2 EG- CE Minerals-Rocks PRT.ppsx

7/25/2019 2 EG- CE Minerals-Rocks PRT.ppsx

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Minerals & Rocks

Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas

Lecture 2

Faculty of Engineering

Civil Engineering

Engineering Geology

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Geology:Latin words Geo+Logia, (the Science of the earth) it studiesthe earth formation, the history, structure, the process

inside and on the earth surface.

Depend on :

1-Materials- !nergy

"-#istory

The importance of geology

!nergy, $ater, Minerals, %nstructions, %ndustry, Military,

and tourist

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Geomorphology

The study of the origin and evolution of the earth's

landforms, both on the continents and within the oceanbasins.

Primary surface processes responsible for most

topographic

Features include wind, waves, weathering, mass wasting,

ground water, surface water, glaciers, tectonism, and

volcanism

Geomorphology had grown to include the environmental

problems involved in landform processes, including

subsidence and landslides.

CECE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_wastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanismhttp://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/subsiden;_ylt=AvA..Kgs9n.Vb2ug_CMGkfhTt8wFhttp://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/landslid;_ylt=AthuMMmtLHwT49lSKXSEPI9Tt8wFhttp://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/landslid;_ylt=AthuMMmtLHwT49lSKXSEPI9Tt8wFhttp://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/subsiden;_ylt=AvA..Kgs9n.Vb2ug_CMGkfhTt8wFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_wastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind


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Mineralsefinition:

ineral are inorganic, naturally occurring substances that have

characteristic chemical composition, distinctive physical

roperties, and crystal structure.roperties:

-Luster:How a mineral reflects light.

a) Metallic (M) (gold, silver) b) Non-metallic (NM) (Quarts,

Talc).-Hardness:Shows the resistance to scratching

Mohs scale of hardness from 1 to 10.1 = Talc

2 = Gypsum

3 = Calcite

4 = Fluorite

5 = Apatite (fluorapatite)

6 = Orthoclase

7 = Quartz

8 = Topaz

9 = Corundum

10 = Diamond

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3-Cleavage and Fracture:

cleavage surfaces occurs as sets

of parallel of weak chemical

bonding between parallel layers

Of atoms in a crystal (plane of

weakness).

-Cleavagecan be described as:excellent, good, or poor.

-Fracture : If there are no plane

of weakness in the mineral.

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4- Color: imparted by light, either transmitted through or reflected

by the crystal.

5- Streak:the color of mineral after it is ground to powder.

Other properties

6- Crystal form: shape of the crystals.

7-Reaction to acid:if mineral contains calcium carbonate ion it

will react# it effervesces (fizzes) in contact with Hydrochloric

acid (HCL).8-Magnetism:magnets will be attracted or mineral is a magnetic

it self.

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14182Kg

of Salt

10155Kg

of Clay

705Kg ofCopper

385Kg of

Zinc

2,2million Kg

of Stone,

sand andgravel

313513

iter of

!etrole"m

38#Kg of

ead

1700g of

$old

11%04Kg of

!&osp&ate

'oc(

25%47Kgof Coal

15442Kg of

)ron *re

1+5million

m3 of

at"ral $as

31#55Kg of

Cement

115%5Kg

*t&er

-inerals

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Rock Aggregate of one or more minerals (or material) that makes

up the lithosphere.

(coal, obsidian are rocks not made of minerals) Rocks are classified based on mode of origin

Igneous- crystalline-forms as liquid cools

Metamorphic- crystalline-forms as rocks are

heated and squeezed

Sedimentary- non-crystalline- smaller pieces

or chemicals from other rocks

Rocks are named based on their mineral contentand texture.Feldspars and Quartz are the 2 most common minerals in the

earths crust.

ROCKS

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Rocks Cycle

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Covalent bonding--electron sharing

The silicate tetrahedron = (SiO4)-4

the basic building block of the Earths crust

What is the basic

building block of

the silicate

minerals?

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How does the Si

to O ratio and

silicate structurevary with lower

temperatures?

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Si/O

Ratio 1:4 4:111:3 2:5 3:8

Quartz

SiO2

1:2

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basalt

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Igneous Rocks

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Where do most magmas form?

Divergent Plate Margins

Convergent Plate Margins

Mantle Plumes/Hot Spots

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Kilauea, Hawaii

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Igneous rocksformed from:

Magma(molten rock found at depth).

