pentode
290 (Fig 36 c) and produce a corresponding pulse in the secondary of
the transformer 316 to fire the gas tube 296 The firing of this tube
produces a current in the primary coil 306 of a distributor via the
line e, and the associated yokes 1260/0 to 12691 ' will complete the
magnetic circuit to one of the secondary coils 307 which corresponds
to the particular digit value which was sensed by the head 314 and
will fire the corresponding one of the gas tubes 301 -9 to register
the first multiplier digit.
At the start of each multiplying cycle, the gas tube 295 of Fig 36 c
is fired by a pulse applied to the transformer connected to the
ignition electrode through circuit not shown When the tube 294 is
fired, screen voltage is applied to the pentode 295 to allow it to
respond to signals from the transformer 317 Since the stepping switch
320 is in the first position (as shown in Fig 36 b), this transformer
will receive signals from the head 311 and the line m, so that signals
will be induced in the transformer 246 corresponding to the
multiplicand digits recorded in the track c These signals control
firing of the gas tube 300 which is connected through the line i to
the primary coil 304 of another distributor (Fig.
36 b) The yokes 323 of this distributor couple the primary coil 304 to
the individual secondary coils 305 which, with the switch 55 in the
position 56, are connected to the ignition electrodes of the gas tubes
95.
Consequently, when the first multiplicand digit is sensed by the head
311 ' the corresponding gas tube 95 will be fired At the same time the
track a is being sensed by the head 312 " which is connected for
operation by the stepping switch 322 The signals sensed from the track
a are fed via the line c to the transformer 296, the secondary of
which is connected to the control grids of two pentodes 291 and 293
One or other of these pentodes is selected for operation dependent on
whether the gas tube 292 is fired or not This tube operates in the
usual carry pre-mark manner, to determine whether or not the sensed
value is increased by one.
Depending on whether the pentode 291 or 293 is effective, the gas tube
297 or 298 is fired These two tubes are connected through lines f and
q to primary coils 3020 and 302 ' (Fig 36 b) These two primary coils
may be coupled magnetically to the secondary coils 70 303 ' to 303 '
by the yokes 126 The position of the yokes is such that if the coil
302 ' is energised then the secondary coil 303 which is energised
corresponds to the digit value sensed from the track a, but if the
coil 302 ' 75 is energised, then the secondary coil 303 which is
energised will have a digit value greater by one than the digit value
sensed in track a.
The secondary coils 303 are connected to the ignition electrodes of
the tubes 244 to 80 244 ' so that one of these tubes is fired in
accordance with the digit value sensed from the track a Hence, at the
end of the first step the first multiplier digit is set up on'the
tubes 301, the first multiplicand digit is set up on 85 tubes 95 and
the first digit from the track a is set up on the tubes 244 Since this
is the first cycle, the value from the track a will in fact be " 0 "
The switch 245 is set to the left-hand posi 90 tion, shown in Fig 36
b, so that the sum value from the cross coil arrangement is recorded
in track b by one or other of the heads 179 or 181 depending on
whether there is a carry or not As a second part of the step, the said
95 value is transferred from track b to track a in exactly the same
manner as is described above for addition The head for sensing track b
and the head for recording on track a have been omitted from Fig 36 b
100 In subsequent stages, the successive digits of the multiplicand
will be set up on the tubes 95 and the corresponding successive digits
from the track a will be set up on the tubes 244 Thus, at the end of
one revolution 105 the multiplicand will have been added to the value
recorded on track a which is in fact " O " at this step, and the sum
will have been recorded back on track a.
The yoke 323 ' moves at 1/10th of the 110 speed of the other
distributor yokes so that, at the end of the first revolution, it will
have moved from the " 0 " position to the " 1 " position On the second
revolution, the multiplicand digits will again be set up successively
115 on the tubes 95 and the digits from track a, which are now in fact
the same as the multiplicand are set up on the tubes 244 Consequently,
at the end of the second revolution the track a will now contain twice
the multi 120 plicand value The tube 294 of Fig 36 c energises an
erasing head 231 which operates on the track a to erase each digit
recording after it has been sensed, to allow a recording of the new
sum value after transfer from the track b 125 These cycles are
repeated until the yoke 323 ' comes opposite one of the coils 308
which is connected to that tube 301 which is energised When this
occurs, a pulse will be induced in the coil 309 which, via line l and
130 786,021 to the value registered in track a so returning to a
positive remainder The necessary column shifting is again effected by
the stepping switches as in the case of multiplication.
These switch-on or switch-off cycles can 70 also be performed in a
simple manner by providing, according to a modified example of the
computing arrangement, that instead of ten discharge tubes only one
discharge tube in combination with a mechanical shifting is 75 used
Another solution of this problem is by means of a sensing head
continuously or stepwisely moved laterally along a signal carrier, on
which is recorded a digit value signal always in the "row" which
corresponds to 80 the " revolution " Fig 36 d is an addition table,
containing the resulting sums within cross-fields of the vertical and
the horizontal rows of two operands These cross-fields contain in 85
diagonal rows identical amounts The crosselement procedure with such
schematically crosswise arranged winding-systems can make use of the
ignition of the gas discharge tubes and by the exciting of at least
two winding 90 systems for computing purposes in consequence of the
intensified magnetic flux of the element which is in the
"crossing-point," the digit value signals for the recording of the
result will be induced in the co-ordinated 95 secondary coil.
Fig 36 e shows an addition table similar to the diagram of Fig 36 d
Result sums were obtained in the table of Fig 36 d by going through a
column and a row in the direction 100 of arrows 430 and 431, and at
the crossing points the sum is marked Deviating from this, in the
table shown in Fig 36 e, the one operand is introduced in the
direction of arrow 430, while the other is read in the 105 diagonal
direction of arrow 432, i e the top right-hand corner represents an
entry of 1, the next diagonal row an entry of 2, and so on The results
are then found at the lefthand side of the diagram, while a cross in
110 the cross-field of the second operand indicates that the result is
in the result row 1018, also marked with a cross, and not in the
result row 0-9 The arrangement of this Figure has the advantage of
determifining the 115 results at a defined position independent of its
amount In similar manner, other crosspoint elements can be provided in
accordance with other tables, by means of which any other computation
can be effected Examples 120 are shown in the arrangement of Figures
36 f and 36 g being multiplication tables, the former of which
contains the tens digit of single denomination multiplications, and
the latter is provided for the units digit One of 125 the sectors is
given in the direction of arrow 431, the other is contained within the
crossfields in the direction of arrow 433 The result is shown in the
horizontal rows under the tables 130 transformer 310, will be applied
to the tube 294 to extinguish it This cuts off the pentode 295 and so
prevents the multiplicand value being read to the cross coil
arrangement The erasing head 231 is also deenergised so that the last
value recorded on track a remains there This value is equal to the
multiplicand multiplied by the first multiplier digit.
There are now a number of idle cycles in which no addition takes place
until a total of 10 cycles have been performed The stepping switches
320 and 322 are then moved on one position, and the set of 10 cycles
is repeated Because the stepping switches have been shifted, the
necessary column shifts will be obtained, to take account of the fact
that the second multiplier digit has now been set up on the tubes 301.
These groups of 10 cycles occur in succession so that eventually the
track a contains the final product.
In order to round off a value the relay 324 (Fig 36 b) is energised at
the required denominational position under the control of the stepping
switch 321 This relay operates the switch 318 in Fig 36 c to energise
the gas tube 299 This, through wire h energises the primary coil 3025
which has the effect of adding 5 to the digit value sensed from the
track a in a similar manner to the effect of the primary coil 302 '.
In Fig 36 b, twenty teeth are provided as magnetic yokes, for instance
the teeth 1260/0, 1260/9, 1263/ O and 1264/' The increased number of
teeth would have been necessary in consequence of the intention to
arrange 20 denomination areas on the circumference of the signal
carrier By means of vernier-like arrangement between stator and rotor,
a finer or closer spacing of the digit value signals on the signal
carrier will be the result, notwithstanding the relatively large space
between the stator-coils of the crossing coil arrangement.
