Chapter -2 Cardiovascular System
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HEARTIt is a hollow, muscular, fist-sized organ Muscular organ that provides a continuous blood circulation to the body through the cardiac cycle
Blood Vessels Arteries - carry blood away from the heart.Arterioles small branches of artery Veins - carry blood towards the heart. Venules are small branchesCapillaries - connection between arterioles and venules. Tiny blood vessels designed to facilitate the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes.
Heart Chambers
Right atriumRight ventricleLeft AtriumLeft Ventricle
Heart SeptumSeptumInteratrial septumSeparates two upper chambers
Interventricular septum Separates two lower chambers
The heart wallPericardium-outer layer Myocardium-middle muscular layer Endocardium-smooth inner layer
Coronary arteriesArteries supplying blood to the heart
Heart VesselsSuperior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Aorta
VESSELSSuperior vena cavaSuperior vena cava-drains deoxygenated blood from head, neck, upper extremities, and chest to right atrium.
Inferior vena cavaInferior vena cava-carries deoxygenated blood from lower extremities, pelvic and abdominal viscera to right atrium
Pulmonary ArteryPulmonary artery bifurcates and becomes right and left pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs
Pulmonary VeinsCarry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
AortaAorta-carries oxygenated blood from left side of heart to body
VALVES TricuspidBetween right atrium and right ventricle
BicuspidBetween left atrium and left ventricle
AorticAt entrance of aorta leading from left ventricle
PulmonaryAt entrance of pulmonary artery leading from right ventricle
HEART BEAT/HEART SOUNDSHEART BEAT Systole-: contraction Diastole: relaxation phase
Heart beat felt through the walls of the arteries is called pulse
Heart soundsLub closure of tricuspid and mitral valvesDub Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle Branches
Purkinje fibres
Cardiac Conduction SystemSinoatrial nodeSAN, natures pacemaker, sends impulses to atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular nodeLocated on interatrial septum and sends impulses to bundle of His
Bundle branchesDivides into right bundle branch (RBB) and left bundle branch (LBB) in septum
Purkinje fibersMerge from bundle branches into specialized cells of myocardium, located at base of heart.
Combining FormAngi/o Vessel Arter/o ArteryAther/o Yellowish plaque, Fatty substanceAtri/o Atrium, upper heart chamberBrachi/o ArmCardi/o HeartCoron/o Heart
Cyan/o BluePhleb/o VeinSphygm/o pulseSteth/o Chestmyx/omucousox/ooxygenpericardi/opericardiumthromb/oclot
valv/ovalvevalvul/ovalvevascul/ovesselvas/ovesselven/oveinventricul/oventricle
PREFIXS
a-notan-notbi-twobrady-slowde-lack ofdys-bad, difficult, painfulendo-in
hyper-overhypo-underinter-betweenintra-withinmeta-change, afterperisurroundingtachy-fasttetra-fourtri-three
Congenital Heart Diseases
Coarctation of Aorta
Narrowing of the aortaIt causes reduced blood supply
SymptomsShortness of breathChest painHigh blood pressurePoor growth
Patent Ductus ArteriosusCondition in which a blood vessel called the ductus arteriosusfails to close normally in an infant soon after birth.
(The word "patent" means open.)
The condition leads to abnormal blood flow in between pulmonary artery and aorta
Septal DefectsCongenital heart defectin which the wall that separates the upper heart chambers (atria) does not close completelyAtrial Septal defectVentricular Septal defect
Tetralogy of FallotPulmonary artery stenosis
Ventricular septal defect
Shift of the aorta to the right(aorta overrides the interventricular septum)
Hypertrophy of the right ventricle.
Pathological Conditions of HeartMyocardial infarctionAngina PectorisCongestive Heart Failure (CHF) heart cannot pump required amounts of blood Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)Hypertensive Heart DiseaseRheumatic Heart DiseaseBegins as carditis (inflammation of all layers of heart wall)
Mitral valve ProlapseMitral valve StenosisPericarditisEndocarditisHeart BlockCardiac ArrestTachycardiaBradycardia
ArrhythmiaFlutter -rapid regular contractions (most commonly of atria)Fibrillation-rapid, erratic, inefficient contractions of atria and ventricles PalpitationMurmurAneurysm
Hypertension primary essential hypertension secondary hypertensionHypotensionPeripheral vascular diseaseRaynauds phenomenon Vasospasms and constriction of small arterioles of fingers and toesVaricose vein.
PROCEDURES
Lab TestLipid TestSerum enzyme testsTroponin TLDHCPK X-RayAngiographyDigital subtraction Angiography Doppler UltrasoundEchocardiography
Auscultation (Stethoscope)Blood pressure ( Sphygmomanometer)Electrocardiography (EKG/ECG)Holter MonitoringStress testCardioversion (Defibrillation)
Extracorporeal circulationHeart TransplantationCardiac CatheterizationPercutaneous Transluminal coronary angioplasty(PTCA)EndarterectomyThrombolytic TherapyPacemaker implant
AbbreviationsASCVDarteriosclerotic cardiovascular diseaseASDatrial septal defectASHDarterioscelerotic heart diseaseAVatrioventricularCABGcoronary artery bypass graftCHFcongestive heart failureCPKcreatine phosphokinaseCVIcerebrovascular insufficiency
LBBBleft Bundle Branch BlockLVH left ventricular hypertrophyMAT multifocal Atrial tachycardia MImyocardial infarctionNSRnormal sinus rhythmPACpremature atrial contractionPTCApercutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PVCpremature ventricular contractionRBBBright bundle branch blockRSRregular sinus rhythmRVHright ventricular hypertrophySVTsupraventricular tachycardiaTEEtransesophageal echocardiographyTSTtreadmill stress test
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Name the four muscular chambers of heartHow many layers are there in the heart? What are they?Superior vena cava drains blood from upper part of the body true or falseLargest artery in the body is -------------Explain cardiac conduction systemWhat are coronary arteries?
What is EKG?Explain BP?What is Atrial Fibrillation?What is Tetralogy of Fallot?What is Aneurysm?Explain PTCAExplain CABG
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