BAROQUE MUSIC Baroque DATES: DATES: BAROQUE: BAROQUE: The Baroque period stretches roughly from 1600...

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BAROQUE MUSIC BAROQUE MUSIC

Transcript of BAROQUE MUSIC Baroque DATES: DATES: BAROQUE: BAROQUE: The Baroque period stretches roughly from 1600...

Page 1: BAROQUE MUSIC Baroque DATES: DATES: BAROQUE: BAROQUE: The Baroque period stretches roughly from 1600 to 1750 (coincides with the death of J.S. Bach.)

BAROQUE BAROQUE MUSICMUSIC

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BaroqueBaroque DATES:DATES:

BAROQUE:BAROQUE:

The Baroque period stretches roughly from 1600 to 1750 (coincides with the death of J.S. Bach.)

From the Portuguese word “barroco” meaning an ornamented piece of jewellery.First used to describe the highly decorative style of architecture at the time.

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Fingerprints of musical styleFingerprints of musical style Early Baroque composers favour a light, homophonic Early Baroque composers favour a light, homophonic

musical texture – melody plus simple chordal musical texture – melody plus simple chordal accompaniment; but before long, there is a return to accompaniment; but before long, there is a return to polyphonic (contrapuntal) textures.polyphonic (contrapuntal) textures.

The basso continuo, or figured bass, becomes the The basso continuo, or figured bass, becomes the musical foundation for most types of piece – providing musical foundation for most types of piece – providing a purposeful bass-line (sometimes a “walking bass”) a purposeful bass-line (sometimes a “walking bass”) making the music move steadily onwards.making the music move steadily onwards.

The same musical mood is usually kept throughout an The same musical mood is usually kept throughout an entire piece.entire piece.

The violin family takes over from the viols; the The violin family takes over from the viols; the orchestra begins to take shape, with the string section orchestra begins to take shape, with the string section as a firm basis – always with keyboard continuo as a firm basis – always with keyboard continuo (harpsichord or organ) filling out the harmonies above (harpsichord or organ) filling out the harmonies above the figured bass and decorating the musical texture.the figured bass and decorating the musical texture.

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Fingerprints 2Fingerprints 2 The system of modes falls out of use by the end of the 17The system of modes falls out of use by the end of the 17thth

century; music is now based on major and minor scales.century; music is now based on major and minor scales.

Typical forms used by Baroque composers: binary, ternary Typical forms used by Baroque composers: binary, ternary (including the (including the da capoda capo aria), rondeau, variations (including aria), rondeau, variations (including the ground bass, chaconne, passacaglia), ritornello form, the ground bass, chaconne, passacaglia), ritornello form, fugue.fugue.

Main types of Baroque music: Main types of Baroque music: vocalvocal – chorale, recitative and aria, opera, oratorio, cantata; – chorale, recitative and aria, opera, oratorio, cantata; instrumentalinstrumental – Italian overture, French overture, toccata, – Italian overture, French overture, toccata,

prelude, chorale prelude, dance suite, trio sonatas (sonata da prelude, chorale prelude, dance suite, trio sonatas (sonata da camera, sonata da chiesa), concerto grosso, solo concerto.camera, sonata da chiesa), concerto grosso, solo concerto.

Often, energetic rhythms drive the music forward: melodies Often, energetic rhythms drive the music forward: melodies are frequently long and flowing, and decorated with are frequently long and flowing, and decorated with ornaments (eg appoggiaturas, trills); contrasts (particularly in ornaments (eg appoggiaturas, trills); contrasts (particularly in concertos), of instrumental timbres, of few instruments concertos), of instrumental timbres, of few instruments against many, of loud contrasted against soft (“terraced against many, of loud contrasted against soft (“terraced dynamics”, sometimes echo effects), and “blocks” of sound dynamics”, sometimes echo effects), and “blocks” of sound of different timbres (eg strings and wind alternately, then of different timbres (eg strings and wind alternately, then together).together).

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Instruments-HarpsichordInstruments-Harpsichord

A harpsichordA harpsichord is the general term for a family of European is the general term for a family of European keyboardkeyboard instrumentsinstruments, including the large instrument , including the large instrument nowadays called a harpsichord, but also the smaller nowadays called a harpsichord, but also the smaller virginalsvirginals and the and the spinetspinet. .