The division process is generally similar to that for multiplication
The dividend is recorded initially in track a and the divisor in track
c The track b is again used as an intermediate calculation track and
track d is used for recording the quotient The switch 55 is set to the
subtraction position so that the divisor value is subtracted from the
dividend value in track a The divisor and dividend are initially
recorded in the tracks a and c in such positions that the remainder
value will go negative within 9 cycles of subtraction.
The occurrence of a negative remainder is determined by whether or not
there is a negative carry in the last denomination position in track a
The occurrence of a negative remainder is used to generate a signal to
extinguish the tube 294 to prevent further subtraction taking place.
Each group of 9 cycles is followed by a 10th in which the switch 55 is
set to the adding position so that the divisor is now added once
786,021 A computing arrangement with cross-coils according to these
diagrams as multiplication elements will effect a multiplication
within one cycle, ten cycles not being needed as in multiplying by
repeated addition.
d TABULATION.
The grouping-process, especially the tabulation of the correct
denomination at the grouping by the ten's keyboard 54 is effected by
the sensing and recording heads 311, 312, 313 and 314 in co-operation
with the change over switches 319, the stepping relay 320, and the
keyboard 54.
When a key of the keyboard 54 is pressed down, the ignition of the
respective one of the discharge tubes 95 9 will be effected via
secondary windings of the coils 3051 "o At the same time the discharge
tube " O ":244 ' is effected By this, for instance at the taking off
of the digit-value " 3 ", a recording of the result of the addition
process " O + 3 = 3 " is effected via the discharge tube 234 and the
co-ordinated recording head 179 In the intermediate position of switch
245 as well as in the shown switch-position of the change-over switch
319, this computing signal, however, will not be effected by the
recording head 179 in track b, but by the uppermost of the recording
heads 246 of track c, switched-on by means of the stepping relay 312 X
Simultaneously the stepping relay will be switched further by a
current impulse e g in its winding 317 in the current circuit of its
keyboard 54 so that at the pressing down of the next digit for the
digit-value " 6 ", the sum " O + 6 = 6 " will be imparted to the next
of the recording heads of the track, that is to the signal head 3121 x
etc The digit " 6 " for instance will be recorded by the recording
head 312 v.
The order or the sequence of the further operation of the ciphers
takes place by the changing over of switch 319 from switchway
"keyboard " to switchway " working operation " By this change-over the
corresponding sensing head, for example the sensing head 31 Pl with
five taking off ciphers, is made active As for the denominations, this
sensing head has obtained the importance of the zeroposition, by its
position it defines the sector I.
The further operation occurs with little departure from what has
already been described.
For multiplication the separated input tracks c and d are provided in
Figs 36 a and 36 b for the two factors By this a universal utilisation
of the computing device is made possible Instead of the separated
tracks c and d a recording for instance can be provided in one track
In this case the denominations of both the factors are arranged
displaced against one another.
e DECIMAL POINT.
If a decimal point key is co-ordinated to a ten's keyboard, say in the
denomination which the stepping relay 320 will occupy at the actuation
of the key for the decimal point, the recording of a digit value
signal for this decimal point will be effected on the signal carrier
without a further switching of the stepping relay.
By this means the decimal point signal can be indicated in the
visibility device, if its image is provided between the images of the
digit rows in the optical layer 209 of the disc of Fig 32
Correspondingly transposed, the decimal point signal can effect the
writing down of the decimal point in the printing unit.
If the insertion of the decimal point is necessary in products
(corresponding to both its factors) a second stepping relay will be
suitably co-ordinated, which by actuation of the keys of the ten's
keyboard 54 is switched on, only when the decimal point key is already
pressed down Hereby, this stepping relay is set to the position
resulting from the sum of the key operations after the actuation of
the decimal point key, that is, resulting from the number of the
denominations of both factors following the decimal point From the
position of the stepping mechanism the recording of the decimal point
signal for the result is shunted in the storage.
The recording of the position of decimal points of quotients can be
effected by the same stepping relay If dividends and divisors are
manually or automatically adjusted to the same number of denominations
after the decimal point, the switching of the stepping mechanism is
released each time after ten revolutions by one denomination
backwards.
When the starting position is attained, the decimal point signal is
recorded for that sector determined by the distributor 322.
The lead wires of the round off switch are led over the stepping relay
which fixes the position of the decimal point, and therefore the
switch controls the rounding-off.
The visual result can again be effected by means of the visibility
disc and other means, known from the Figures 26, 32 and 33 By means of
a further winding of the transformer 254 and the switch the flash
impulse tube is co-ordinated to the discharge tube 234, so that it
receives immediately the stroboscopic signals, for the releasing of
the current necessary for making the result visible.
The printing of the result is effected by means of the discharge relay
set 244 _, which excites that winding of the adaptor of the printing
unit, which is co-ordinated to the respective digit The switching of
such adaptors is separately described in the section " printing unit "
The windings of the adaptor can be locally implicated into the set of
coils of a distributor, for instance of the distributor 85.
Instead of putting-in the digit value signals via track c and d, this
can be done by means of a full keyboard in accordance with Fig.
786,021 (imaginatively) track by track in the lateral direction The
stepwise moving is more advantageous than the continuous lateral
feeding of the carrier 418, as in this case pulses are arranged on a
spiral around the drums, cross 70 ing on the reverse movement from the
left side the lines recorded during the forward movement, whereas at
stepwise feeding of the slide in both directions, the same tracks can
be used for sensing, erasing and recording The 75 selecting in
different tracks is not only effected by the lateral movement of the
carrier, but also by an electric switching in parallel arranged within
sets of coils The carrier contains at the same time the sensing,
erasing and 80 recording heads, which can be combined to one single
head, by the arrangement of different windings The erasing at the
selective storage is preferably effected by means of high frequency
erasing, as in this way the erasing can 85 be effected easily at
definite spots by the transferring of the erasing high frequency only
at the desired spot, when the slot of the head is just opposite to the
field of the magnetic layer, in which the erasing has to be effected
The 90 switching of this erasing means is set forth in detail below,
see the description of Fig 29 c, relating to the sorting procedures
The different tracks or the different slides can be coordinated to
different computers (counters) 95 STORING BY MEANS OF TAPES.
Storing on tapes can be effected as well on optical as on magnetic
tapes The definite importance of the digit-value contained on such a
tape, can either be achieved in such a 100 way, that the pulses have a
definite position relatively to a hole or the like in the tape, or to
synchronizing marks on the tape itself.
These synchronizing marks can either be a control frequency supplying
the control fre 105 quency for the deflecting system of a cathoderay
distributor or they can also be zero pulses synchronizing the
discharge circuit of sawtoothed discharge circuits Finally they can
consist in the step and stop pulses, as they 110 are used for the
control of teletypers.
* In Fig 37 b there are two tapes shown, 419 and 420, these are
advanced step by step by the feeding mechanism which comprises the
cranks 421 and connecting rods 422 which 115 latter carry the cross
members 423 having upstanding feeders 424 Magnets 425 are arranged
below the cross members 423, and there are braking or arresting
members 426.
If the magnets 425 are energised the feeders 120 424 are pulled away
from the tape and the arresting members 426 are brought down on to the
tape, so that the reciprocating cross members do not affect the tape
If however the magnets 425 are not energised the cross 125members 423
are urged upwards (by springs 426) and at the same time the members
426 are retracted so that the tape is fed forward step by step by the
feeders 424 co-operating with feeding holes in the tape Signals sensed
130 If an automatic setting of the decimal point is intended, instead
of the decimal point key, decimal point ledges are provided which are
between the vertical key rows of the full keyboard and which are
turned to an operative position when the decimal point to be inserted
between any adjacent keys in the vertical rows Beginning with the last
denomination the stepping relay operates automatically step by step
until it is checked by the contact of the turned down decimal point
ledge Similarly, the relay can be employed in the manner above
described at the ten's keyboard.