Lava(molten rock at Earths surface).Pyroclastic material

Pyro = fire, clastic= debris

Airborne lavaCools as it falls

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Types of Lavas

Basaltic lavas: low-viscosity mafic lavas, typicallyerupted at 1000oto 1200oC; cool to form basalt.

Rhyolitic lavas: high-viscosity felsic lavas, typically

erupted at 800oto 1200oC; cool to form rhyolite.

Andesitic lavas: intermediate in composition andviscosity between mafic and felsic magmas; cool to

form andesite.

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Aa

(jagged)

Pahoehoe

(Ropy)

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Pahoehoe forms in the more fluid parts of the lava flow.

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Pillow lavasform when lava erupts on the seafloor.

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Genetic Classification of Igneous Rocks

Intrusive:crystallized from slowly

cooling magma intruded within the

Earths crust; e.g. granite, gabbro

Extrusive: crystallized from rapidly

cooling magma extruded on the surface

of the Earth as lava or erupted as

pyroclastic material.

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Factors Affecting Melting of

Minerals (and Rocks)

Pressure: Increased Pressures raises meltingpoints.

Water Content: Increased Water Contentlowers melting points.

Composition: Felsic minerals melt at lower

temperatures than mafic minerals

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Composition of the magmaComposition of the magma Analogous to what makes up the stew"Analogous to what makes up the stew"

What chemical elements are presentWhat chemical elements are present

What material has the magma moved

through

What material has the magma moved

through

Temperature of the meltTemperature of the melt Not onl how hot! ut how long it stas that hotNot onl how hot! ut how long it stas that hot

also relates to pressure of the molten rockalso relates to pressure of the molten rock

Cooling environmentCooling environment fastfast vsvs slowslow #nternal vs $%ternal#nternal vs $%ternal

Water contentWater content

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Composition of #gneous rocksComposition of #gneous rocks CE


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Composition of #gneous rocksComposition of #gneous rocks

1-Felsic or Sialic1-Felsic or Sialic magmamagma

i'rich () *+,-i'rich () *+,- rich in .! and Alrich in .! and Al

little Ca! /e! and Mg0little Ca! /e! and Mg0

1'#ntermediate magma1'#ntermediate magma etween the two e%tremes in ietween the two e%tremes in i

content and other atoms0content and other atoms03-Mafic3-Mafic magmamagma i ' poor (2 3+,-i ' poor (2 3+,-

richer in Ca! /e! and Mg0richer in Ca! /e! and Mg0 25

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4i i f M 5 64i it f M 5 6CE


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4iscosit of Magma5 6ava4iscosit of Magma5 6ava

the resistance of a li7uid to flow

4iscosit' important for volcanic activit4iscosit' important for volcanic activit

the resistance of a li7uid to flowhigh viscosit 8 thick and stiffhigh viscosit 8 thick and stiff

low viscosit 8 thin and "runn"0low viscosit 8 thin and "runn"0

Related to9

Mafic

/elsic

Related to9 amount of water (:1;- in magma

amount of silica (i- in magma

Maficthin! low viscositthin! low viscosit

/elsic

thick! high viscositthick! high viscosit

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# R k T# R k T tCE


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#gneous Rock Te%tures9:ow ig are the mineralshaneritic Te%ture

4isile Mineral ?rains4isile Mineral ?rainsdistinguishale as different colored interlocking shapesdistinguishale as different colored interlocking shapes

1' Aphanitic Te%ture1' Aphanitic Te%ture

Mineral grains too small to e seenMineral grains too small to e seenmicroscopicmicroscopic

3'>orphritic Te%ture3'>orphritic Te%ture

Two distinct si@es of mineral grainsTwo distinct si@es of mineral grains

6arge and mall6arge and mall

6arge 8 >henocrsts6arge 8 >henocrsts

mall 8 ?roundmass or Matri%mall 8 ?roundmass or Matri%

?roundmass9 ?rains ma e either visile or not0?roundmass9?rains ma e either visile or not0

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C i f IC t i f ICE


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#ntrusive rocks#ntrusive rocks cool eneath $arths surfacecool eneath $arths surface

cool ver slowlcool ver slowl

higher > & Thigher > & T

>haneritic te%tures>haneritic te%tures

$%trusive rocks$%trusive rocks cool on the $arths urfacecool on the $arths urface cool relativel fastcool relativel fast

lower T & >lower T & >

Aphanitic te%turesAphanitic te%tures

>roclastic te%tures>roclastic te%tures

Comple%Comple%

>orphritic te%tures>orphritic te%tures

Categories of Igneous:Categories of Igneous:

>artiall cools elow and aove>artiall cools elow and aove

GraniteGranite

Basalt porphyryBasalt porphyry

RhyoliteRhyolite

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Intrusive rocks

PorphyryPorphyry

Pyroclasts

Extrusive rocks

Volcanic ash Bomb PumiceExtrusive pyroclastsform in violenteruptions from lavain the air.

