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Minerals & Rocks
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas
Lecture 2
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering
Engineering Geology
1
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2
Geology:Latin words Geo+Logia, (the Science of the earth) it studiesthe earth formation, the history, structure, the process
inside and on the earth surface.
Depend on :
1-Materials- !nergy
"-#istory
The importance of geology
!nergy, $ater, Minerals, %nstructions, %ndustry, Military,
and tourist
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3
Geomorphology
The study of the origin and evolution of the earth's
landforms, both on the continents and within the oceanbasins.
Primary surface processes responsible for most
topographic
Features include wind, waves, weathering, mass wasting,
ground water, surface water, glaciers, tectonism, and
volcanism
Geomorphology had grown to include the environmental
problems involved in landform processes, including
subsidence and landslides.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_wastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanismhttp://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/subsiden;_ylt=AvA..Kgs9n.Vb2ug_CMGkfhTt8wFhttp://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/landslid;_ylt=AthuMMmtLHwT49lSKXSEPI9Tt8wFhttp://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/landslid;_ylt=AthuMMmtLHwT49lSKXSEPI9Tt8wFhttp://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/subsiden;_ylt=AvA..Kgs9n.Vb2ug_CMGkfhTt8wFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_wastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind7/25/2019 2 EG- CE Minerals-Rocks PRT.ppsx
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Mineralsefinition:
ineral are inorganic, naturally occurring substances that have
characteristic chemical composition, distinctive physical
roperties, and crystal structure.roperties:
-Luster:How a mineral reflects light.
a) Metallic (M) (gold, silver) b) Non-metallic (NM) (Quarts,
Talc).-Hardness:Shows the resistance to scratching
Mohs scale of hardness from 1 to 10.1 = Talc
2 = Gypsum
3 = Calcite
4 = Fluorite
5 = Apatite (fluorapatite)
6 = Orthoclase
7 = Quartz
8 = Topaz
9 = Corundum
10 = Diamond
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3-Cleavage and Fracture:
cleavage surfaces occurs as sets
of parallel of weak chemical
bonding between parallel layers
Of atoms in a crystal (plane of
weakness).
-Cleavagecan be described as:excellent, good, or poor.
-Fracture : If there are no plane
of weakness in the mineral.
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4- Color: imparted by light, either transmitted through or reflected
by the crystal.
5- Streak:the color of mineral after it is ground to powder.
Other properties
6- Crystal form: shape of the crystals.
7-Reaction to acid:if mineral contains calcium carbonate ion it
will react# it effervesces (fizzes) in contact with Hydrochloric
acid (HCL).8-Magnetism:magnets will be attracted or mineral is a magnetic
it self.
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14182Kg
of Salt
10155Kg
of Clay
705Kg ofCopper
385Kg of
Zinc
2,2million Kg
of Stone,
sand andgravel
313513
iter of
!etrole"m
38#Kg of
ead
1700g of
$old
11%04Kg of
!&osp&ate
'oc(
25%47Kgof Coal
15442Kg of
)ron *re
1+5million
m3 of
at"ral $as
31#55Kg of
Cement
115%5Kg
*t&er
-inerals
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Rock Aggregate of one or more minerals (or material) that makes
up the lithosphere.
(coal, obsidian are rocks not made of minerals) Rocks are classified based on mode of origin
Igneous- crystalline-forms as liquid cools
Metamorphic- crystalline-forms as rocks are
heated and squeezed
Sedimentary- non-crystalline- smaller pieces
or chemicals from other rocks
Rocks are named based on their mineral contentand texture.Feldspars and Quartz are the 2 most common minerals in the
earths crust.
ROCKS
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Rocks Cycle
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Covalent bonding--electron sharing
The silicate tetrahedron = (SiO4)-4
the basic building block of the Earths crust
What is the basic
building block of
the silicate
minerals?
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How does the Si
to O ratio and
silicate structurevary with lower
temperatures?
13
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Si/O
Ratio 1:4 4:111:3 2:5 3:8
Quartz
SiO2
1:2
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basalt
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Igneous Rocks
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Where do most magmas form?
Divergent Plate Margins
Convergent Plate Margins
Mantle Plumes/Hot Spots
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Kilauea, Hawaii
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Igneous rocksformed from:
Magma(molten rock found at depth).
Lava(molten rock at Earths surface).Pyroclastic material
Pyro = fire, clastic= debris
Airborne lavaCools as it falls
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Types of Lavas
Basaltic lavas: low-viscosity mafic lavas, typicallyerupted at 1000oto 1200oC; cool to form basalt.