By way of example Fig 36 h shows the local arrangement and
accommodation of sets of coils of a computing distributor, such as
described above in connection with the Figs 36 a and 36 b By means of
shaft 18 the motor 19 drives the rotors, e g the rotor 24, within the
sets of coils e g stator 23.
One of the special advantages of the electronic means of computing,
storing and so on consists in the possibility of selective storing in
combination with the computing-, printing-, indicating-devices and the
like These selective storages may contain either changeable pulses,
which can be sensed, erased and renewed or fixed pulse sequences,
containing charts and the like Both sorts of selective storages allow
the sensing of a selected position of the storage and the transfer of
these pulses to computing-, printing-, indicating devices and the like
in a fraction of a second.
The principles used for selecting, are mainly the same as those
already described as used for coding or converting signals.
A magnetic selective storage is shown in Fig 37 a It consists of the
magnetizable cylinder 409 with its shaft 410 arranged in bearings in
the supports 411 and 412 On shaft 410 also are toothed wheels 413-414
for driving the drum and a wheel 415 independently through clutches,
the drive originating in a motor 416.
Extending between the supports 411-412 are two guide rods 417 on which
slides a carrier 418 for signal heads (recording, sensing and erasing)
these being positioned so as to co-operate with the magnetizable layer
on the drum 409 The carrier is traversed to and fro to selected
positions by means of a cam or screw thread actuated by the said wheel
415 There may be more than one set of signal heads for each drum, and
these will be independently traversed to selected positions.
Signals stored on the drum may be stored in a longitudinal or in a
circumferential direction.
The storing of impulses in the lateral direction for the selective
storage accounts is effected simply by the lateral movement of the
carrier 418 If this movement is done stepwisely circular tracks are
achieved, lying 786,021 on the tape 419 in the sequence in which they
are recorded may be recorded on tape 420 in the same or another
sequence by means of a cross-switching board between the respective
sets of sensing devices 427-428, see for example my co-pending
Application No 37212/ 54 (Serial No 786,031) There may be any number
of tapes in association with each other so that sorting through any
number of cycles can be effected.
In Fig 37 c an optical selective storage means is schematically shown,
e g as may be used in the control and selecting of logarithm charts
and the like The same way of selective storing can be used in
connection with magnetic selective storages.
The control of the selecting of the different pulses is achieved by
means of the pulsemarkings in the concentric rings " a 00-90 " and "
0-9 " For the storing of impulses by optical means four decades can be
subdivided in the same way, if impulses at a size of ten are used on
micro-films, so that at ten concentric rings the pulses for five
columns can be stored With magnetic selective storing ten to hundred
subdivisions can be achieved at ten column-figures.
The control pulses for the " hundreds " are arranged in the ten tracks
(concentric rings) of portion " a 00-90," whereas the control impulses
for the " one's " are contained in the ten tracks of portion " b 0-9 "
Each of the portions " a " and "b" is controlled by a photocell,
connected with a discharge tube.
Only one of the ten concentric rings of the portions a and b can
become effective for the selective control on account of the slotted
blends "A" and " B," which can be laterally adjusted to one of the
concentric rings " 00 "/ 10 "/20 " etc These control markings are
contained within each of the sectors of the selective storage,
according to the number of columns required.
At each portion "a" and "b" a series of ten, hundred, etc
extinguishing pulses is arranged, by means of which the closing of the
pentode is effected According to the adjustment of the slotted blends
"A" and "B" only at one specific instant in each of the sectors both
pentodes will be excited at the same time, so that only one of the
pulses " c 0 to 9 " can become effective within each of the sectors
Instead of slotted blends the corresponding deflecting of a light-beam
can be used At this arrangement the digit-value pulses are provided in
concentric rings in portion " c " around the centre point.
b 2-ENTRY GATES CONTROLLED BY SELECTIVE SWITCHING.
If the digit values are introduced on separate switch ways according
to different switch positions, instead of the coils of a computing
distributor with 2 or more windings as result elements, there can be
provided coils which have such a number of windings as set tasks
corresponding to the digit value which is coordinated to the result
elements.
The working operation of the computing arrangement with result coils
according to Fig.
38 is evident from the following description 70
The result of a computing process is taken from the coils 352 '-, the
windings of which connect one contact, representing the digit value of
the first digit to be introduced, with a second contact, which
corresponds to the 75 digit value of the second digit to be
introduced.
Figure 38 shows that the connection of the contact group 326 of the
one digit value to the contacts 327 , which are co-ordinated to 80 the
other digit value, leads over a winding of coils 325 Both the contact
groups are coordinated to the digit value " O "; the result coil 325
likewise corresponds to the " O " as result of the addition task " O +
O = O " 85 Corresponding to the arithmetical task " 1 + 2 = 3 " the
connection of contact group 3261 to 3272 leads over the coil 325 ' The
connection of the contact group 3266 to 3274 leads over a winding of
coil 325 and over a winding 90 of coil 328 which, being excited,
effects the digit value carry over into the next sector.
The contact groups 326 9 and 327 9 may either be metallic contacts or
electronic contacts, or some may be metallic contacts, and 95 other
electronic contacts.
The results derived from the coils 325 (or alternatively resistances,
contact series etc) are recorded on the signal carrier In this
computing device, others of the above mentioned 100 storage devices
can be employed for the derivation of the result, for instance a
glow-storage in which for every denomination 10 discharge tubes are
co-ordinated one of which is ignited at each operation The recording
on the signal 105 carrier of the stored result occurs either by
voltage drop at a resistor, which is arranged as a result-element in
the main discharge circuit or the potential difference which is
taken-off at a probe at an anode opposite for 110 instance to the
cathode.
Another modification provides relay contacts in form of printing unit,
contacts where they are used for the recording of the result as later
described 115 Other computing operations may be performed according to
the same process; for instance in computing bodies for multiplication,
the connections of contacts representing two factors, are led over the
windings of the 120 result coil.
COMPUTING BY MEANS OF COMBINATIONS OF CURRENT, VOLTAGE, TIME OR THE
LIKE.
Further modifications are obtained by transforming digit values into
units of measurement, 125 especially according to current, voltage,
charge, time and the like These units of measurement can be
transformed ad lib into other units, processed together, and from the
said units of measurement can be obtained digit 130 786,021 Fig 40
shows the principle of computing by using a condenser as result
element The signal head 333 senses digit-value signals on the
magnetizable tape 404 After being amplified by amplifier 41 the
signals ignite the dis 70 charge tube 337 and, by means of the voltage
drop at the resistor 340, " open " pentode 330 and capacitor 331 is
charged.
The limiting value signal sensed by sensing head 356 and amplified by
amplifier 401 75 ignites the gas discharge tube 373 The voltage drop
at the resistance 339 biasses the pentode 330 and closes it, thus
terminating the charging of condenser 331 The voltage of said
condenser therefore is in accordance with the time 80 difference
between sensing the signals.
In similar manner a second digit-value signal will effect the charging
and a second limit value signal will terminate it, thus introducing a
second digit value The voltage of 85 the capacitor is now in
accordance with the sum of the two digit values introduced by their
digit value signals.
The loading of the capacitor need not be effected by one single
switching process in 90 opening the pentode, but the capacitor can be
loaded by a plurality of switchings-on of the pentode It is only
necessary, that small timeperiods remain between the each opening of
the pentode, so that the capacitor will not be 95 discharged
irregularly via irregular ohmicresistance or the like in a disturbing
degree If for instance a pentode is opened within the first switching
process for four time period units according to the digit value " 4,"
and 100 in the second switching process for five time period units
according to the digit value " 5," the capacitor receives a voltage
which is (equal to nine) timing value units which is equal to the sum
of the digit values If within the first 105 switching process the "
opening " of the pentode has lasted for 9 time period units according
to the digit value 9 and in the second switching process period 5
timing units according to the digit value " 5," the capacitor 110
receives in this case a voltage corresponding to the digit value " 14
" A modified arrangement for charging the condenser makes use of the
time intervals of the " 0 " signal and the digit value signal, the 115
first opening the pentode and the latter closing it.