All these instruments generate All these instruments generate soundsound by plucking a by plucking a stringstring rather than striking one, as in a rather than striking one, as in a pianopiano or or clavichordclavichord. The . The harpsichord family is thought to have originated when a harpsichord family is thought to have originated when a keyboard was affixed to the end of a keyboard was affixed to the end of a psalterypsaltery, providing a , providing a mechanical means to pluck the strings. mechanical means to pluck the strings.

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Baroque OrchestraBaroque Orchestra Typical features include:Typical features include: Strings to which composers would add 1 or 2 Strings to which composers would add 1 or 2

flutes (or recorders), oboes, bassoons, flutes (or recorders), oboes, bassoons, perhaps horns, occasionally trumpets and perhaps horns, occasionally trumpets and kettle drums.kettle drums.

Organ or harpsichord continuo to build up Organ or harpsichord continuo to build up chords on a bass line (figured bass),chords on a bass line (figured bass),

Effects of contrast- dynamics and textures.Effects of contrast- dynamics and textures. Ribbons of sound- oboes and trumpets against Ribbons of sound- oboes and trumpets against

strings, orstrings, or Blocks of sound- contrasting groups- strings Blocks of sound- contrasting groups- strings

then wind then tutti (all) resulting in terraced then wind then tutti (all) resulting in terraced dynamics rather than crescendo or dynamics rather than crescendo or diminuendo.diminuendo.

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Baroque OrchestraBaroque Orchestra The The Baroque OrchestraBaroque Orchestra is the earliest is the earliest

example of a true example of a true orchestraorchestra which came into which came into existence in the mid-late 1600s. Its origins existence in the mid-late 1600s. Its origins were in were in FranceFrance where where Jean-Jean-BaptisteBaptiste Lully Lully added oboes (hautboys) and transverse added oboes (hautboys) and transverse flutesflutes to his to his vingt-quatrevingt-quatre violonsviolons du Roy du Roy. As . As well as violins and woodwind, the baroque well as violins and woodwind, the baroque orchestra would have still contained orchestra would have still contained continuo instruments such as the continuo instruments such as the harpsichordharpsichord or theorbo (lute). The new- or theorbo (lute). The new-fangled instrumentation and orchestration fangled instrumentation and orchestration soon spread to the rest of Europe and soon soon spread to the rest of Europe and soon became the standard solo instrumental became the standard solo instrumental grouping. grouping.

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Typical forms used by Baroque Typical forms used by Baroque composerscomposers

Binary (AB)Binary (AB) Ternary (including the Ternary (including the da capoda capo aria) aria)

(ABA) (ABA) Rondo (ABACADA)Rondo (ABACADA) Variations (including the ground Variations (including the ground

bass, chaconne, passacaglia)bass, chaconne, passacaglia) Ritornello formRitornello form FugueFugue

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Main types of Baroque Main types of Baroque musicmusic

VOCAL – OPERA, ORATORIO, chorale, VOCAL – OPERA, ORATORIO, chorale, recitative and aria, cantata;recitative and aria, cantata;

INSTRUMENTAL – CONCERTO – CONCERTO GROSSO, SOLO CONCERTO, FUGUE, GROSSO, SOLO CONCERTO, FUGUE, Italian overture, French overture, Italian overture, French overture, toccata, prelude, chorale prelude, toccata, prelude, chorale prelude, dance suite, trio sonatas (sonata da dance suite, trio sonatas (sonata da camera, sonata da chiesa), camera, sonata da chiesa),

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OPERAOPERA OperaOpera refers to a refers to a dramaticdramatic artart form, originating in form, originating in

ItalyItaly, in which the emotional content or primary , in which the emotional content or primary entertainment is conveyed to the audience as much entertainment is conveyed to the audience as much through music, both vocal and instrumental, as it is through music, both vocal and instrumental, as it is through the lyrics. From the beginning of the form through the lyrics. From the beginning of the form (about (about 16001600), there has been contention whether the ), there has been contention whether the music is paramount, or the words music is paramount, or the words

The drama is presented using the primary elements The drama is presented using the primary elements of of theatretheatre such as scenery, such as scenery, costumescostumes, and , and actingacting. . However, the words of the opera, or However, the words of the opera, or librettolibretto, are , are customarily customarily sungsung rather than spoken. The rather than spoken. The singerssingers are are accompanied by a accompanied by a musical ensemblemusical ensemble ranging from a ranging from a small instrumental ensemble to a full symphonic small instrumental ensemble to a full symphonic orchestraorchestra..

