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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
33rd USAEE/IAEE North America Conference; Pittsburgh, 25-28 October 2015
Wind and solar for electricity – experiences in Europe and Germany
Hermann-Josef Wagner
Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economy Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Structure of my presentation
• Electricity production – activities in Europe
• German energy way – enforcement of wind and sun
• Risk and experiences – high acceptance in policy and population
• Conclusion
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Germany
Spain
France
FinlandSweden
Portugal
Ireland
Great Britain
Latvia
Estonia
Lithuania
Poland
Romania
Bulgaria
GreeceItaly
DenmarkNetherlands
AustriaBelgium Czechia
Hungary
Slovakia
Different conveying systems for electricity (renewable energies) in the EU
Source: 2014 JRC wind status report
FiT = Feed-in tariffsFiP = Feed-in premiumTGCs= Tradable green certificatesCfD= Contract for Difference
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Worldwide wind use
Wind energy use worldwide
(values rounded)
Rated Capacity
[GW] Share worldwide
[%]
the end of 2014 (preliminary data)
worldwide 2014
China 114 31
USA 66 18
Germany 40 11
Spain 23 6
India 23 6
United Kingdom 13 4
Italy 9 2
France 9 2
Canada 10 3
Denmark 5 1
Remaining countries
58 16
total 370 100
For comparison:At the end of 2003: world about 40 GW, Germany about 15 GW
DEWI Magazin 2015, Global Installed Capacity & Forecasthttp://www.dewi.de/dewi_res/index.php?id=23#Erneuerbare Energien - Das Magazin, edition March 2015
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Offshore windfarm alpha ventus
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
© Sonne, Wind & Wärme, 10/12
Offshore wind projects in Great Britain, Ireland, France and Netherlands (2012)
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Parabolic trough power plant „Arenales“, Spain
Source: „Steag speist erstmalig Strom ins Netz“, BWK, Bd. 65 (2013) Nr. 11/12
Thermal solar power station „Arenales“ (Spain)• 50 MW
• 156 rows of parabolic reflecors, that are able to follow the solar altitude
• 510.000 m² reflector surface
• Molten salt storage
• The integrated storage enables an electricity production up to seven hours without sunshine
Image: www.steag.com
Image: www.focus.de
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Structure of my presentation
• Electricity production – activities in Europe
• German energy way – enforcement of wind and sun
• Risk and experiences – high acceptance in policy and population
• Conclusion
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
The policy changes the mixElectricity generation in Germany in 2014 (gross about 610 TWh)
Rounded valuesSurvey: AG Energiebilanzen, State of December 2014
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Objective of green electricity:•2025 (2035): 40-45 % (55-60 %) of the electricity consumption should be covered by green energy•Expansion target (wind offshore) till 2020 (2030): 6,5 GW (15 GW)•Limiting the expansion of new biogas plants up to 100 MW/year (gross)•Limiting the annual expansion of solar and wind energy to a maximal amount of 2,5 GW (net)
Green electricity marketing:•Direct marketing of all new plants with a power output of 500 kW or more•Direct marketing of all new plants with a power output of 100 kW or more after 2016
Reducing of financial support:•Degradation of immoderate promotion and bonus, progressively reducing of support•Funding rates (wind onshore) decreases at profitable locations (e.g. inshore) from 10 % to 20 %
Industrial companies:•Energy-intensive companies have to pay about 15 % of the Renewable Energy Act levy, up to a maximum limit of 4 % of the companies´ gross value added•For large scale consumers, such as aluminum or steel plants, the maximum limit decreases to 0,5 %
Own power consumption:•Existing plants are exempted from the Renewable Energy Act till 2016•Electricity, generated by eco-electricity plants, is charged with 40 %, all the rest has to pay the whole amount•Small plants up to 10 kW (e.g. photovoltaic systems on house roofs) are exempted from the Renewable Energy Act levy
Railway:•Payment of 20 % of the Renewable Energy Act levy
Source: - VDI Nachrichten, 4.Juli, 2014, Nr. 27/28 - http://www.bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Erneuerbare-Energien/eeg-reform.html
Reform of the German Renewable Energy Act (EEG), 2014
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Offshore wind energy in Germany in 2014
Source: offshore-stiftung.de/sites/offshorelin.de/files/mediaimages/uebersichtoffshorewindparks
Ø
North Sea Baltic Sea
In use/ in construction/ approved with investment decision
Wind parks facilities Total output
Denmarc
PolandGermany
Netherlands
German territory and exclusive economic zone
Construction zone offshore wind energy
Frontier and 12 mile zone
In use
In construction
Approved with investment decision
Service port
Base port
Component port
Mid- 2015 2.778 MWSource: E.On
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Bubble curtain as underwater noise protection during pile-driving
Source: left: Trianel; right: NVB, Nordhäuser Versorgungsbetriebe, entnommen aus: VDI Ingenieurforum, Ausgabe 2/2012
sea level
MonopileTripod
seabed
noise emission
bubble curtainAbout 0,2-0,4m3/min/m air volume
reduced noise emission
nozzle pipe
Ø
pile