When sensing the digit value from say the disc 7 as a record means the
" O " signal and the limiting signal can be sened from track N 120 of
such signal carrier By changing the " O signal and the limiting value
signal complementary quantities of electricity are obtained, by means
of which subtraction is effected.
DERIVATION OF THE RESULT BY FURTHER 125 CHARGING.
Computing by means of capacitive elements can be effected according to
Fig 40, by providing a condenser in the computing device, and which
condenser is charged by a pentode 130 value signals or digit values
The transformation and processing of the units of measurement is
effected by result means.
TRANSFORMATION OF DIGIT VALUES INTO VOLTAGE, CURRENT AND TIME UNITS
AND THE LIKE WHICH ARE INTERCHANGEABLE.
a The transformation of digit values into voltage, current and time
units for processing by result elements is shown with reference to Fig
39 For instance, for the transformation of digit values into voltage,
a pentode can be rendered conducting for a certain length of time, and
by means of the biassing of the grid a current co-ordinated to digit
values can be obtained Fig 39 shows clearly the input of digit values
by taking-off defined voltages, which effect a corresponding current
flow through the pentode.
The digit-values are transformed into voltages by means of the
keyboard 54 and the resistor 329 On closing of a digit-value switch
540-9 the pole of the said switch is connected to its tapping of the
resistor 329 The common pole of all the switches is led to the grid of
pentode 330, the cathode of which is connected to the positive end of
the resistor 329.
By this means the voltage between cathode and grid of pentode 330 is
in accordance with the tapped resistance and the digit-value tapped in
at the keyboard.
The said voltage controls the plate current of the tube 330, e g a
current of one unit on the actuating of key " 1," and a current of
nine units on actuating the key " 9 " The transformation of
digit-values into voltages, currents and resistances is obtained by
using the Ohm's law relation between voltage, current and resistance
The pentode acts as a resistor, the resistance of which is controlled
by digit-values.
Fig 39 also shows the transformation of current into voltages, as the
condenser 331 when charged for a defined period of time has a voltage
which is in accordance with the charging current corresponding to the
digit value.
The computing signal is represented by its time position, which will
be the time difference between actuating the digit value switch and
the ignition of the gas discharge tube 343, the latter being connected
in parallel with the condenser 331, and having a striking voltage
defined by constant biassing If the condenser 331 exceeds this
striking voltage, the discharge tube ignites and its plate voltage
breaks down to its arc voltage The discharge current passing to the
recording head 334 effects the recording, or otherwise controls,
electronic switches, or the like, which record signals or sequences of
signals, a frequency modulation or the like on the signal carrier.
Thus, the unit of measurement "time " is derived by a gas triode,
indicating by its ignition when the condenser has been charged to a
predetermined voltage.
786,021 controlled by the computing signals or by similar suitable
switch means with a quantity of electricity corresponding to the digit
value, so that in the condenser is caused a voltage which represents
the sum of the digit values.
The switching of the computing arrangement is shown in Fig 41 The
computing signals are sensed from track a by means of the sensing head
333, and are led to the grid of pentode 335 The amplified voltage
surge is led via the transformer 336 to the ignition electrode of gas
discharge tube 337 The voltage drop of the resistor 340 in the main
discharge circuit of tube 337 provides the screen grid potential of
the pentodes 341 and 342.
By the ignition of the gas discharge tube 337 both the pentodes are
opened, and they charge the co-ordinated condensers 331 and 332 with
constant current.
The charging is terminated when an extinguishing impulse, induced in
coil 338 at a defined time, effects the extinction of tube 337.
By a charging process of the same kind the second term of the sum
(summand) is introduced into the computing device and effects
therewith a corresponding further charging of the condensers 311 and
332.
By the supply of further charging units, the gas discharge tubes 343
and 344, which are connected in parallel to the condensers 331 and 332
are ignited The striking voltage of these gas discharge tubes is so
chosen that the gas discharge tube 343 ignites where ten charging
units are led to the co-ordinated condenser 331 The discharge tube
344, however, has a higher striking voltage, and ignites after the
supply of 20 charging units Through transformer 345 the recording of
the result signal is effected by means of the recording head 334 when
at the further charging of both the condensers after the introduction
of the second term of the sum (summand), one of the discharge tubes
ignites.
In the computing arrangement shown in Fig.
41 further charging by 10 charge units is provided The gas discharge
tube 343 ignites on receipt of 10 charge units and the other 344 on
receipt of 20 charge units The carry over pre-mark signal is forwarded
dependent on the ignition of the discharge tube 344 which has the
higher striking voltage, and simultaneously effecting the diminishing.
In a modified form, the ignition of the gas discharge tube 343 before
the termination of the receipt of the charge corresponding to a second
digit value to be operated, can serve as a signal for the necessary
fonvarding of a digit value carry over The grid of discharge tube 343
has such a striking voltage that there is an ignition whenever the
potential of the condenser corresponds to the quantity of 10 charging
units for each digit unit.
Means for the transfer of the digit value carry over from the
preceding denomination is not represented in Fig 40 The carry-over
premark signal is suitably recorded in an area of the record means
which is co-ordinated to the next denomination area of the computing
signal carrier; or a "blind storage" may be employed On ascertaining
the digit value sum 70 of the next denomination, this carry-over is
taken care of for instance by increasing the charge of the condensers
331, 332 of Fig 41 by one digit value, or this is done by increasing
the striking voltage of the discharge tubes 75 343, 344 or of
corresponding tubes, or by providing other means which effect the
recording of the resulting digit value increased by the digit value
carry-over.
For the performance of the subtraction 80 either complementary
digit-value is introduced by making a corresponding contact or the
like, or systematically the digit value as well as its value
complementary to " 9 " are recorded at the same time on separate areas
on the com 85 puting signal carrier, so that in addition tasks -the
direct digit value, and in subtraction tasks-the complementary digit
value, is taken from the computing signal carrier.
Moreover, signals are obtained which are 90 complementary to each
other for the working up in a computing arrangement, i e not by taking
the " time-space " " 0 " up to the computing signal, but by taking the
" time-space " from the computing signal to the signal " 9 " 95
limiting signal as starting-point for the operation of the
complementary digit.
The number of the computing cycles which have been executed
respectively have become active (cycle counting) at the multiplication
100 tasks and at the division tasks can be obtained by the
ascertainment of the charge of the condenser which is supplied with
one charge unit at each computing cycle.
DERIVING OF RESULTS FROM THE DEFLEC 105 TION OF A CATHODE RAY.
A result element, for example an electronic converter, for
transforming result-voltages into signals representing digit values by
their timing instant and the like is shown in Fig 42 The 110 voltage
of a condenser, e g condenser 331 of Fig 40, is supplied to a pair of
deflection plates vertically deflecting the cathode ray of a cathode
ray tube, while the other pair of deflection plates is connected to a
time base 115 generator Therefore the cathode ray is vertically
deflected to a level of the screen 378 according to the voltage of
said condenser.
The cathode ray is displaced horizontally by the time base generator
120 As the cathode ray passes or sweeps over the layer 380 connected
with the grid of the discharge tube 402, it ignites the tube, thus
recording a " 0 " signal or a start signal by means of recording head
397 on the tape 406, 125 the latter being either a single tape with
two tracks or consisting of tape 406 and 405 having a single track.
On further movement of the cathode ray, it passes over the stepped
layers 382 or 381 and 130 786,021 786,021 51 at that timing instant,
it ignites the discharge tube 403 by means of either direct connection
or by secondary emission, and, when passing over the layer 383, it
will also ignite the discharge tube 52.
The ignition of tube 403 will effect the recording on tape 404 of a
digit value signal by means of recording head 334 at the timing
instant when the cathode ray passes over the layer 381 or 382 The time
difference between the " start " signal and the digit value signal
depends on the level of the cathode ray and the voltage of its
controlling condenser, effecting simultaneously the diminishing of
sums exceeding the limiting value.