Rhyolitic lavas: high-viscosity felsic lavas, typically
erupted at 800oto 1200oC; cool to form rhyolite.
Andesitic lavas: intermediate in composition andviscosity between mafic and felsic magmas; cool to
form andesite.
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Aa
(jagged)
Pahoehoe
(Ropy)
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Pahoehoe forms in the more fluid parts of the lava flow.
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Pillow lavasform when lava erupts on the seafloor.
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Genetic Classification of Igneous Rocks
Intrusive:crystallized from slowly
cooling magma intruded within the
Earths crust; e.g. granite, gabbro
Extrusive: crystallized from rapidly
cooling magma extruded on the surface
of the Earth as lava or erupted as
pyroclastic material.
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Factors Affecting Melting of
Minerals (and Rocks)
Pressure: Increased Pressures raises meltingpoints.
Water Content: Increased Water Contentlowers melting points.
Composition: Felsic minerals melt at lower
temperatures than mafic minerals
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Composition of the magmaComposition of the magma Analogous to what makes up the stew"Analogous to what makes up the stew"
What chemical elements are presentWhat chemical elements are present
What material has the magma moved
through
What material has the magma moved
through
Temperature of the meltTemperature of the melt Not onl how hot! ut how long it stas that hotNot onl how hot! ut how long it stas that hot
also relates to pressure of the molten rockalso relates to pressure of the molten rock
Cooling environmentCooling environment fastfast vsvs slowslow #nternal vs $%ternal#nternal vs $%ternal
Water contentWater content
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Composition of #gneous rocksComposition of #gneous rocks CE
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Composition of #gneous rocksComposition of #gneous rocks
1-Felsic or Sialic1-Felsic or Sialic magmamagma
i'rich () *+,-i'rich () *+,- rich in .! and Alrich in .! and Al
little Ca! /e! and Mg0little Ca! /e! and Mg0
1'#ntermediate magma1'#ntermediate magma etween the two e%tremes in ietween the two e%tremes in i
content and other atoms0content and other atoms03-Mafic3-Mafic magmamagma i ' poor (2 3+,-i ' poor (2 3+,-
richer in Ca! /e! and Mg0richer in Ca! /e! and Mg0 25
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4i i f M 5 64i it f M 5 6CE
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4iscosit of Magma5 6ava4iscosit of Magma5 6ava
the resistance of a li7uid to flow
4iscosit' important for volcanic activit4iscosit' important for volcanic activit
the resistance of a li7uid to flowhigh viscosit 8 thick and stiffhigh viscosit 8 thick and stiff
low viscosit 8 thin and "runn"0low viscosit 8 thin and "runn"0
Related to9
Mafic
/elsic
Related to9 amount of water (:1;- in magma
amount of silica (i- in magma
Maficthin! low viscositthin! low viscosit
/elsic
thick! high viscositthick! high viscosit
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# R k T# R k T tCE
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#gneous Rock Te%tures9:ow ig are the mineralshaneritic Te%ture
4isile Mineral ?rains4isile Mineral ?rainsdistinguishale as different colored interlocking shapesdistinguishale as different colored interlocking shapes
1' Aphanitic Te%ture1' Aphanitic Te%ture
Mineral grains too small to e seenMineral grains too small to e seenmicroscopicmicroscopic
3'>orphritic Te%ture3'>orphritic Te%ture
Two distinct si@es of mineral grainsTwo distinct si@es of mineral grains
6arge and mall6arge and mall
6arge 8 >henocrsts6arge 8 >henocrsts
mall 8 ?roundmass or Matri%mall 8 ?roundmass or Matri%
?roundmass9 ?rains ma e either visile or not0?roundmass9?rains ma e either visile or not0
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C i f IC t i f ICE
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#ntrusive rocks#ntrusive rocks cool eneath $arths surfacecool eneath $arths surface
cool ver slowlcool ver slowl
higher > & Thigher > & T
>haneritic te%tures>haneritic te%tures
$%trusive rocks$%trusive rocks cool on the $arths urfacecool on the $arths urface cool relativel fastcool relativel fast
lower T & >lower T & >
Aphanitic te%turesAphanitic te%tures
>roclastic te%tures>roclastic te%tures
Comple%Comple%
>orphritic te%tures>orphritic te%tures
Categories of Igneous:Categories of Igneous:
>artiall cools elow and aove>artiall cools elow and aove
GraniteGranite
Basalt porphyryBasalt porphyry
RhyoliteRhyolite
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Intrusive rocks
PorphyryPorphyry
Pyroclasts
Extrusive rocks
Volcanic ash Bomb PumiceExtrusive pyroclastsform in violenteruptions from lavain the air.
