Sensors and Actuators
AUGUST 2006
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Sensors and ActuatorsMechatronics
Mechatronics is the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering ("Mecha" for mechanisms), electronic engineering ("tron" for electronics), and Informatics ("ics").
The purpose of this interdisciplinary engineering field is the study of automata from an engineering perspective and serves the purposes of controlling advanced hybrid systems.
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Sensors and ActuatorsApplication of Mechatronics in Automotive Engineering
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An electronic device used to measure a physical quantity such as
temperature, pressure and convert into an electronic signal.
Sensors and ActuatorsDefinition
Purpose and Application
Function (open loop and closed loop
control circuits)
Safety and Back up
Monitoring and information
Types of Characteristic curve
Continuous linear
Continuous non linear
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What is to be measured.
Magnitude, range, Dynamics of measure quantity.
Required resolution.
Cost.
Environment.
Interface requirement.
Output quantity
Sensitivity
Sensors and ActuatorsSelection Criteria
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Sensors and ActuatorsOver View
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Sensors and ActuatorsOverview
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Sensors and ActuatorsCommonly used sensors
Engine Speed Sensor Temperature sensors
Coolant Temperature sensorOil Temperature sensorBoost Temperature sensor (Turbo Charge Engine)
Flow SensorsAir mass flow sensor
Position sensors.Throttle position sensor
Pressure sensorsOil pressure sensorBoost pressure sensor
Needle Movement Sensor
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Dependent Functions:
Fuel quantity calculation
Begin of Injection
Activate pre-injection
Limiting fuel quantity
Cyl. Balancing
Sensors and ActuatorsSpeed Sensors
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When a current is passed through a semiconductor wafer, a voltage is developed at right angles to the direction of current. The magnitude of this voltage is proportional tothe magnetic field through the semiconductor. This voltage is called Hall voltage.
Sensors and ActuatorsMagnetic sensors – Hall sensor
Dependent functionsDigital speed measurements.Non-contacting measurements. Therefore wear free.Output signal independent of rotational speed.Insensitive to dirt and contamination.
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Magnetic sensors – induction sensor: Ferromagnetic ring gear turns past sensor and generates a voltage in the coil. Period of voltage signal is proportional to variation in magnetic flux proportional to the rotation speed.
Sensors and ActuatorsSpeed Sensors
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Sensors and ActuatorsNeedle Movement Sensor
A ferromagnetic needle moves in a magnetic field, which is produced by a constant current flowing through a coil. The needle movement induces a voltage pulse in that coil, which can be sensed by a evaluation circuit.
Dependent functions - Sampling the injection point by means of nozzle needle lift.Closed loop control of injection timing (for sleeve controlled FIP)
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The sensitivity of electrical resistance is used as sensor. By holding the resistance value constant, while the air-flow is changing, it is possible to calculate the flow.
Sensors and ActuatorsMass Air Flow Sensor
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Potentio metric sensors are resistive and can be read by applying a current and
measuring the voltage drop across the resistor.
Throttle angle sensing
Sensors and ActuatorsPosition Sensors - Potentiometer
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Sensors and ActuatorsMAP Sensors
Vo
ltag
e
Pressure
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Abnormally rapid rise in cylinder pressure during combustion, followed by rapid oscillation in cylinder pressure. Frequency of these oscillations is specific to a given engine configuration and is typically in the range of few kHz.The sensor converts acoustical energy in the spectrum of the rapid cylinder pressure oscillation and Generates high frequency output voltage.
Sensors and ActuatorsKnock Sensors
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Sensors and ActuatorsOxygen sensor
An Oxygen sensor is a small sensor inserted into the exhaust system of a petrol engine to measure the concentration of oxygen remaining in the exhaust gas to allow an electronic control unit (ECU) to control the efficiency of the combustion process in the engine.
The sensing element is usually made with a zirconium ceramic bulb coated on both sides with a thin layer of platinumand comes in both heated and unheated forms.
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A thermocouple is created when two dissimilar metals touch and the contact point produces a small open-circuit voltage as a function of temperature. V = S * T, where S is the Seebeck coefficient.
S changes with temperature,
Output voltages is non linear over the operating range.
Amplification for High-Resolution A/D Converter
Thermocouples generate very low-voltage signals (mV).
Sensors and ActuatorsTemperature sensor
• Temperature sensor (Thermistor):
Temperature sensors are usually based on the
sensitivity of electrical resistance materials
with a positive or negative temperature
coefficient
NTC: Negative Temperature Coefficient
PTC: Positive Temperature Coefficient
)11
(.o
o TTeRR
R - resistance at TRo - resistance at To - PTC / NTC coefficient
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Sensors and ActuatorsActuators - Overview
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Examples: There is a huge range of actuators necessary for proper operation of an internal combustion engine. Examples are
Fuel pump supply
Electronic thermostat valve
Fuel injectors
Electric EGR-Valve
Electrical water pump
Electrical Oil pump
Sensors and ActuatorsActuators - Overview
DEFINITION: (Electrical Signal to Non-Electrical Signal)
A device used to convert Electronic signal into physical quantity.
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Sensors and ActuatorsSolSensors and ActuatorsSolenoids
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Fuel pressure acts against this face of the needle to work against spring force and open
nozzle
Spring force is adjustable to alter “pop” pressure
Fuel is allowed to internally “leak” to
lubricate the needle.
Sensors and ActuatorsInjection Nozzles
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Air fuel mixture
Exhaust gas re circulation
EGR valve
Sensors and ActuatorsExhaust Gas Recirculation systems
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Intake flow
MAF
MAT
TPS
Intake vacuum
Exhaust Pressure
Metering orificeUpstream pressure
Down stream pressure
Source vacuum
EVR
Duty cycle output
ECU
Delta pressure input
sensor EGR valveEGR vacuum
Sensors and ActuatorsExhaust Gas Recirculation systems
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