The ignition of tube 52 effects the forwarding of a carry over into
the next denomination if the result exceeds the limiting value.
Any signals or sequences of signals can be obtained and/or recorded by
such electronic converter in the same manner as with the optically
sensed storage means according to Fig 37 c.
A computing arrangement may include a condenser, charged with
quantities of electricity corresponding to the digit values.
Deviating from the arrangement of Fig 4042 result signals in this case
are derived from the electrical charge of a condenser such as 331 (Fig
40) representing the sum of the digit values, and, parallel to this
condenser would be the deflecting plates of a tenfold graduated
electron switch which, according to the intensity of the voltage of
the condenser would effect by means of its cathode ray a secondary
emission at the respective switch segment to ignite the co-ordinated
one of a number of discharge relays or the like.
Fig 41 shows the mode of operation of the switching The ignition of
the gas discharge tube 337 is effected by a surge of the " 0 " signal
induced in the winding of signal head 338 By the ignition of the
discharge tube, the charge pentode 330 receives its screen grid
voltage as voltage drop at the resistor 340 of the main discharge
circuit of the discharge tube, and charges the condenser 331 by means
of its plate current The voltage supply is stabilised by a
stabilisator of known type delivering two stabilised voltages.
A computing signal from track a of the computing signal carrier sensed
by signal head 333 and amplified in pentode 335 effects via the
transformer 351, the extinction of the gas discharge tube 337.
The introduction of the charging quantity, corresponding to the second
digit-value is effected in a similar manner.
The condenser 331 is connected with the plates 346 so that its voltage
effects a corresponding bending of the cathode ray 348 Such bending
control which of the switch segments 349 -9 is selected by the cathode
ray The ignition electrodes of the gas discharge tubes 350 -, from
which the result is derived, are connected with the co-ordinated
switch segments At the moment of sensing the digitvalue signal, a
further secondary winding of the transformer 351 connected to the
emission grid of the cathode ray tube 347 will intensify 70 the
cathode ray and thereby ignite that tube of the discharge tubes 95 9
corresponding to the charge of the condenser 331.
One or several electron switches are suitably co-ordinated with the
transmission means Two 75 synchronizing frequencies, taken from the
record means or other source and shifted by 90 relatively one to
another, effect a circular bending of a cathode ray By employing such
an electron switch 352 of Fig 43 as receiver, 80 a positive impulse is
led to the grid of the cathode ray tube when the cathode ray is on
that one of the segments 354,n, which is coordinated to the signal, so
that by the secondary emission current a co-ordinated discharge 85
tube is ignited.
By employing such an electron switch 352 as signal generator the
emission grid of the cathode ray tube is biassed equally and the
switching on or interrupting of the secondary 90 emission current is
effected by means of the switches 1900, co-ordinated to the segments
345 f n By the synchronously moving electronic ray the signal making
is given at the right moment 95 Fig 45 shows a cathode ray tube with
12 switch segments, which can suitably be used as an electronic switch
Fig 43 shows such an electronic switch as receiver From the computing
signal carrier is taken a synchronizing 100 frequency which is
amplified via the amplifier 357, and at the same time this amplifier
delivers a second deflecting voltage, which is shifted by 90
relatively to the initial voltage.
Both the deflecting voltages are led to the 105 pairs of deflecting
plates of the electron switch 352, 358, 359 and effect the circular
bending of the cathode ray The computing signals which are sensed from
the computing signal carrier are led, via the amplifier 41 to the 110
emission grid 360, and control the intensity of the cathode ray The
cathode ray passes along the switch segments 354,-no and, being
intensified by a sensed computing signal, effects the ignition of the
co-ordinated elec 115 tronic-relays which are not represented in the
Figure, but the connections thereto are shown and marked 353-u.
Fig 44 shows the utilisation of a similarly constructed electron
switch 352 as signal 120 generator The electronic ray is bent
circularly in the same way by the pairs of deflecting plates 358, 359
and passes along the switch segments 355 "n With the switch segments
are co-ordinated switches 54 ', which control 125 the effectiveness of
the switch segments If the electronic-ray impinges on a switch segment
which is rendered active by its coordinated switch, a voltage drop is
effected by the flowing secondary emission current at 130 786,021
resistor 361 The voltage drop is led to the grid of pentode 371, in
the anode circuit of which is situated the recording head 366 which
records the computing signals on the computing signal carrier.
COMPUTING WITH THE USE OF AN ELECTROSTATIC COMPUTING RECORD MEANS.
Further modifications may be obtained whenl, instead of the
magnetizable computing signal carrier, an electronic record means is
employed which consists of a storage screen, on which controlled
cathode rays are directed.
Cathode ray storage tubes are known, for example in television for
converting from one line frequency to another On this storage screen
computing signals are recorded, resensed again, and extinguished by
locally differentiated charging of the storage as in the said known
tubes Fig 46 shows the computing arrangement of a calculator according
to Fig 42 in combination with an electrostatically effective computing
signal carrier.
In this example, the condenser 331 of which the charge represents the
sum of the digit values as was the case with condenser 331 in Figs 41
and 44 a, is connected in parallel to the deflection plates 385 of the
electronic converter 374, and effects a corresponding bending of the
cathode ray of the said converter The secondary emission screen 378 of
the converter is so constructed that at the respective levels at which
the cathode ray may impinge, are spaces, at varying distances from the
edge of the screen corresponding to the various digit values and at
each such space is a spot for generating signals, which effect, for
instance by means of a secondary emission, computing signals for the
respective digit values, when the cathode ray, deflected horizontally
by a time base voltage generator, passes.
Moreover, the " electronic converter " 374 shows a screen 379, which
contains spots at the said respective levels at which the cathode ray
impinges, and by which signals co-ordinated to numerals or letters may
be generated In the example shown, the emission layer spots effect at
the passing of the cathode ray a secondary emission, according to the
time base voltage f, for the delivery of signal sequences for a dot
and line printing means or for indicating on a cathode ray tube
according to Fig.
33 c, or for reproduction by typeprinters.
Together with electrostatic storage tube 375 the " electronic
converter " 374 suitably acts in the way that both the devices are
controlled by the same deflecting generator 387, and that on the
computing signal carrier 377 computing signals for the sums of the
digit values, which are represented in condenser 331, are recorded.
The computing signals are sensed frem the converter screen spots
381-382 and after amplification via pentode 389, the left switch
position of switch 391, and a coupling capacitor of the control grid
of the left deflection system 375, are recorded by means of
analteration of the intensity of the cathode ray effecting
correspondingly different charges at different spots of the screen 377
They also serve for the controlling of the gas discharge tube 337 or
the like, for the screen grid of the 70 charge pentode 330 or the like
Instead of opening and closing the pentode by one discharge tube this
may be done by two separate discharge tubes 41.
On the emission screen 378 there may be 75 provided in the same way
emission spots within the rows which are co-ordinated to the digit
values, which effects the derivation of the complementary computing
signals.
The emission spots 381 or 382 of the screen 80 378 are so arranged
that the spots for digit values within the limiting value, as well as
for those which exceed the limiting value, are so arranged that only
the digit value of the last denomination of the result, diminished by
85 the diminishing value becomes effective, and a carry-over signal is
delivered To one side of the screen 378, along which the cathode ray
passes, emission layer 383 is provided effective at deflecting
voltages corresponding to 90 digit values exceeding the limiting value
The passing of the cathode ray over this emission layer 383 releases a
carry-over pre-mark signal.
The mode of operation of the arrangement 95 according to Fig 46 is as
follows: -By means of the cathode ray of the storage-tube 375, the
computing signals of the computing signal carrier 377 are sensed by a
cathode ray of constant intensity in known manner, by the 100 right
deflecting system of storage tube 375, whereby the secondary emissions
of electrons are correspondingly varied in intensity and signals are
delivered in dependence on the stored signals of the screen,
influencing the 105 control grid of the amplifier pentode
correspondingly The amplified signals are taken from the anode of this
tube 390, and effect the ignition of gas discharge tube 337 When the
gas discharge tube 337 is ignited, pentode 110 330 is " opened " and
charges condenser 331.