Mafic Felsic
Basalt RhyoliteExtrusive igneousrocks cool rapilyan are fine!graine.
"abbro "ranite Intrusive igneousrocks cool slo#ly$allo#ing large$coarse crystals toform.
Phenocrysts
Porphyry
%ome intrusive
porphyritic crystalsgro# large$ but theremaining meltcools faster$forming smallercrystals.
B&'E()% RE*+,I&( %ERIE% CE
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B&'E( % RE*+,I&( %ERIE%
,emperature
-//0+
-12//0+
&rthoclase felspar
Muscovite mica
3uart4
Biotitemica
*mphibole
Pyroxene
&livine
%oium!rich
+alcium!rich
Plagioclase
felspar
Magmacomposition
Felsic$Rhyolitic
5high silica6
Intermeiate$anesitic
Mafic$basaltic
7ltramafic5lo# silica6
%imultaneouscrystalli4ation
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B&'E()% RE*+,I&( %ERIE% CE
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B&'E( % RE*+,I&( %ERIE%
*s magma temperatureecreases8
,emperature
-//0+
-12//0+
&rthoclase felspar
Muscovite mica
3uart4
Biotitemica
*mphibole
Pyroxene
&livine
%oium!rich
+alcium!rich
Plagioclase
felspar
Magmacomposition
Felsic$Rhyolitic
5high silica6
Intermeiate$anesitic
Mafic$basaltic
7ltramafic5lo# silica6
%imultaneouscrystalli4ation
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B&'E()% RE*+,I&( %ERIE% CE
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B&'E( % RE*+,I&( %ERIE%
*s magma temperatureecreases8
,emperature
-//0+
-12//0+
&rthoclase felspar
Muscovite mica
3uart4
Biotitemica
*mphibole
Pyroxene
&livine
%oium!rich
+alcium!rich
Plagioclase
felspar
Magmacomposition
Felsic$Rhyolitic
5high silica6
Intermeiate$anesitic
Mafic$basaltic
7ltramafic5lo# silica6
%imultaneouscrystalli4ation
8materialscrystalli4e inan orereseries8
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B&'E()% RE*+,I&( %ERIE% CE
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B&'E( % RE*+,I&( %ERIE%
*s magma temperatureecreases8
,emperature
-//0+
-12//0+
&rthoclase felspar
Muscovite mica
3uart4
Biotitemica
*mphibole
Pyroxene
&livine
%oium!rich
+alcium!rich
Plagioclase
felspar
Magmacomposition
Felsic$Rhyolitic
5high silica6
Intermeiate$anesitic
Mafic$basaltic
7ltramafic5lo# silica6
%imultaneouscrystalli4ation
8materialscrystalli4e inan orereseries8
8#hile plagioclasefelspar crystalli4es$from calcium!richsoium!rich form8
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B&'E()% RE*+,I&( %ERIE% CE
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B&'E( % RE*+,I&( %ERIE%
*s magma temperatureecreases8
,emperature
-//0+
-12//0+
&rthoclase felspar
Muscovite mica
3uart4
Biotitemica
*mphibole
Pyroxene
&livine
%oium!rich
+alcium!rich
Plagioclase
felspar
Magmacomposition
Felsic$Rhyolitic
5high silica6
Intermeiate$anesitic
Mafic$basaltic
7ltramafic5lo# silica6
%imultaneouscrystalli4ation
8materialscrystalli4e inan orereseries8
8#hile plagioclasefelspar crystalli4es$from calcium!richsoium!rich form8
8an the compositionof magma changesfrom ultramafic toanesitic.