Mafic Felsic

Basalt RhyoliteExtrusive igneousrocks cool rapilyan are fine!graine.

"abbro "ranite Intrusive igneousrocks cool slo#ly$allo#ing large$coarse crystals toform.

Phenocrysts

Porphyry

%ome intrusive

porphyritic crystalsgro# large$ but theremaining meltcools faster$forming smallercrystals.

B&'E()% RE*+,I&( %ERIE% CE


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B&'E( % RE*+,I&( %ERIE%

,emperature

-//0+

-12//0+

&rthoclase felspar

Muscovite mica

3uart4

Biotitemica

*mphibole

Pyroxene

&livine

%oium!rich

+alcium!rich

Plagioclase

felspar

Magmacomposition

Felsic$Rhyolitic

5high silica6

Intermeiate$anesitic

Mafic$basaltic

7ltramafic5lo# silica6

%imultaneouscrystalli4ation

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B&'E( % RE*+,I&( %ERIE%

*s magma temperatureecreases8

,emperature

-//0+

-12//0+

&rthoclase felspar

Muscovite mica

3uart4

Biotitemica

*mphibole

Pyroxene

&livine

%oium!rich

+alcium!rich

Plagioclase

felspar

Magmacomposition

Felsic$Rhyolitic

5high silica6


Mafic$basaltic



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B&'E( % RE*+,I&( %ERIE%


,emperature

-//0+

-12//0+

&rthoclase felspar

Muscovite mica

3uart4

Biotitemica

*mphibole

Pyroxene

&livine

%oium!rich

+alcium!rich

Plagioclase

felspar

Magmacomposition

Felsic$Rhyolitic

5high silica6


Mafic$basaltic



8materialscrystalli4e inan orereseries8

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B&'E( % RE*+,I&( %ERIE%


,emperature

-//0+

-12//0+

&rthoclase felspar

Muscovite mica

3uart4

Biotitemica

*mphibole

Pyroxene

&livine

%oium!rich

+alcium!rich

Plagioclase

felspar

Magmacomposition

Felsic$Rhyolitic

5high silica6


Mafic$basaltic




8#hile plagioclasefelspar crystalli4es$from calcium!richsoium!rich form8

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B&'E( % RE*+,I&( %ERIE%


,emperature

-//0+

-12//0+

&rthoclase felspar

Muscovite mica

3uart4

Biotitemica

*mphibole

Pyroxene

&livine

%oium!rich

+alcium!rich

Plagioclase

felspar

Magmacomposition

Felsic$Rhyolitic

5high silica6


Mafic$basaltic




8#hile plagioclasefelspar crystalli4es$from calcium!richsoium!rich form8

8an the compositionof magma changesfrom ultramafic toanesitic.

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#gneous rock names#gneous rock namesCE


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#gneous rock names#gneous rock names

='determined te%ture='determined te%turesi@e and arrangement of mineral grainssi@e and arrangement of mineral grains

1'mineral composition1'mineral compositionminerals affect rock color and indicate temperature

of creation

minerals affect rock color and indicate temperature

of creation

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PegmatitePegmatite CE


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A >egmatite is a ver coarse'grained igneous rock0A>egmatite is a ver coarse'grained igneous rock0

Crstals are )1 cm! often larger0Crstals are )1 cm! often larger0

Most are granitic! although mafic pegmatites can form0Most are granitic! although mafic pegmatites can form0

PegmatitePegmatite

/eldspar/eldsparmineralmineral

graingrain

Buart@ mineralBuart@ mineral

graingrain

iotite mineral

grain

iotite mineral

grain

?ranite & Rholite?ranite & Rholite

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?ranite & Rholite?ranite & Rholite

RholiteRholite

?ranite?ranite

>haneritic Te%ture>haneritic Te%ture

/elsic magma/elsic magma

Aphanitic Te%tureAphanitic Te%ture

/elsic magma/elsic magma

38Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Civil Engineering Class Engineering Geology Lecture 2

