Chapter -2 Cardiovascular System

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HEARTIt is a hollow, muscular, fist-sized organ Muscular organ that provides a continuous blood circulation to the body through the cardiac cycle

Blood Vessels Arteries - carry blood away from the heart.Arterioles small branches of artery Veins - carry blood towards the heart. Venules are small branchesCapillaries - connection between arterioles and venules. Tiny blood vessels designed to facilitate the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes.

Heart Chambers

Right atriumRight ventricleLeft AtriumLeft Ventricle

Heart SeptumSeptumInteratrial septumSeparates two upper chambers

Interventricular septum Separates two lower chambers

The heart wallPericardium-outer layer Myocardium-middle muscular layer Endocardium-smooth inner layer

Coronary arteriesArteries supplying blood to the heart

Heart VesselsSuperior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

Aorta

VESSELSSuperior vena cavaSuperior vena cava-drains deoxygenated blood from head, neck, upper extremities, and chest to right atrium.

Inferior vena cavaInferior vena cava-carries deoxygenated blood from lower extremities, pelvic and abdominal viscera to right atrium

Pulmonary ArteryPulmonary artery bifurcates and becomes right and left pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

Pulmonary VeinsCarry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

AortaAorta-carries oxygenated blood from left side of heart to body

VALVES TricuspidBetween right atrium and right ventricle

BicuspidBetween left atrium and left ventricle

AorticAt entrance of aorta leading from left ventricle

PulmonaryAt entrance of pulmonary artery leading from right ventricle

HEART BEAT/HEART SOUNDSHEART BEAT Systole-: contraction Diastole: relaxation phase

Heart beat felt through the walls of the arteries is called pulse

Heart soundsLub closure of tricuspid and mitral valvesDub Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves

Sinoatrial node

Atrioventricular node

Bundle Branches

Purkinje fibres

Cardiac Conduction SystemSinoatrial nodeSAN, natures pacemaker, sends impulses to atrioventricular node

Atrioventricular nodeLocated on interatrial septum and sends impulses to bundle of His

Bundle branchesDivides into right bundle branch (RBB) and left bundle branch (LBB) in septum

Purkinje fibersMerge from bundle branches into specialized cells of myocardium, located at base of heart.

Combining FormAngi/o Vessel Arter/o ArteryAther/o Yellowish plaque, Fatty substanceAtri/o Atrium, upper heart chamberBrachi/o ArmCardi/o HeartCoron/o Heart

Cyan/o BluePhleb/o VeinSphygm/o pulseSteth/o Chestmyx/omucousox/ooxygenpericardi/opericardiumthromb/oclot

valv/ovalvevalvul/ovalvevascul/ovesselvas/ovesselven/oveinventricul/oventricle

PREFIXS

a-notan-notbi-twobrady-slowde-lack ofdys-bad, difficult, painfulendo-in

hyper-overhypo-underinter-betweenintra-withinmeta-change, afterperisurroundingtachy-fasttetra-fourtri-three

Congenital Heart Diseases

Coarctation of Aorta

Narrowing of the aortaIt causes reduced blood supply

SymptomsShortness of breathChest painHigh blood pressurePoor growth

Patent Ductus ArteriosusCondition in which a blood vessel called the ductus arteriosusfails to close normally in an infant soon after birth.

(The word "patent" means open.)

The condition leads to abnormal blood flow in between pulmonary artery and aorta

Septal DefectsCongenital heart defectin which the wall that separates the upper heart chambers (atria) does not close completelyAtrial Septal defectVentricular Septal defect

Tetralogy of FallotPulmonary artery stenosis

Ventricular septal defect

Shift of the aorta to the right(aorta overrides the interventricular septum)

Hypertrophy of the right ventricle.

Pathological Conditions of HeartMyocardial infarctionAngina PectorisCongestive Heart Failure (CHF) heart cannot pump required amounts of blood Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)Hypertensive Heart DiseaseRheumatic Heart DiseaseBegins as carditis (inflammation of all layers of heart wall)

Mitral valve ProlapseMitral valve StenosisPericarditisEndocarditisHeart BlockCardiac ArrestTachycardiaBradycardia

ArrhythmiaFlutter -rapid regular contractions (most commonly of atria)Fibrillation-rapid, erratic, inefficient contractions of atria and ventricles PalpitationMurmurAneurysm

Hypertension primary essential hypertension secondary hypertensionHypotensionPeripheral vascular diseaseRaynauds phenomenon Vasospasms and constriction of small arterioles of fingers and toesVaricose vein.

PROCEDURES

Lab TestLipid TestSerum enzyme testsTroponin TLDHCPK X-RayAngiographyDigital subtraction Angiography Doppler UltrasoundEchocardiography

Auscultation (Stethoscope)Blood pressure ( Sphygmomanometer)Electrocardiography (EKG/ECG)Holter MonitoringStress testCardioversion (Defibrillation)

Extracorporeal circulationHeart TransplantationCardiac CatheterizationPercutaneous Transluminal coronary angioplasty(PTCA)EndarterectomyThrombolytic TherapyPacemaker implant

AbbreviationsASCVDarteriosclerotic cardiovascular diseaseASDatrial septal defectASHDarterioscelerotic heart diseaseAVatrioventricularCABGcoronary artery bypass graftCHFcongestive heart failureCPKcreatine phosphokinaseCVIcerebrovascular insufficiency

LBBBleft Bundle Branch BlockLVH left ventricular hypertrophyMAT multifocal Atrial tachycardia MImyocardial infarctionNSRnormal sinus rhythmPACpremature atrial contractionPTCApercutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

PVCpremature ventricular contractionRBBBright bundle branch blockRSRregular sinus rhythmRVHright ventricular hypertrophySVTsupraventricular tachycardiaTEEtransesophageal echocardiographyTSTtreadmill stress test

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Name the four muscular chambers of heartHow many layers are there in the heart? What are they?Superior vena cava drains blood from upper part of the body true or falseLargest artery in the body is -------------Explain cardiac conduction systemWhat are coronary arteries?

What is EKG?Explain BP?What is Atrial Fibrillation?What is Tetralogy of Fallot?What is Aneurysm?Explain PTCAExplain CABG