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#gneous rock names#gneous rock namesCE
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#gneous rock names#gneous rock names
='determined te%ture='determined te%turesi@e and arrangement of mineral grainssi@e and arrangement of mineral grains
1'mineral composition1'mineral compositionminerals affect rock color and indicate temperature
of creation
minerals affect rock color and indicate temperature
of creation
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PegmatitePegmatite CE
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A >egmatite is a ver coarse'grained igneous rock0A>egmatite is a ver coarse'grained igneous rock0
Crstals are )1 cm! often larger0Crstals are )1 cm! often larger0
Most are granitic! although mafic pegmatites can form0Most are granitic! although mafic pegmatites can form0
PegmatitePegmatite
/eldspar/eldsparmineralmineral
graingrain
Buart@ mineralBuart@ mineral
graingrain
iotite mineral
grain
iotite mineral
grain
?ranite & Rholite?ranite & Rholite
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?ranite & Rholite?ranite & Rholite
RholiteRholite
?ranite?ranite
>haneritic Te%ture>haneritic Te%ture
/elsic magma/elsic magma
Aphanitic Te%tureAphanitic Te%ture
/elsic magma/elsic magma
38Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Civil Engineering Class Engineering Geology Lecture 2
Andesite & DioriteAndesite & Diorite >haneritic te%ture>haneritic te%tureCE
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Andesite & DioriteAndesite & Diorite >haneritic te%ture>haneritic te%ture'forms from intermediatecomposition magma'forms from intermediatecomposition magma
Aphanitic te%tureAphanitic te%ture
forms from intermediate
composition magma
forms from intermediate
composition magma
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Civil Engineering Class Engineering Geology Lecture 2
asalt & ?aroCE
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asalt & ?aro
aphanitic te%tureaphanitic te%ture
forms from mafic magmaforms from mafic magma
phaneritic te%turephaneritic te%ture
forms from mafic magmaforms from mafic magma
asaltasalt
?aro?aro
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>eridotite' the aundance of ;livine crstals (more
than EF,- makes the rock take on a green
appearance
;sidian' a popular rock among paleopeople for;sidian' a popular rock among paleopeople forCE
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4olcanic
?lass
;sidian' a popular rock among paleopeople fortool making;sidian a popular rock among paleopeople fortool making
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Tuffs & reccias
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Tuffs & reccias
ut the are notG0it is volcanic ash that is lithifiedut the are notG0it is volcanic ash that is lithified
Tuffs & reccias' look like sedimentar rock
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An igneous sill'
Concordant with surrounding rock
#t runs parallel to other rocks
An igneous sill'
Concordant with surrounding rock
#t runs parallel to other rocks
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Necks & #g DikesNecks & #g Dikes CE
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Neck
Dike
igneous sill#gneous sill
Necks & #g DikesNec s & g es
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Sill
46
Lecture 3CE
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Dike
47
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Metamorphism
and
metamorphic rocks
48Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas
Metamorphic of a region by heat, pressure, and chemical action. CE
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Zone of contact
MetamorphismZone of Regional
MetamorphismUnchanged rocks
The Rock CcleCE
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The Rock Ccle
50
The Rock Cycle graphic is available from the CG !ebsite" http"##!!!$%nr$sc$gov#geology#images#Rockcycle&pg$p%f
Metamorpic !ocksMetamorpic !ocksCE
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DefinitionsDefinitions Metamorphic Rock
& "Meta"8 Change (Grk)
& "Morph"8 form (Grk)
Metamorphic Rock& "Meta"8 Change (Grk)
& "Morph"8 form (Grk)
& a rock that has een changed
from its original form ( parent -
heat ! pressure ! and fluid activitinto a new rock ( daughter -0
& a rock that has een changed
from its original form ( parent -
heat ! pressure ! and fluid activit
into a new rock ( daughter -0
Metamorpic !ocksMetamorpic !ocks
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Civil Engineering Class Engineering Geology Lecture 2
Metamorphic RocksCE
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Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphism: to change from one form to
another
Metamorphic rock: any rock that has undergone
changes in texture, mineralogical, or chemical
composition in the solid state
How do rocks metamorphose?
