1 Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner 33rd...

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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy EconomicsProf. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner

33rd USAEE/IAEE North America Conference; Pittsburgh, 25-28 October 2015

Wind and solar for electricity – experiences in Europe and Germany

Hermann-Josef Wagner

Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economy Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany

[email protected]

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Structure of my presentation

• Electricity production – activities in Europe

• German energy way – enforcement of wind and sun

• Risk and experiences – high acceptance in policy and population

• Conclusion

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Germany

Spain

France

FinlandSweden

Portugal

Ireland

Great Britain

Latvia

Estonia

Lithuania

Poland

Romania

Bulgaria

GreeceItaly

DenmarkNetherlands

AustriaBelgium Czechia

Hungary

Slovakia

Different conveying systems for electricity (renewable energies) in the EU

Source: 2014 JRC wind status report

FiT = Feed-in tariffsFiP = Feed-in premiumTGCs= Tradable green certificatesCfD= Contract for Difference

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Worldwide wind use

Wind energy use worldwide

(values rounded)

Rated Capacity

[GW] Share worldwide

[%]

the end of 2014 (preliminary data)

worldwide 2014

China 114 31

USA 66 18

Germany 40 11

Spain 23 6

India 23 6

United Kingdom 13 4

Italy 9 2

France 9 2

Canada 10 3

Denmark 5 1

Remaining countries

58 16

total 370 100

For comparison:At the end of 2003: world about 40 GW, Germany about 15 GW

DEWI Magazin 2015, Global Installed Capacity & Forecasthttp://www.dewi.de/dewi_res/index.php?id=23#Erneuerbare Energien - Das Magazin, edition March 2015

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Offshore windfarm alpha ventus

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© Sonne, Wind & Wärme, 10/12

Offshore wind projects in Great Britain, Ireland, France and Netherlands (2012)

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Parabolic trough power plant „Arenales“, Spain

Source: „Steag speist erstmalig Strom ins Netz“, BWK, Bd. 65 (2013) Nr. 11/12

Thermal solar power station „Arenales“ (Spain)• 50 MW

• 156 rows of parabolic reflecors, that are able to follow the solar altitude

• 510.000 m² reflector surface

• Molten salt storage

• The integrated storage enables an electricity production up to seven hours without sunshine

Image: www.steag.com

Image: www.focus.de

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• Conclusion

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The policy changes the mixElectricity generation in Germany in 2014 (gross about 610 TWh)

Rounded valuesSurvey: AG Energiebilanzen, State of December 2014

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Objective of green electricity:•2025 (2035): 40-45 % (55-60 %) of the electricity consumption should be covered by green energy•Expansion target (wind offshore) till 2020 (2030): 6,5 GW (15 GW)•Limiting the expansion of new biogas plants up to 100 MW/year (gross)•Limiting the annual expansion of solar and wind energy to a maximal amount of 2,5 GW (net)

Green electricity marketing:•Direct marketing of all new plants with a power output of 500 kW or more•Direct marketing of all new plants with a power output of 100 kW or more after 2016

Reducing of financial support:•Degradation of immoderate promotion and bonus, progressively reducing of support•Funding rates (wind onshore) decreases at profitable locations (e.g. inshore) from 10 % to 20 %

Industrial companies:•Energy-intensive companies have to pay about 15 % of the Renewable Energy Act levy, up to a maximum limit of 4 % of the companies´ gross value added•For large scale consumers, such as aluminum or steel plants, the maximum limit decreases to 0,5 %

Own power consumption:•Existing plants are exempted from the Renewable Energy Act till 2016•Electricity, generated by eco-electricity plants, is charged with 40 %, all the rest has to pay the whole amount•Small plants up to 10 kW (e.g. photovoltaic systems on house roofs) are exempted from the Renewable Energy Act levy

Railway:•Payment of 20 % of the Renewable Energy Act levy

Source: - VDI Nachrichten, 4.Juli, 2014, Nr. 27/28 - http://www.bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Erneuerbare-Energien/eeg-reform.html

Reform of the German Renewable Energy Act (EEG), 2014

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Offshore wind energy in Germany in 2014

Source: offshore-stiftung.de/sites/offshorelin.de/files/mediaimages/uebersichtoffshorewindparks

Ø

North Sea Baltic Sea

In use/ in construction/ approved with investment decision

Wind parks facilities Total output

Denmarc

PolandGermany

Netherlands

German territory and exclusive economic zone

Construction zone offshore wind energy

Frontier and 12 mile zone

In use

In construction

Approved with investment decision

Service port

Base port

Component port

Mid- 2015 2.778 MWSource: E.On

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Bubble curtain as underwater noise protection during pile-driving