The extinguishing of the gas discharge tube 337, and by it the
termination of the charging of the condenser 331, is effected by a
signal, taken from the emission layer 380 in the zero 115 position,
via the amplifier pentode 388.
The regeneration of the charge image of storage plate 377 when no
other value is introduced is effected by the sensing of the plate,
amplification of the signals by pentode 390, 120 opening of pentode
330 by the discharge tube 337 for a corresponding period in dependence
on the sensing of the signal spots 381/382 of the converter, which is
a part of the computing arrangement, and recording of a respective 125
digit value signal via pentode 389 and the control grid of the left
deflecting system of storage tube 375 On computing, the second digit
value is introduced to said capacitor 331 in the same way and after
the formation of the 130 786,021 heads within the stator In Figs 14-16
a pointer is arranged at the inner edge of the stator indicating the
coils of an inductive switch similar to that shown in Fig 17 d-f.
At the passing of the radial line defining the 70 edge of each sector
and representing, for example, the jack 80 of Figs 17 d and 17 e, a
voltage surge is induced within each sector which extinguishes the
discharge tube 52 The input of the computing arrangement is shown 75
in the Figures of the drawings by means of a full keyboard or a ten's
keyboard 54 Alternatively, magnetic tapes, punched tapes, punched
cards, optical storages and the like can be used as input means The
control of the functions 80 can be effected by actuating the function
keys e.g " A," " S," cc M,'' "' D " and " PRINT," or these functions
may be controlled by magnetizable or punched tapes, discs and the like
or by means of switch positions of mechanical, 85 electromechanical or
electronic storage means, e.g relays.
Instead of contact distributors 132, 135 such as are shown in Fig 24
a, inductive distributors may be provided similar to those shown in 90
Fig 26 The cycle counter and the comparison device can also be
modified as shown in Fig.
24 b The cycle control may be effected by the coupling of a traversing
magnetic head to the signals of a signal carrier In the modification
95 according to Fig 24 b, the digit values are recorded in different
tracks arranged side-byside on the signal carrier 163, forming part of
the magnetizable disc 7 or connected to it.
At each rotation of the signal carrier, sensing ICC head 164 is
traversed in one direction, e g to the left On sensing the signal in
the track corresponding to the digit value the signal is sensed,
amplified by amplifier 165 and switches over relay 139 or a similar
electronic relay to 105 make the computing arrangement ineffective.
A further modification will include 10 times 13 sectors at the
circumference of the signal carrier for processing 10 cycles in one
rotation.
The computing signals controlling the effec 110 tiveness of the cycles
are so arranged at the circumference of the signal carrier that the
digit value signal for interrupting the effectiveness of the
processing is recorded at a position corresponding to the beginning of
the cycle 115 A further modification provides a gearing having a ratio
1: 10 or 1: 100 between signal carrier 7 for the multiplicand and
signal carrier 163 for the multiplicator By this means the digit
values can be recorded in one track of 120 the carrier 163 Division is
effected in similar manner A modification for mechanically traversing
signal heads includes a plurality of such heads, whereby mechanical or
electronic switches are provided for selecting the signal 125 heads
and switching them to co-ordinated amplifiers or the like (Fig 37).
By the use of the storage or record means computations with
logarithms, nomograms and other mathematical functions or constants
can 130 sum occurs, the recording of the result value takes place in
the same way as described for the result of the first digit value plus
0.
The input to this computor may be effected by different input means,
preferably electronic switches or tapes as shown for example in Fig.
The cathode ray of the electronic converter 374 is deflected over the
converter screen 378 by the sawtooth generator f at the level
according to the voltage of condenser 331 The signal resulting from
the passing of the cathode ray along the secondary emission spots 381
or 382, is led to the grid of tube 389 After being amplified the
signal effects a controlling of the cathode ray of the storage tube
375, and thereby the recording on the computing signal carrier 377 The
output of the computing signals, as well as of the printing signal
sequences amplified in the same way by pentode 389 occurs after the
changing over of change-over switch 391 to switchway 392 via the
electron switch 376.
The introduction of new values can be effected by digit value switches
54, preferably electronic switches, after changing over the
change-over switch 395 to switchway 396, and the partial voltages,
selected by the digit value switches, are led to the pair of
deflecting plates 385 of the electronic converter and effect a
corresponding bending of the electronic ray.
When switching over the switch in the control grid circuit of pentode
389 from switching position 393 to 394, the code signals on screen 379
for instance for the control of dot and line printers will be sensed
in the same way as is described above for the digit value signals on
the screen 378, and will be transferred either to the storage screen
of the storage tube 375 or via the electronic distributor 376 to the
control elements of output means.
In order to make the representation comprehensible, further
particularities such as devices for the performance of subtraction,
multiplication and division, devices for the rounding off, for decimal
point placing and the like, as well as for the performance of the
computing programme are omitted Such devices have been described in
connection with former computing devices and can be transferred to
this computing device without essential modifications.
MISCELLANEOUS MODIFICATIONS.
The arrangement of signal heads can be modified to give the required
results, for instance the erasing head 61 is shown as controllable in
position I a 25, while in Figs 5, 13, 14-16 such erasing head 61 is
positioned in II a 19.
The extinction of discharge tube 52 after having performed the ten's
carry-over is effected by means of a further signal head sensing the
permanent " 0 " signal In similar manner, any other control signals
can be effective in the timing position of those sensing 786,021 be
effected, the signals representing those operands being selected from
the storage, computed by addition, subtraction, multiplication or
division, and either returned to the storage or released for further
use as computation or control signals, and there may be selecting
means whereby the result signals from such functional computations are
converted again into direct numerical quantities.
Transfer or transmission means or carryover means will be arranged for
the positioning of commas, decimal points and the like, and the
computation processes may be adapted for different treatments of
various parts of a function, for example the characteristic and the
mantissa of a logarithm.
Signals sensed from a storage may be used as a base to control
succeeding computation processes and may be combined with
halfcarry-overs or off-roundings, and the indication of commas.
The calculator may include means for the varying of the speed of
computation, for example the shortening of multiplication processes,
and there may be means for supervising, checking, comparing and
controlling the operations of the machine, for example by a repeated
computation with comparison of the results, and by the use of bridge
switchings, compensation windings and the like.
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* GB786022 (A)
Description: GB786022 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements relating to the printing of characters
Description of GB786022 (A)
AMENDED SPECIFICATION
Reprinted as amended in accordance with the Decision of the
Superintending Examiner acting for the Comptroller-General, dated the
twentyninth day of July, 1960, under Section 14, of the Patents Act,
1949.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
DRAWING ATTACHED Date of Application c sN r No 37201/54.
Application made in (Divided out of No.
Complete Specificatl Index at acceptance: -Class 100 ( 4), C 27 L.
7869022 and filing Complete Specification: June 23, 1950.
Germany on Oct 1, 1948.
786,021).
on Published: Nov 13, 1957.
International Classification:t-B 41 j.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements relating to the Printing of 'Characters I, GERHARD DIRKS,
of Moerfelder Landstrasse 44, Frankfurt on Main, Germany, of German
Nationality, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a
patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to the printing of characters in rows and is
concerned with the dot-printing or line-printing of characters whereby
any character, whether a numeral or a letter of an alphabet or a
mathematical sign or other character can be built up from a small
number of common parts, thus dispensing with the necessity of having
separate printing elements for each character to be represented.