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ORATORIOORATORIO An An oratoriooratorio is a large is a large musical compositionmusical composition for for

orchestraorchestra, vocal , vocal soloistssoloists and and choruschorus. It differs from an . It differs from an operaopera in that it does not have in that it does not have sceneryscenery, , costumescostumes, or , or acting. Oratorio closely mirrored opera in all ages in acting. Oratorio closely mirrored opera in all ages in musical style and form, except that choruses were musical style and form, except that choruses were more prominent in oratorio than in opera. The peak more prominent in oratorio than in opera. The peak period for composition of oratorios was the 17th and period for composition of oratorios was the 17th and 18th centuries.18th centuries.

Most oratorios from the common practice period to the Most oratorios from the common practice period to the present day have present day have biblicalbiblical themes, but a number of themes, but a number of composers, notably composers, notably George George FridericFrideric Handel Handel, wrote , wrote secular oratorios based on themes from secular oratorios based on themes from GreekGreek and and RomanRoman mythologymythology. Whether religious or secular, the . Whether religious or secular, the theme of an oratorio is meant to be weighty, and can theme of an oratorio is meant to be weighty, and can include such topics as the creation of the world, the life include such topics as the creation of the world, the life of of JesusJesus, or the career of a classical hero or biblical , or the career of a classical hero or biblical prophet.prophet.

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CONCERTO GROSSOCONCERTO GROSSO The The concerto grossoconcerto grosso ( (pluralplural concerti grossiconcerti grossi) () (ItalianItalian

for for big concertbig concert) was a popular form of ) was a popular form of baroque musicbaroque music using an using an ensembleensemble and usually having and usually having four to six movements in which the musical material four to six movements in which the musical material is passed between a small group of soloists (the is passed between a small group of soloists (the concertinoconcertino- little ensemble- little ensemble) and full orchestra (the ) and full orchestra (the ripienoripieno- filling- filling).).

Other major composers of Other major composers of concerti grossiconcerti grossi were were Georg Friedrich Georg Friedrich HändelHändel, who expanded the , who expanded the ripienoripieno to to include wind instruments. Several of the include wind instruments. Several of the Brandenburg ConcertiBrandenburg Concerti of of Johann Sebastian BachJohann Sebastian Bach also also loosely follow the loosely follow the concerto grossoconcerto grosso form, notably the form, notably the 2nd Concerto, which has a 2nd Concerto, which has a concertinoconcertino of recorder, of recorder, oboe, trumpet, and solo violin.oboe, trumpet, and solo violin.

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SOLO CONCERTOSOLO CONCERTO In In classical musicclassical music, the word , the word concertoconcerto (pl. (pl. concerticoncerti or or

concertosconcertos; from the ; from the ItalianItalian concertoconcerto, which means , which means concertconcert) is a label for a piece in which a small ) is a label for a piece in which a small musical group and a large musical group are given musical group and a large musical group are given distinct roles, with the smaller group to the fore. distinct roles, with the smaller group to the fore.

The most common kind of concerto pairs a The most common kind of concerto pairs a solosolo instrument with a full instrument with a full orchestraorchestra. The term also . The term also implies the implies the musical formmusical form of a piece, as most pieces of a piece, as most pieces called "concerto" have three called "concerto" have three movementsmovements, of which , of which the first is typically in the first is typically in sonata formsonata form and the last and the last typically a typically a rondorondo..

The term apparently arose in the beginning of the The term apparently arose in the beginning of the 17th century, and came to describe chiefly 17th century, and came to describe chiefly compositions which bring unequal instrumental or compositions which bring unequal instrumental or vocal forces into opposition.vocal forces into opposition.