Source: left: Trianel; right: NVB, Nordhäuser Versorgungsbetriebe, entnommen aus: VDI Ingenieurforum, Ausgabe 2/2012

sea level

MonopileTripod

seabed

noise emission

bubble curtainAbout 0,2-0,4m3/min/m air volume

reduced noise emission

nozzle pipe

Ø

pile

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Repair of corrosion protection

Photo: Helmut Müller; Sonne, Wind und Wärme 4/2012

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Photovoltaic – significant extension

Source of the data 01/2015: Bundesnetzagentur/PhotovoltaikSource of the data untill 2013: BWK 5/2012

At the end of 2014 in Germany installed capacity: about 38 GWWordlwide 07/2014 installed capacity: about 150 GWWordlwide expected installed capacity at the end of 2014: 200 GW

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• Conclusion

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Objective for the power station capacities in Germany in the year 2024

(Nuclear power: 0,0%)

Photovoltaics19%

2012 2024 Statistical value (175 GW) Objective of government (225 GW)

(Scenario B)

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Renewable energy levy for households in Germany

Source: 2003-2014 BMU,EEG/KWK-G, Reuters 2015 LEE

In Cent/ kWh

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Windenergy and liberalisation of markets require bulk transmission capacity

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Network development plan for the german electricity system (2013)

Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Karte_BBPlG-Vorhaben.png

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• Conclusion

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Conclusions

• Wind energy and photovoltaic use is increasing worldwide

• Technology is available

• Off shore wind park's are under construction, they deliver more electricity, but they are

expensive

• In Europe are different support systems: Feed-in tariff, tax incentives, quota

• Germany: Fixed feet-in regulation for electricity of renewables over 20 years, policy is

changing, private consumers are paying 6.3 €-Cent/kWh (8 US-Cent/kWh) companies less, in

any cases also nothing

• German government is following an energy concept 2050

• CO2-certificates are increasing electricity price only a little bit, renewable energies much

more

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Thank youBild: http://www.cpmax.com/tl_files/content/leistungen/inspektionen/galerie/100629%20097_klein.jpg

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For discussion

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Map of Europe – some facts about Germany

About Germany:

• Area: 350 000 km2

82 Million people Population density: 230 cap / km2

• Reunification: 1990 • GDP: 28 000 US $ / cap• Conventional capacity power stations:

84 GW • Wind power stations: 40 GW • Photovoltaic areas: about 38 GW • Energy policy: Enforcement of

renewable, facing out nuclear, facing out German coal mining, reduction of Greenhouse Gases

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German energy-concept

* In reference to 1990, ** In reference to 2008, *** In reference to 2005

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Costs of a 2 MW onshore wind power station

Source: Deutsche WindGuard GmbH; Kostensituation der Windenergie an Land in Deutschland, Stand 2013

Investment plan Costs[€/kW]

Hub height < 120 m > 120 m

Wind power station, transport, installation 1150 1340

Foundation 70

Grid connection 70

Site development (lanes) 40

Planning, environmental measures,concession, others

190

Total 1520 1710

Operating costs: 5,1 ct/kWh(Average over 20 years operating time)

Service, reparation, others 50 %

Rent 20 %

Management (technical and business)

20 %

Reserve for unforeseen events 5 %

Insurance 5 %

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Average electricity prices for households in Europe in 2013

Source: Eurostat

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Average structure of the electricity rate in Germany: Household with a consumption of 4.000 kWh/a

Source: Grundpreis, Beschaffung, Netznutzung unter Verwendung von Daten aus den Tarifen der Stadtwerke Velbert, Januar 2014 Konzessionsabgabe: Mittelwert Deutschland, hängt von der Größe der Gemeinde ab. Stand Januar 2014

Basic price: (for measuring, accounting, amortization) rd. 12,50 €/month (gross)

Generation/acquisition

Network access

Electricity tax (former “green tax”)

Concession levy

Basic price

Value-added tax

Energy-price:21,6 ct/kWh

Total: 30,2 ct/kWh, of which 51% are federal demand

Renewable energy law

At consumption of 4.000 kWh/a

3,8 ct/kWh

5,0 ct/kWh

6,0 ct/kWh

6,5 ct/kWh

1,8 ct/kWh

2,1 ct/kWh

4,8 ct/kWh

Act on Combined Heat and Power Generation0,2 ct/kWh

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Source: http://www.solar-professionell.de/artikel/neues-hybrid-modul-am-markt.html

Hybrid module photovoltaic and solar thermal

Front photovoltaic module Back solar thermal module

Copper pipes

Water inlet and outlet

Generator

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Direct and indirect radiation

Direct radiation(quasi parallel)

Global radiationProportion of

direct radiation

California 2.200 kWh/(m2.a) about 80 %

Germany 1.000 kWh/(m2.a) about 40 %

Diffuse radiation

Reflection

Maximum exposure(perpendicular to the surface)

1 Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner 33rd...

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