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Repair of corrosion protection
Photo: Helmut Müller; Sonne, Wind und Wärme 4/2012
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Photovoltaic – significant extension
Source of the data 01/2015: Bundesnetzagentur/PhotovoltaikSource of the data untill 2013: BWK 5/2012
At the end of 2014 in Germany installed capacity: about 38 GWWordlwide 07/2014 installed capacity: about 150 GWWordlwide expected installed capacity at the end of 2014: 200 GW
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Structure of my presentation
• Electricity production – activities in Europe
• German energy way – enforcement of wind and sun
• Risk and experiences – high acceptance in policy and population
• Conclusion
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Objective for the power station capacities in Germany in the year 2024
(Nuclear power: 0,0%)
Photovoltaics19%
2012 2024 Statistical value (175 GW) Objective of government (225 GW)
(Scenario B)
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Renewable energy levy for households in Germany
Source: 2003-2014 BMU,EEG/KWK-G, Reuters 2015 LEE
In Cent/ kWh
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Windenergy and liberalisation of markets require bulk transmission capacity
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Network development plan for the german electricity system (2013)
Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Karte_BBPlG-Vorhaben.png
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Structure of my presentation
• Electricity production – activities in Europe
• German energy way – enforcement of wind and sun
• Risk and experiences – high acceptance in policy and population
• Conclusion
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Conclusions
• Wind energy and photovoltaic use is increasing worldwide
• Technology is available
• Off shore wind park's are under construction, they deliver more electricity, but they are
expensive
• In Europe are different support systems: Feed-in tariff, tax incentives, quota
• Germany: Fixed feet-in regulation for electricity of renewables over 20 years, policy is
changing, private consumers are paying 6.3 €-Cent/kWh (8 US-Cent/kWh) companies less, in
any cases also nothing
• German government is following an energy concept 2050
• CO2-certificates are increasing electricity price only a little bit, renewable energies much
more
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Thank youBild: http://www.cpmax.com/tl_files/content/leistungen/inspektionen/galerie/100629%20097_klein.jpg
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
For discussion
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Map of Europe – some facts about Germany
About Germany:
• Area: 350 000 km2
82 Million people Population density: 230 cap / km2
• Reunification: 1990 • GDP: 28 000 US $ / cap• Conventional capacity power stations:
84 GW • Wind power stations: 40 GW • Photovoltaic areas: about 38 GW • Energy policy: Enforcement of
renewable, facing out nuclear, facing out German coal mining, reduction of Greenhouse Gases
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
German energy-concept
* In reference to 1990, ** In reference to 2008, *** In reference to 2005
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Costs of a 2 MW onshore wind power station
Source: Deutsche WindGuard GmbH; Kostensituation der Windenergie an Land in Deutschland, Stand 2013
Investment plan Costs[€/kW]
Hub height < 120 m > 120 m
Wind power station, transport, installation 1150 1340
Foundation 70
Grid connection 70
Site development (lanes) 40
Planning, environmental measures,concession, others
190
Total 1520 1710
Operating costs: 5,1 ct/kWh(Average over 20 years operating time)
Service, reparation, others 50 %
Rent 20 %
Management (technical and business)
20 %
Reserve for unforeseen events 5 %
Insurance 5 %
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Average electricity prices for households in Europe in 2013
Source: Eurostat
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Average structure of the electricity rate in Germany: Household with a consumption of 4.000 kWh/a
Source: Grundpreis, Beschaffung, Netznutzung unter Verwendung von Daten aus den Tarifen der Stadtwerke Velbert, Januar 2014 Konzessionsabgabe: Mittelwert Deutschland, hängt von der Größe der Gemeinde ab. Stand Januar 2014
Basic price: (for measuring, accounting, amortization) rd. 12,50 €/month (gross)
Generation/acquisition
Network access
Electricity tax (former “green tax”)
Concession levy
Basic price
Value-added tax
Energy-price:21,6 ct/kWh
Total: 30,2 ct/kWh, of which 51% are federal demand
Renewable energy law
At consumption of 4.000 kWh/a
3,8 ct/kWh
5,0 ct/kWh
6,0 ct/kWh
6,5 ct/kWh
1,8 ct/kWh
2,1 ct/kWh
4,8 ct/kWh
Act on Combined Heat and Power Generation0,2 ct/kWh
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Source: http://www.solar-professionell.de/artikel/neues-hybrid-modul-am-markt.html
Hybrid module photovoltaic and solar thermal
Front photovoltaic module Back solar thermal module
Copper pipes
Water inlet and outlet
Generator
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Direct and indirect radiation
Direct radiation(quasi parallel)
Global radiationProportion of
direct radiation
California 2.200 kWh/(m2.a) about 80 %
Germany 1.000 kWh/(m2.a) about 40 %
Diffuse radiation
Reflection
Maximum exposure(perpendicular to the surface)
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