The invention comprises a selective printing device in which there is
a relative movement to effect contact between the paper or other
material being printed (hereinafter referred to as paper) and a
printing means, the device comprising means for effecting a relative
feeding movement between the printing means and the paper, printing
means in the form of a side-by-side assembly of printing elements
arranged transversely across the direction of said feeding movement
and each having a printing face capable of printing a continuous or an
intermittent impression so as to produce dots and/or lines in the
respective one of a corresponding number of different rows parallel to
the direction of said feeding movement, means for shaping characters
by selective application of said printing faces to the paper during
said feeding movement to effect the printing of dots and lines in
positions forming the desired characters, the printing faces being
lPrice 57 ' spaced apart in the direction of the feeding movement by
distances at least equal to the desired spacing between successive
character columns or denominations to enable printing of different
portions of characters in a number of columns or denominations
simultaneously.
The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawing, wherein the
single figure is a diagrammatic representation of a means for printing
a row of characters regardless of the number or the nature of the
characters to be represented.
Referring to the drawing there is a paper or like sheet 1 which is to
bear the printed impression and this is caused to pass in the
direction of the arrow 2, below a series of printing levers 3, each of
which has on the under side a printing element 4 in the shape of a
rectangular projection The elements 4 are arranged at different levels
with respect to the height of the characters, that is to say, on the
left hand element 3 the printing member 4 is in the highest position
to print in a top row the top parts of the various characters In the
next element 3 to the right the printing member 4 is at a lower
position to print parts of the characters in a lower or second row,
the characters being regarded as built up of seven horizontal rows of
markings.
There will be seven levers 3 in all, corresponding to the seven rows
of markings, and the extreme righthand lever 3 (not shown in the
drawing) will have its printing element 4 at the lowermost position
for printing in the bottom row the lowermost parts of the characters.
In operation as the paper sheet 1 is traversed below the levers 3 (or
the levers are moved over the paper) those levers are depressed
selectively under the control for example of signals in a magnetic
record means, so that the printing elements 4 may be brought into
contact with a printing ribbon and against the paper to print
selective parts of the characters As already stated the various
characters may be considered as made up of marks in seven horizontal
lines As the paper and printl C ing levers 3 move relatively to each
other, the extreme right hand lever (not shown in the drawing) would
first print in the bottom line in the character and the next printing
lever to the left would then print in the next higher horizontal line
in the character and so on, and as the paper continues its passage
under the various levers each lever would print in all the
denominations (i e in all the characters) those parts of the
characters which lie in the respective horizontal lines For example
the extreme left hand lever 3 would print all those parts of all the
characters which lie in the topmost horizontal row.
As the paper proceeds on its passage below the various levers the
levers are moved selectively under the control e g of signals in the
magnetic storage, so that they all take part in the printing of all
the characters One passage of the paper below all seven levers results
in the printing of all the characters concerned The printing elements
4 are spaced from each other at distances equal to the spacing of the
several columns or denominations so that at any one time each lever is
operating in a different denomination, the levers towards the left
completing the formation of characters which were begun by levers
towards the right.
The characters in the various denominations will all be built up at
the same time, the printing levers being selected to the printing
position under suitable control such as by signals in a magnetic
storage means A magnetic storage means suitable for this purpose and
sensing means therefor, are set forth in detail in my co-pending
applications Nos 37214/54 and 37215/54 filed 23rd December, 1954.
(Serial Nos 786,033 and 786,034).
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* GB786023 (A)
Description: GB786023 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements relating to the printing of information received from a record
means such as a magnetic storage, cathode ray screen or the like
Description of GB786023 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
786 023 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June
23, 1950.
7} j g I M No37202/54.
&,<At Y Application made in Germany on Oct 1, 1948.
(Divided out of No 786,021).
Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 100 ( 4), C( 20 82 K 1: 20 'Y 4: 27 G 2);
and 106 ( 1), C( 1 D: 2 G: 6).
International Classification:-B 41 j G 06 f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements relating to the Printing of Information Received from a
Record means such as a Magnetic Storage, Cathode Ray Screen or the
like We, GERH&RD DIRKS, of Moerfelder Landstrasse 44, Frankfurt on
Main, Germany, of German Nationality do hereby declare the invention,
for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method
by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement: -
This invention relates to the recording of stored information The
information may be recorded by a multi-column printing mechanism as
printed characters Such a mechanism has a plurality of similar
printing elements, eadh element having a printing face for each of the
characters which it may be required to print The printing elemnents
are operated in synchronism and on a cyclic basis.
The printing face of any element which is to be printed from in each
cycle is determined by the stage in the printing cycle at which an
electrical impulse is received by a control element associated with
that printing element.
Such printing mechanisms are hereinafter referred to as "printing
mechanisms of the type described" Such printing mechanisms are well
known For example, they are employed in various machines for printing
information derived from punched record cards.
Alternatively, the information may be recorded by a multi-column
punching mechanism, Such mechanisms are well known and one form is
described in British Patent Specification No 442,534 The mechanism,
operates cyclically and the character recorded by a punch element is
determined by the stage in the cycle at which an electrical impulse is
received by a control element associated with that punch element in a
manner comparable to that in which the printing mechanism operates
Such a punching mechanism will be referred to hereinafter as
'Apunching mechanism of the type described".
It is an object of the invention to provide for the recording of
information which is stored on a cyclically sensed storage means such
as a magnetic drum or' disc, or a cathode ray tube screen.
It is a further object of the invention to record the information by a
printing mechanism having a plurality of printing elements, each
adapted to print characters in one of a plurality of side-by-side
columns.
It is another object of the invention to record the information by a
punching mechanism having a plurality of punching elements, each
adapted to punch in a column of a record member, for example a record
card.
The invention comprises a system for recording, with a' cyclic
printing mechanism of the type described, information stored on a
cyclically sensed storage device, with a plurality of signal storage
areas each of which comprises a number of digit areas, each for a
particular digit, and in which, at each stage of the recording cycle,
groups of storage areas are sensed in turn and signals are derived
from those and only those digit areas in each group of storage areas
containing signals corresponding to characters appropriate to that
stage, the signals so derived being fed to distributing means which
discriminate between signals derived from the different groups of
storage areas and the distributing means being connected to the
control elements of the printing or pun 1 ching mechanism so as to
associate particular printing or punching elements with particular
groups of storage areas such that a signal so derived from any group
of storage areas is caused to operate the control element of the
printing or punching element associated with that group of storage
areas.
An example of the invention is illustrated in the accompanying
drawing, wherein:Fig 1 indicates diagrammatically one form of printing
mechanism; and Fig 2 is an electrical diagram showing how signals from
a magnetic storage means are converted into actuating pulses for the
said printing mechanism.
Referring first to Fig 1, there is shown a part of a
multi-denomination or multi-column typewriter, which is an example of
a printing mechanism of the type described, and which includes a paper
roll 1 over which passes the paper 2 and including a printing ribbon
3, and a type bar frame movable vertically in guides (not shown), such
frame comprising or carrying the sixteen vertical type character bars
or printing elements 41 416 for printing in sixteen denominations Each
of these vertical members carries a plurality of type characters 0-9
as shown, e g at 5 Although in the arrangement shown the printing of
digits 0-9 is described, the same apparatus could be used for the
printing of other information, in which case the vertical members 4
would carry the corresponding characters, such as the letters of an
alphabet or other symbols The necessary modifications to this
embodiment of rmy invention to enable it to be used for alphabetical
printing will be apparent to those familiar with the operation of such
alphabetical printing, mechanisms.
Each of the vertically movable members 4 is formed on the rear face 6
with a number of ratchet teeth 7 and opposite each such member 4 is a
pivoted lever 8, the upper part of which projects forwardly as a pawl
to co-operate with the corresponding ratchet teeth in the adjacent
vertically movable member 4 The lower ends of these levers 8 comprise
the armatures of relays 9 shown side-by-side and of which there are 16
only, one for each of the 16 vertically movable members, that is, one
for each column or denomination Also there are 16 hammers 10,
pivotally mounted on an axis 11 one behind each of the vertically
movable members 4, and for use as described below.
Below each of the vertically movable members 4 is a spring 12 which
springs tend to urge those members upwardly The frame 13 is
reciprocated cyclically by a suitable driving means (not shown) and
the springs 12 tend to cause the type bars to rise with the frame.