Andesite & DioriteAndesite & Diorite >haneritic te%ture>haneritic te%tureCE


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Andesite & DioriteAndesite & Diorite >haneritic te%ture>haneritic te%ture'forms from intermediatecomposition magma'forms from intermediatecomposition magma

Aphanitic te%tureAphanitic te%ture

forms from intermediate

composition magma

forms from intermediate

composition magma

Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Civil Engineering Class Engineering Geology Lecture 2

asalt & ?aroCE


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asalt & ?aro

aphanitic te%tureaphanitic te%ture

forms from mafic magmaforms from mafic magma

phaneritic te%turephaneritic te%ture

forms from mafic magmaforms from mafic magma

asaltasalt

?aro?aro

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>eridotite' the aundance of ;livine crstals (more

than EF,- makes the rock take on a green

appearance

;sidian' a popular rock among paleopeople for;sidian' a popular rock among paleopeople forCE


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4olcanic

?lass

;sidian' a popular rock among paleopeople fortool making;sidian a popular rock among paleopeople fortool making

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Tuffs & reccias

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Tuffs & reccias

ut the are notG0it is volcanic ash that is lithifiedut the are notG0it is volcanic ash that is lithified

Tuffs & reccias' look like sedimentar rock

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An igneous sill'

Concordant with surrounding rock

#t runs parallel to other rocks

An igneous sill'

Concordant with surrounding rock

#t runs parallel to other rocks

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Necks & #g DikesNecks & #g Dikes CE


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Neck

Dike

igneous sill#gneous sill

Necks & #g DikesNec s & g es

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Sill

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Lecture 3CE


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Dike

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Metamorphism

and

metamorphic rocks

48Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas

Metamorphic of a region by heat, pressure, and chemical action. CE


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Zone of contact

MetamorphismZone of Regional

MetamorphismUnchanged rocks

The Rock CcleCE


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The Rock Ccle

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The Rock Cycle graphic is available from the CG !ebsite" http"##!!!$%nr$sc$gov#geology#images#Rockcycle&pg$p%f

Metamorpic !ocksMetamorpic !ocksCE


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DefinitionsDefinitions Metamorphic Rock

& "Meta"8 Change (Grk)

& "Morph"8 form (Grk)

Metamorphic Rock& "Meta"8 Change (Grk)

& "Morph"8 form (Grk)

& a rock that has een changed

from its original form ( parent -

heat ! pressure ! and fluid activitinto a new rock ( daughter -0

& a rock that has een changed

from its original form ( parent -

heat ! pressure ! and fluid activit

into a new rock ( daughter -0

Metamorpic !ocksMetamorpic !ocks

Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Civil Engineering Class Engineering Geology Lecture 2

Metamorphic RocksCE


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Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphism: to change from one form to

another

Metamorphic rock: any rock that has undergone

changes in texture, mineralogical, or chemical

composition in the solid state

How do rocks metamorphose?

From the partial or complete recrystallization of mineralsin the rocks over long periods of time

Rocks remain essentially solid during metamorphism

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Metamorpic "e#turesMetamorpic "e#turesCE


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Metamorpic "e#turesMetamorpic "e#tures

/oliated

& /olios 8 page or leaf'like& rock has distinct anding or laering

'often not smooth like in sedimentar rocks

& formed under directed pressure

Non'foliated

& no distinct laering character& often a massive crstalline te%ture

& formed under uniform pressures

/oliated

& /olios 8 page or leaf'like& rock has distinct anding or laering

'often not smooth like in sedimentar rocks

& formed under directed pressure

Non'foliated

& no distinct laering character& often a massive crstalline te%ture

& formed under uniform pressures

Foliate$ "e#tureFoliate$ "e#ture

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Foliate$ "e#ture

CE


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Foliate$ MM !ocksFoliate$ MM !ocks

CE


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Foliate$ MM !ocks

slateslate

scistscist

gneissgneiss

p%llitep%llite

MM !ocks tat coul$ form as a sale (se$imentar%) parent rock is

e#pose$ to increasing $irecte$ pressure an$ temperature

&on-foliate$ !ocks&on-foliate$ !ocks&on-foliate$ !ocks&on-foliate$ !ocks CE


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Marle9Marle9&& metamorphosedmetamorphosed

limestonelimestone

Buart@ite9Buart@ite9&& metamorphosedmetamorphosed

7uart@ sandstone7uart@ sandstone

Buart@ite9Buart@ite9

&& metamorphosedmetamorphosed

7uart@ sandstone7uart@ sandstone

&on foliate$ !ocks&on foliate$ !ocks&on foliate$ !ocksf

Metamorpic 'ones

Metamorpic 'ones CE


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pp

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Class 11 Sediments &

sedimentary rocks

Sediments & Sedimentary Rocks

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Weathering,Erosion, and Transportation