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Ritornello formRitornello form

In both types of concerto, movements In both types of concerto, movements are built up in ritornello form.are built up in ritornello form.

The music starts off with the ritornello The music starts off with the ritornello (little return) played by the ripieno (little return) played by the ripieno group (tutti meaning “all”) with the group (tutti meaning “all”) with the soloist(s) joining in. This is the main soloist(s) joining in. This is the main theme and it returns at various points theme and it returns at various points throughout the movement. It may throughout the movement. It may reappear in full or in shortened form.reappear in full or in shortened form.

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Ritornello structureRitornello structure

Between appearances of the ritornello there are Between appearances of the ritornello there are contrasting sections of music called episodes.contrasting sections of music called episodes.

RitornellRitornelloo

TuttiTutti

EpisodeEpisode11

Soloist(sSoloist(s))

RitornellRitornelloo

TuttiTutti

EpisodeEpisode22

Soloist(sSoloist(s))

RitornellRitornelloo

TuttiTutti

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FUGUEFUGUE In music, a In music, a fuguefugue is a type of is a type of contrapuntalcontrapuntal

composition. It begins with a theme stated by one composition. It begins with a theme stated by one of the voices playing alone. A second voice then of the voices playing alone. A second voice then enters and plays the same theme, while the first enters and plays the same theme, while the first voice continues on with a contrapuntal voice continues on with a contrapuntal accompaniment. The remaining voices enter one by accompaniment. The remaining voices enter one by one, each beginning by stating the same theme. one, each beginning by stating the same theme. The remainder of the fugue develops the material The remainder of the fugue develops the material further using all of the voices and, usually, multiple further using all of the voices and, usually, multiple statements of the theme.statements of the theme.

Middle and late Middle and late BaroqueBaroque composers such as composers such as DieterichDieterich Buxtehude Buxtehude (1637–1707) and (1637–1707) and Johann Johann PachelbelPachelbel (1653–1706) contributed greatly to the (1653–1706) contributed greatly to the development of the fugue, and the form reached development of the fugue, and the form reached ultimate maturity in the works of ultimate maturity in the works of Johann Sebastian BachJohann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750). (1685–1750).

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IDENTIFY THE FORMIDENTIFY THE FORM

1)1)

2)2)

3)3)

4)4)

5)5)

CONCERTO GROSSO

ORATORIO

FUGUE

OPERA

SOLO CONCERTO

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What is ornamentation?What is ornamentation? In music, ornaments are musical flourishes

that are not necessary to the overall melodic (or harmonic) line, but serve to decorate or "ornament" that line. They are performed as "fast notes" around a central note. The amount of ornamentation in a piece of music can vary from quite extensive to relatively little or even none.

In the baroque period, it was common for performers to improvise ornamentation on a given melodic line. A singer performing a da capo aria, for instance, would sing the melody relatively unornamented the first time, but decorate it with additional flourishes the second time.

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TrillTrill The trill is a musical ornament consisting of

a rapid alternation between two adjacent notes of a scale (compare tremolo).

In modern musical notation a trill is generally indicated with the letters tr above the trilled note. This has sometimes been followed by a squiggly line, and sometimes in the past, the squiggly line on its own was used. The following two notations are equivalent:

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TrillTrill

The usual way of executing a trill is to rapidly alternate between the note indicated and the note directly above it in the given scale

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Acciaccatura

From the Italian word acciaccare, "to crush"; The acciaccatura, is perhaps best thought of as a shorter, less melodically significant type of ornament. It is written using a grace note (often a quaver, or eighth note), with an oblique stroke through the stem:

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The exact interpretation of this will vary according to the tempo of the piece, but the following is possible:

Acciaccatura

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A short figure consisting of the note above the one indicated, the note itself, the note below the one indicated, and the note itself again. It is indicated by a mirrored S-shape lying on its side above the staff. An inverted turn (the note below the one indicated, the note itself, the note above it, and the note itself again) is usually indicated by putting a short vertical line through the normal turn sign, though sometimes the sign itself is turned upside down.

