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Baroque
Striving to Impress
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Baroque: Definition
A period of history
A description of artistic/musicalstyle after the Renaissance
Originally a derogatory term
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Causes and Origins
Counter reformation movement
(glory of the church) Rulers wanted a style signifying glory
Artists desire to be more expressive Originated in Italy
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Characteristics
How does Baroque compare with the
Renaissance? Unique contributions
Emotion/Religious fervor/RealismDramatic (light and shade/perspective)
Exploration of form (elaborateness,exaggeration) but all in control
Virtuosity
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Architecture and Sculpture
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Architecture Style
Versailles
Landscaping
Hall of Mirrors
Extravagance
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Architecture Style
St. Peters Square (Bernini)
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Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Baldacchino(Altar
covering in St. Peters)
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Bernini
Ecstasy ofSt. Theresa
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Reading 76From Saint Teresas Visions
It pleased the Lord that I should sometimes see the following vision. Iwould see beside me, on my left hand, an angel in bodily forma type ofvision which I am not in the habit of seeing, except very rarely. Though Ioften see representations of angels, my visions of them are of the typewhich I first mentioned. It pleased the Lord that I should see this angel in
the following way. He was not tall, but short, and very beautiful, his faceaflame that he appeared to be one of the highest types of angel who seemto be all afire. They must be those who are called cherubim: they do not tellme their names but I am well aware that there is a great difference betweencertain angels and others, and between these and others still, of a kind thatI could not possibly explain. In his hands I saw a long golden spear and at
the end of the iron tip I seemed to see a point of fire. With this he seemedto pierce my heart several times so that it penetrated to my entrails. Whenhe drew it out, I thought he was drawing them out with it and he left mecompletely afire with a great love for God. The pain was so sharp that itmade me utter several moans; and so excessive was the sweetness causedme by this intense pain that one can never wish to lose it, nor will ones soul
be content with anything less than God. It is not bodily pain, but spiritual,though the body has a share in it indeed, a great share. So sweet are thecolloquies of love which pass between the soul and God that if anyone thinksI am lying I beseech God, in His goodness, to give him the same experience.
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Bernini
David
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"Bernini criticized Michelangelo for failingto make his figures appear as if made of
flesh, and bragged that stone was 'likepasta' in his handsthat he could fashionmarble like wax. And indeed he could.His genius for manipulating the act ofperceptionby altering perspective, or
highlighting certain details in a rendering,or using materials and techniques to blurthe lines between sculpture and painting
allowed Bernini to achieve new levels ofauthenticity in bringing a scene to life."
Isacoff, Stuart, Temperament, Vintage Books, 2001, p. 23.
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Bernini
Apollo and
Daphne
Pluto andPersephone
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Caravaggio(Michelangelo Merisi)
The Calling of
Saint Matthew Chiaroscuro
Realism
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Caravaggio
TheMartyrdom ofSaint Matthew
Emotion
Perspective
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Caravaggio
David with thehead of Goliath
Emotion/realism Perspective
(foreshortening)
Light/darkness
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Caravaggio: The Supper at Emmaus
Perspective Realism
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Artemesia Gentileschi
Judith andHolofornes
Emotion
Realism
Perspective
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El Greco
The Burial of
Count OrgazReligious fervor
Virtuosity (color)
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Diego
Velazquez
Las Meninas(Maids of Honor) Perspective
Virtuosity (detail) The art of
creating art
(similar to theview of literaturemaking literaturein Don Quixote)
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Velazquez: The Surrender of
Breda (Las Lances) Perspective
Virtuosity
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Peter Paul Rubens
Henri IVReceiving the
Portrait ofMarie DeMedici
Rape of the
Daughters ofLeucippus
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Anthony Van DykeCharles I onHorseback
Charles I: King ofEngland at the Hunt
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Rembrandt:Night Watch
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Rembrandt
Dr. TulpsAnatomy
Lesson
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Frans Hals
TheLaughing
Cavalier
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Jan Vermeer
The Art of Painting
Study of a YoungWoman
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Georges de
La TourChrist in the
Carpenters Shop
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Music
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Baroque Music Innovations
Invention of Opera
Homophony Development of the orchestra and types of
orchestration
Development of new forms of vocal music
Development of purely instrumental music
New instruments Temperament
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Invention of Opera
Singing and orchestra work together
Use of an overture, several acts, etc Size of the orchestra increased
Homophony
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Claudio Monteverdi
Made opera popular
Technique to conveyemotion
Orfeo The Coronation of Poppea
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Development of Instrumental
Music Luther
God could be experienced throughmusic
The Devil flees from the voice of music just as
he flees from the words of theology.
New vocal forms
Hymn, anthem, cantata, oratorio
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Baroque Music Innovations
Purely instrumental music
Counterpoint (a type of polyphony) Fugues
Sonata, concerto, suite
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Violin Invention
Cremona, Italy
Amati, Stradivari, Guarneri Became the heart of the orchestra
Construction has not changed
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Temperament
Tempering: tuning that resulted
in pleasant scalesThe Well Tempered Clavier
Preludes and fugues written in allmajor and minor keys
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Circle of Fifths
do re mi fa sol la ti do re mi fa sol la ti do re mi fa sol la ti do re mi fa sol la ti do
1st fifth 2nd fifth 3rd fifth 4th fifth 5th fifth 6th fifth 7th fifth
Notes
defined: do, sol re la mi ti fa do
The ratio of the two "do" notes should be an even whole number
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"The problem...began with the Greeks,
who mistakenly believed that 3:2 was thereal ratio of a perfect fifth, when it isobviously only an approximation. Anyonewho multiplies this ratio and realizes thatits 'circle' of twelve tones produces a lastnote that is out of tune with the first, yetcontinues to maintain 'that the ratio 3:2 is
the actual one, he in truth ignores theessential character of addition andsubtraction of ratios.' Any such person isstubbornly resisting the plain truth; his
position is irrational and absurd."