From the partial or complete recrystallization of mineralsin the rocks over long periods of time
Rocks remain essentially solid during metamorphism
52
Metamorpic "e#turesMetamorpic "e#turesCE
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Metamorpic "e#turesMetamorpic "e#tures
/oliated
& /olios 8 page or leaf'like& rock has distinct anding or laering
'often not smooth like in sedimentar rocks
& formed under directed pressure
Non'foliated
& no distinct laering character& often a massive crstalline te%ture
& formed under uniform pressures
/oliated
& /olios 8 page or leaf'like& rock has distinct anding or laering
'often not smooth like in sedimentar rocks
& formed under directed pressure
Non'foliated
& no distinct laering character& often a massive crstalline te%ture
& formed under uniform pressures
Foliate$ "e#tureFoliate$ "e#ture
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Foliate$ "e#ture
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Foliate$ MM !ocksFoliate$ MM !ocks
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Foliate$ MM !ocks
slateslate
scistscist
gneissgneiss
p%llitep%llite
MM !ocks tat coul$ form as a sale (se$imentar%) parent rock is
e#pose$ to increasing $irecte$ pressure an$ temperature
&on-foliate$ !ocks&on-foliate$ !ocks&on-foliate$ !ocks&on-foliate$ !ocks CE
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Marle9Marle9&& metamorphosedmetamorphosed
limestonelimestone
Buart@ite9Buart@ite9&& metamorphosedmetamorphosed
7uart@ sandstone7uart@ sandstone
Buart@ite9Buart@ite9
&& metamorphosedmetamorphosed
7uart@ sandstone7uart@ sandstone
&on foliate$ !ocks&on foliate$ !ocks&on foliate$ !ocksf
Metamorpic 'ones
Metamorpic 'ones CE
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pp
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Class 11 Sediments &
sedimentary rocks
Sediments & Sedimentary Rocks
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Weathering,Erosion, and Transportation
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SEDIMENT
From
Weathering & Erosion
Precipitation from saturated solution
calcite, quartz
Product of evaporation
halite, gypsum
Unconsolidated- NOT cemented
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SEDIMENT
Transportation
Abrasion
Rounding
Sorting
Deposition
Environment of deposition- specific
Preservation
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SEDIMENT
Particle size
Pebbles, cobbles, boulders
Gravel- > 2mm
Sand- 2mm - 0.063mm
Silt - 0.063mm - 0.004mm
Clay- < 0.004
Deposition Clay-sizedparticle vs. clay mineral
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y 5 % by volume of the upper crust
75% by area of continental areas
Often the only record of geologic events:
e.g.The Himalayas will someday be sandstone
The process that changes sediments to sedimentary
rocks is called (lithification) process:1-Compaction: reduces pore space. Clays and muds are up to 60 %
water; 10% after compaction
2-Cementation: chemical precipitation of mineral material between
grains (SiO2, CaCO3, Fe2O3) binds sediment into hard rock.3-Recrystallization: Pressure and Temperature increase with burial
(30C/km or 1C/33 m).
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Sedimentaryrock
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Sedimentary rock
(a) Rock resulting from the consolidation of loose sediment that
has been derived from previously existing rocks andaccumulated in layers.
(b) Rock formed by the precipitation of minerals from solutionby either organic or inorganic processes.
Relative Abundance of Sedimentary Rock Types
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas69
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Diagenesis (or Lithification) -- changes sediment torock by compaction and cementation
Compactionis the removal of water or air from pore spaces.
Fresh deposits of mud are very porous and contain 60% water in
the pore spaces.
Lecture370
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Lecture371
Cementation is the precipitation of minerals between the grains
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Cementationis the precipitation of minerals between the grainsduring burial. Cements are usually calcite or microcrystallinequartz.
Lecture372
Transportaffectsthesedimentinseveralways:CE
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Transport affects the sediment in several ways:
Sorting:measure of the variation in therange of grain sizes in a clastic rock or
sediment
Well-sorted sediments indicate that theyhave been subjected to prolonged water orwind action.
Poorly-sorted sediments are either not far-removed from their source or deposited byglaciers.
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Sorting
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The farther a sediment grain is transported the
rounder it becomes.
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Chemical sedimentary rocksCE
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Chemical sedimentary rocks
LimestoneCaCO3
ChertSiO2
SaltNaCl
GypsumCaSO4 2H2O
Coalaltered organic debris
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CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARYCE
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CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
Carbonate Rocks Limestone- made of calcite
Inorganic varieties micrite, oolites, travertine
Dolomite Recrystallization
Chert- silica
Evaporites Rock gypsum
Rock salt
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BIOCHEMICAL CE
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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Coal
Develops from peat plant fragments
Lignite
Bituminous Coal
Carbonate Rocks
Limestone- made of calcite
organic varieties
Coquina Fossiliferous Limestone
Chalk
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1) The most common natural acid at the Earths surface isCE
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)
carbonic acid.
CO2+ H2O = H2CO3
2) The minerals calcite and dolomite in limestone totally
dissolvein acidic water.
calcite + carbonic acid = calcium ion + bicarbonate
CaCO3+ H2CO3 = Ca2++ 2 HCO3
-
3) Calcite precipitatesout of a supersaturated solution.
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Chert nodules in a limestone. The source of silica in a marinerock is often dissolution of siliceous organisms including
sponge spicules, radiolarians, and diatoms.
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The formation of coal starts with the accumulation of
organic matter in a swamp.84
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With burial pressure, heat, and time, the sedimentary rock
forms of coal, lignite and bituminous coal, are
metamorphosed to anthracite.85
SEDIMENTARY
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SEDIMENTARY
STRUCTURES BEDDING-
Principle of Original Horizontality
Bedding plane Cross-bedding
Graded bed
Mud cracks Ripple marks
Fossils
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DUNESCE
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