If the turn symbol is placed directly above a note, it is performed exactly as outlined above. If it is placed between two notes, however, the note before the symbol is played, then the turn, and then the following note. So the following turns:

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might be played like this:

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The mordent is thought of as a rapid single alternation between an indicated note, the note above (called the upper mordent) or below (called the lower mordent or mordent) the indicated note, and the indicated note again.

The upper mordent is indicated by a short squiggle; the lower mordent is the same with a short vertical line through it:

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As with the trill, the exact speed with which the mordent is performed will vary according to the tempo of the piece, but at moderate tempi the above might be executed as follows:

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From the Italian word appoggiare, "to lean upon"; The appoggiatura is important melodically and often suspend the principal note by taking away the time-value of the appoggiatura prefixed to it The added note (the unessential note) is one degree higher or lower than the principal note. The appoggiatura is written as a grace note prefixed to a principal note and printed in small character, usually without the oblique stroke:

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This would be played as follows:

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Baroque composersBaroque composers

Corelli

A.Scarlatti

D. ScarlattiTelemann

Monteverdi

Vivaldi

Purcell

J.S. Bach

Handel

Couperin

Lully

Rameau

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J.S. Bach 1685-1750J.S. Bach 1685-1750 J.S. Bach was born in Eisenach, Germany. J.S. Bach was born in Eisenach, Germany.

He came from a long family history of He came from a long family history of professional musicians including church professional musicians including church organists and composers.organists and composers.

Johann Sebastian Bach was a prolific Johann Sebastian Bach was a prolific GermanGerman composercomposer and and organistorganist whose whose sacred and secular works for choir, sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra and solo instruments drew orchestra and solo instruments drew together the strands of the together the strands of the baroquebaroque genre and brought it to its ultimate genre and brought it to its ultimate maturity. maturity.

Although he introduced no new forms, he Although he introduced no new forms, he enriched the prevailing German style enriched the prevailing German style with a robust with a robust contrapuntalcontrapuntal technique, a technique, a control of harmonic and motivic control of harmonic and motivic organisation from the smallest to the organisation from the smallest to the largest scales, and the adaptation of largest scales, and the adaptation of rhythms and textures from abroad, rhythms and textures from abroad, particularly Italy and France. particularly Italy and France.

Many people consider him to be the Many people consider him to be the greatest Baroque composer, and one of greatest Baroque composer, and one of the greatest composers of all time. He the greatest composers of all time. He was one of the leading figures, along was one of the leading figures, along with the likes of with the likes of George George FridericFrideric Handel Handel, in , in the transition from baroque to the transition from baroque to ClassicalClassical musicmusic

Mass in B minorBrandenburg ConcertosSt Matthew PassionSt John PassionSuites (English, French)48 Preludes and FuguesChristmas OratorioSolo Concertos Organ WorksCantatas

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G.F. Handel 1685-1759G.F. Handel 1685-1759 He was a German/British He was a German/British BaroqueBaroque

composercomposer who was a leading who was a leading composer of composer of concerti grossiconcerti grossi, , operasoperas and and oratoriosoratorios. .

Born in Born in GermanyGermany as as Georg Georg Friedrich HändelFriedrich Händel he lived most of he lived most of his adult life in his adult life in EnglandEngland, becoming a , becoming a subject of the subject of the BritishBritish crown in 1727. crown in 1727.

His most famous piece is His most famous piece is MessiahMessiah, an , an oratorio set to texts from the oratorio set to texts from the King James BibleKing James Bible; other well-known ; other well-known works are works are Water MusicWater Music and and Music for the Royal FireworksMusic for the Royal Fireworks. He . He deeply influenced many of the deeply influenced many of the composers who came after him, composers who came after him, including including HaydnHaydn, , MozartMozart, and , and BeethovenBeethoven, and his work helped , and his work helped lead the transition from the Baroque lead the transition from the Baroque to the Classical era.to the Classical era.

Oratorios- MessiahAcis and Galatea14 Operas-incl. LotarioAriodante, Alcina and Rodelinda.Water MusicRoyal Fireworks18 Organ Concertos12 Concerto GrossiSonatas and Suites.