Isacoff, Stuart, Temperament, Vintage Books,
2001, p. 145.
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"Acceptance [of equal temperament] didnot come easily. Critics claimed theresulting music had been robbed of itsbeauty and emotional impact; supporterscountered that since all things are
subjective, human ears and minds wouldlearn to adapt. The arguments, however,went well beyond musical aesthetics.Equal temperament represented anassault on an idea that had grippedthinkers in nearly every field as a powerfulmetaphor for a universe ruled by
mathematical law."
Isacoff, Stuart, Temperament, Vintage Books,2001, p. 6.
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"Tempering meant that the principle
of usefulness was more basic thanthe principle of purity."
Adapted from: Isacoff, Stuart, Temperament, VintageBooks, 2001, p. 8.
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Innovations in Orchestra
Concertos
Solo instruments Grosso led to orchestra works
Composers notation:
Specified instrumental parts
Dynamic markings and speed
Key signature in the title
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Antonio Vivaldi
Red Priest
Details and complexity Operas
Influenced Bach The Four Seasons
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Vivaldi: Sonnet forSpring
Spring has come with its gaiety,The birds salute it with joyous song,And the brooks, caressed by ZephyrFlow meanwhile with sweet murmur.
The sky is covered with dark cloudsAnnounced by lightning and thunder,But when they are silenced, the little birdsReturn to fill the air with their song:
Then does the meadow, in full flower,
Ripple with its leafy plants.The goatherd dozes, guarded by his faithful dog.
Rejoicing in the pastoral bagpipes,
Nymphs and Shepherds dance neath heavens canopy,For the radiant onset of Springtime.
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George Frederick Handel
Personal Life
Watermusic Royal Fireworks
OperasCompany in London
Wrote castratosLargo fromXerxes
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George Frederick Handel
Oratorios
Long text with chorus and orchestraNo costumes and staging
Developed after lack of interest for
operas Messiah
OvertureGlory to God
Hallelujah Chorus
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Johann Sebastian Bach
Personal life
Work life Over 1000 musical pieces
Public complained for his
flowery music Musicians felt his
music too difficult
Engaged the mind insearch for God
After death becamewell known
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Since the best man could not beobtained, mediocre ones would haveto be accepted.
-Leipzig town council member commenting on the hiring ofBach
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Johann Sebastian Bach
Musical Contributions:
Over 1000 pieces in every genre exceptopera
Cantatas (one per week for 8 years)
#140 part 1 part 4 part 7Protestant themes (in search of God)
Counterpoint/fugue
Complex compositions (upside down)
Hymns (A Mighty Fortress)
Brandenburg Concertos
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Literature
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Cervantes
Don Quixote de la Mancha
Greatest literature work inSpanish
First Novel
Reality versus illusion
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Don Quixote
(Sanchos early opinion of Don Quixote)
I have seen from countless signs that this masterof mine is a raving lunatic who ought to be tied up and me, I cant be much better, for since I followhim and serve him, Im more of a fool than he
(Sanchos later view of reality)
Anythings possiblefor her beauty confused me,as her ugliness did your worship. But lets leave itall in Gods hands.
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John Milton
Devout Puritan
Defender of CromwellianCommonwealth
Political Activist and Essayist Paradise Lost
SonnetWhen I consider
Paradise Lost
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Paradise Lost
(Milton)At the days dawning, having said their morningprayers, Adam and Eve began considering howthey might best accomplish their growing work.
(Simple)
They said their prayers and planned their work.
(Simpler)
They prayed and worked hard.
(Simplest)They had too much to do.
Paradise Lost
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Paradise Lost
Hail, horrors! Hail,Infernal World! And thou, profoundest Hell,Receive thy new possessor one who brings
A mind not to be changed by place or time.The mind is its own place, and in itselfCan make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven.What matter where, if I be still the same,And what I should be, all but less than heWhom thunder hath made greater? Here at leastWe shall be free; the Almighty hath not built
Here for his envy, will not drive us hence:Here we may reign secure; and, in my choice,To reign is worth ambition, though in Hell:
Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven.- Satan in Paradise Lost
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When I Consider How My Life is Spent
When I consider how my light is spent,Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide,And that one Talent which is death to hide,
Lodgd with me useless, though my Soul more bentTo serve therewith my Maker, and presentMy true account, least he returning chide,
Doth God exact day-labour, light denied,I fondly ask; But patience to preventThat murmur, soon replies, God doth not need
Either mans work or his own gifts; his StateIs Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speedAnd post ore Land and Ocean without rest:They also serve who only stand and wait.
- John Milton
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Thank You
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Messiah
No tongue can speak, neither can
there be written by any man, neithercan the hearts of men conceive sogreat and marvelous things as weboth saw and heard Jesus speak;and no one can conceive of the joy
which filled our souls at the time weheard him pray for us unto theFather. (3 Ne. 17:17)
Moliere
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Moliere
(Jean Baptiste Poquelin) Baroque comedy
Targeted the Catholic church
Tartuffe
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"[Those] who insist on believing inthe purity of the simple ratios of old
over all aural evidence to thecontrary...they are like the personwho proclaims, 'The sun may lie, but
not the clock.'"
Isacoff, Stuart, Temperament, Vintage Books, 2001, p. 146.
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