Also, the rising and falling frame 13 carries a character selector
switch having a series of contacts 14 which pass successively under a
further contact member 15, there being as many contacts 14 as there
are printing faces on a type bar The arrangement of the printer is
such, that as the said frame 13 rises and falls, the extent to which
the individual type bars 4 are raised is determined by the stage at
which each related relay 9 is energised, during the rising of the
frame 13 to cause the associated lever 8 to engage the type bar, so
that, in the result, any, character onl any type bar 4 can be arranged
opposite the printing ribbon 3 and, by means of the hamtuers 10,
caused to print on the paper.
The general idea of this invention is to allow of the control of for
example a printing device operating in parallel by signals in a
magnetic record in such a way that relays for the opera 70 tion of the
printing device are required one in each denomination or column only
For this purpose there is provided a character selector (e.g a digit
value selector) operative for all columns in combination with a column
dis 75 tributor so that at each stage of the printing cycle, the
control elements of the printing device are operated only in those
columns for which there is the corresponding character signal stored
in the magnetic record In the simple 80 embodiment described, the
character selector makes use of the device 14, 15 which is a normal
part of such printing devices The relays 9, each of which forms a
control element for each type bar, i e for each column, are also a 85
normal part of such devices.
The type bars of the printing device move stepwisely character by
character, and for each step of such movement the character selector
makes the relays operative in those columns 90 in which the
corresponding character is stored in the record means, so as to retain
the type bars of such columns in that position ready for printing, but
printing is not effective until the character selector has moved
through all 95 its possible steps of movement and the type bars for
all columns have been brought to printing position Thereupon, printing
is effected in all columns simultaneously by the -hammers 10 100 The
information storage means is adapted for a cyclic sensing, the example
illustrated being a magnetic disc, and there is a complete cycle of
sensing of the information storage means for each position of the
character 105 selector During the first cycle of sensing the type bars
have the first character in printing position and the character
selector operates relays in those columns in which a signal for that
first character is present in the information 110 storage means to
hold the corresponding type bars against further stepwise movement.
During the next cycle of sensing the second character is in printing
position in those columns in which the type bars are not held, 115 and
the character selector operates the relays in those columns in which a
signal for such second character is present in the record means, and
so on.
Referring now to Fig 2, there are shown 120 two tracks of the magnetic
record means.
These tracks are marked a and N the former containing signals
representing the numerals to be printed The track N has magnetically
recorded pulses such as 17 sensed by sensing 125 head 16 and the
resulting signal is amplified by amplifier 18 and is passed to the
column distributor 19.
Signals sensed by the sensing heads 29 " are amplified in the
amplifier 26, but that 130 786,023 786,023 3 amplifier is open only at
the instants whenl a pulse 17, sensed by the sensing head 16 is passed
to the amplifier 18 Accordingly, the distributor 20/211-16 is effected
by signals on track a only at time instants determined by negative
pulses on track n The primary coils I-16 each have an additional
winding 24 16 These windings are such that positive pulses ican be
induced within the secondary windings 21116 only at that instant, when
the yoke 22 passes between the opposite cores of the coils 20/21 "'1
and the discharge tube 25 in the amplifier 26 is ignited, due to the
simultaneous sensing of a pulse 17 by the head 16 and of a pulse on
the track a by that one of the heads 29 for which the associated
switch 14 '7 is closed Other arrangements for discriminating between
digit representing signals are described in my co-pending Applications
Nos 37208/54 and 37214/54, (Serial Nos 786,028 and 786,033), and such
arrangements are also applicable to the present invention.
The inductive yoke 22 is mounted on, or so as to move with, the
rotating storage means in such a way, that it connects the core of
primary coil 201, with the core of secondary poil 211 during a passage
through the first sector of the storage means over the sensing means
and connects the coil of the other pairs similarly in succession,
whereby the magnetic flux between the cores of the respective pairs of
coils is for an instant completely closed.
Apart from the interpolation of the yoke 22, both coils of each pair
are magnetically coupled by the respective connecting cores 231-16 A
group of coils 24116 may be provided and be suitably biassed to reduce
the effect on coils 211-16 of current flowing in the coils 201-16
except when each pair of coils is coupled by the yoke 22.
With each secondary winding 21 16 a discharge tube or a glow discharge
relay 271 " 6 with cold cathode is arranged, the plate circuit of
which can be connected over switching plugboard 28 to the
before-mentioned relays 9 on the printing mechanism That is to say,
for each pair of coils 20 I-16 and 21116 of the distributor, there is
a discharge tube 271-16 connected via a switching plugboard 28 or the
like, which feeds signals to the corresponding denominational relay 9
in the printing mechanism.
The apparatus operates as follows Assuming the type bar frame 13 to be
in the lowermost position, the horizontal row of digit characters 9
would be opposite the printing ribbon 3 and the distributor switch 15
would be on the top-most contact 149, which would mean that the switch
14 D (Fig 2) would be closed As the storage means rotates, the signal
head 29 would sense any digit values 9 in the track a in any sector,
then in the corresponding denomination the relay 9 would be energised
and would operate the pivoted lever 8 to introduce the pawl 6 into the
corresponding tooth 7 and restrain the vertically movable member in
that denomination from any further rising movement As the frame 13 is
raised one step, the distributor switch 15 70 passes from the top-most
contact 14 thereby re-opening switch 149 and closing switch 14 g.
Therefore, in the next rotation of the storage means any signal for
digit value 8 in any sector would' energise the corresponding relay 75
9 and introduce the pawl 6 of the lever 8 into the teeth of the
vertically movable Inembers 4 for the denominations concerned so that
such members would be held against any further rising movement In a
similar manner, 80 for the succeeding rotations of the storage means
the succeeding digit values are sensed one by one For example if the
number 28 is recorded on the storage means, then after the completion
of the step-by-step upward move 85 ment the vertically movable member
in the last denomination would be held in a position where the
character 8 is opposite the printing ribbon, the vertically moving
member in the next denomination would be held in a position 90 with
the character 2 opposite the printing ribbon, and in all the other
denominations the vertically moving members would be in their top-most
position with the zero character opposite thei printing ribbon The
engagement 95 of the pawls 6 with the teeth 7 is such that, once a
pawl is introduced into a vertical member it cannot move, but is held
there for the rest of the cycle so that this member is restrained in
the selected position When a 100 number has been sensed and the
vertically moving members 4 are in their selected positions with the
various characters of the number opposite the printing ribbon, the
hammers are operated to press the selected characters 105 against the
ribbon and the ribbon against the paper, so that the number is printed
on the paper in the usual manner in all denominations simultaneously
After the number has been printed on the paper and the hammers 11 o
are retracted from the type-carrying mnembers 4, the frame 13 moves
downwards to its original position with the horizontal row of
characters opposite the printing ribbon and any engaged pawls 6 are
automatically dis 115 engaged.
In one convenient arrangement with the record means rotating at a
speed of 50 revolutions per second, the frame would rise through its
full height in 1/5th of a second, 120 and, after the operation of
hammers 10 would all again, also in 1/5th of a second As has been
stated above, it is an advantage of the invention that since in each
sector of the record means only owe digit value is sensed at one 125
time, only one relay is required t Eor each denomination, instead of a
relay for each digit value of each denomination By this means signals
on a record means may be transferred directly to the printing
mechanism' without 130 786,023 requiring transformation or coding or
intermediate storage.
The anodes of the gas valves 27-1 G may be connected to the
punch-operating magnets of a record card punching machine such as that
described in British Patent Specification No.
442,534, instead of to the relays 9 The character selector formed by
the switches 14 ' is then operated in synchronism with the cyclic
punching mechanism so that each of the switches is closed at a time
when punching of the corresponding index point is to take place hi
other respects, the operation of the apparatus is similar to that
already described.
Another advantage of the invention is that the connections between the
sensing means for the storage means, the distributor and the printing
means can be by way of switched plugboards or the like allowing of the
various parts of the apparatus being in various localities.
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