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SEDIMENT

From

Weathering & Erosion

Precipitation from saturated solution

calcite, quartz

Product of evaporation

halite, gypsum

Unconsolidated- NOT cemented

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SEDIMENT

Transportation

Abrasion

Rounding

Sorting

Deposition

Environment of deposition- specific

Preservation

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SEDIMENT

Particle size

Pebbles, cobbles, boulders

Gravel- > 2mm

Sand- 2mm - 0.063mm

Silt - 0.063mm - 0.004mm

Clay- < 0.004

Deposition Clay-sizedparticle vs. clay mineral

CE


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Sedimentary rocksCE


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y 5 % by volume of the upper crust

75% by area of continental areas

Often the only record of geologic events:

e.g.The Himalayas will someday be sandstone

The process that changes sediments to sedimentary

rocks is called (lithification) process:1-Compaction: reduces pore space. Clays and muds are up to 60 %

water; 10% after compaction

2-Cementation: chemical precipitation of mineral material between

grains (SiO2, CaCO3, Fe2O3) binds sediment into hard rock.3-Recrystallization: Pressure and Temperature increase with burial

(30C/km or 1C/33 m).

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Sedimentaryrock

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Sedimentary rock

(a) Rock resulting from the consolidation of loose sediment that

has been derived from previously existing rocks andaccumulated in layers.

(b) Rock formed by the precipitation of minerals from solutionby either organic or inorganic processes.

Relative Abundance of Sedimentary Rock Types

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Diagenesis (or Lithification) -- changes sediment torock by compaction and cementation

Compactionis the removal of water or air from pore spaces.

Fresh deposits of mud are very porous and contain 60% water in

the pore spaces.

Lecture370

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Lecture371

Cementation is the precipitation of minerals between the grains

CE


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Cementationis the precipitation of minerals between the grainsduring burial. Cements are usually calcite or microcrystallinequartz.

Lecture372

Transportaffectsthesedimentinseveralways:CE


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Transport affects the sediment in several ways:

Sorting:measure of the variation in therange of grain sizes in a clastic rock or

sediment

Well-sorted sediments indicate that theyhave been subjected to prolonged water orwind action.

Poorly-sorted sediments are either not far-removed from their source or deposited byglaciers.

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SortingCE


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Sorting

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The farther a sediment grain is transported the

rounder it becomes.

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Chemical sedimentary rocksCE


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Chemical sedimentary rocks

LimestoneCaCO3

ChertSiO2

SaltNaCl

GypsumCaSO4 2H2O

Coalaltered organic debris

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CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARYCE


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CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY

ROCKS

Carbonate Rocks Limestone- made of calcite

Inorganic varieties micrite, oolites, travertine

Dolomite Recrystallization

Chert- silica

Evaporites Rock gypsum

Rock salt

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BIOCHEMICAL CE


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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Coal

Develops from peat plant fragments

Lignite

Bituminous Coal

Carbonate Rocks

Limestone- made of calcite

organic varieties

Coquina Fossiliferous Limestone

Chalk

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1) The most common natural acid at the Earths surface isCE


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)

carbonic acid.

CO2+ H2O = H2CO3

2) The minerals calcite and dolomite in limestone totally

dissolvein acidic water.

calcite + carbonic acid = calcium ion + bicarbonate

CaCO3+ H2CO3 = Ca2++ 2 HCO3

-

3) Calcite precipitatesout of a supersaturated solution.

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Chert nodules in a limestone. The source of silica in a marinerock is often dissolution of siliceous organisms including

sponge spicules, radiolarians, and diatoms.

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The formation of coal starts with the accumulation of

organic matter in a swamp.84

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With burial pressure, heat, and time, the sedimentary rock

forms of coal, lignite and bituminous coal, are

metamorphosed to anthracite.85

SEDIMENTARY

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SEDIMENTARY

STRUCTURES BEDDING-

Principle of Original Horizontality

Bedding plane Cross-bedding

Graded bed

Mud cracks Ripple marks

Fossils

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2 EG- CE Minerals-Rocks PRT.ppsx

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