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Monteverdi 1567-1643Monteverdi 1567-1643 His work marks the transition His work marks the transition

from from RenaissanceRenaissance to to Baroque musicBaroque music. During his . During his long life he produced work long life he produced work that can be classified in both that can be classified in both categories, and he was one categories, and he was one of the most significant of the most significant revolutionaries that brought revolutionaries that brought about the change in style. about the change in style. Monteverdi wrote the earliest Monteverdi wrote the earliest dramatically viable dramatically viable operaopera, , OrfeoOrfeo, and was fortunate , and was fortunate enough to enjoy fame during enough to enjoy fame during his lifetime.his lifetime.

Operas- Orfeo, AriannaMotetsMadrigalsVespers

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Alessandro Scarlatti 1659-Alessandro Scarlatti 1659-17251725

Italian composer who had written Italian composer who had written his first opera by the age of 12.his first opera by the age of 12.

He was especially famous for his He was especially famous for his operasoperas and chamber and chamber cantatascantatas. He . He is considered the founder of the is considered the founder of the NeapolitanNeapolitan school of opera. He was school of opera. He was the father of two other Baroque the father of two other Baroque composers, composers, DomenicoDomenico Scarlatti Scarlatti and and PietroPietro FilippoFilippo Scarlatti Scarlatti. .

The first composer to strongly The first composer to strongly differentiate between the singing differentiate between the singing styles of aria and recitative and styles of aria and recitative and used advanced harmonic used advanced harmonic procedures for the time.procedures for the time.

Credited with popularising the Da Credited with popularising the Da Capo Aria form.Capo Aria form.

Opera- PompeoCantatas- over 6006 Concerto GrossiOratorios

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Domenico Scarlatti 1685-Domenico Scarlatti 1685-17571757

He was an He was an ItalianItalian composercomposer and and harpsichordist. He was harpsichordist. He was extremely influential in the extremely influential in the development of keyboard music, development of keyboard music, especially in Spain, Portugal and especially in Spain, Portugal and England, through his individual England, through his individual style.style.

A harpsichord virtuoso from a A harpsichord virtuoso from a young age, he revolutionised young age, he revolutionised keyboard technique. First to use keyboard technique. First to use rapid arpeggios, repetition of the rapid arpeggios, repetition of the same note and the crossing of same note and the crossing of hands.hands.

He wrote a lot of works with a He wrote a lot of works with a Moorish/ Arabic flavour as the Moorish/ Arabic flavour as the result of living in Portugal and result of living in Portugal and Spain for long periods of his life.Spain for long periods of his life.

Over 500 harpsichord sonatas.14 SinfoniasHarpsichord Concerto

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Telemann 1681-1767Telemann 1681-1767 He was a He was a GermanGerman composercomposer, and , and

organist. Self-taught in music, he organist. Self-taught in music, he studied law at the studied law at the University of LeipzigUniversity of Leipzig. The most prolific composer of his era, . The most prolific composer of his era, he was a contemporary of he was a contemporary of Johann Sebastian BachJohann Sebastian Bach and a friend of and a friend of George George FridericFrideric Handel Handel. While in the . While in the present day Bach is generally thought present day Bach is generally thought of as the greater composer, Telemann of as the greater composer, Telemann was widely renowned for his musical was widely renowned for his musical abilities during his lifetime.abilities during his lifetime.

Telemann traveled widely, absorbing Telemann traveled widely, absorbing various musical styles and various musical styles and incorporating them into his own incorporating them into his own compositions. He is known for writing compositions. He is known for writing concertos for unusual combinations of concertos for unusual combinations of instruments, such as multiple violas or instruments, such as multiple violas or trumpets.trumpets.

He held a series of important musical He held a series of important musical positions, culminating in that of music positions, culminating in that of music director of the five largest churches in director of the five largest churches in HamburgHamburg, from , from 17201720 until his death in until his death in 1767. He was succeeded by his godson 1767. He was succeeded by his godson Carl Philipp Emanuel BachCarl Philipp Emanuel Bach..

Opera- Pimpone(46) St Luke PassionSt Mark PassionSt Matthew Passion1043 CantatasOver 25 Solo ConcertosOver 600 Suites

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Corelli 1653- 1713Corelli 1653- 1713 Italian composer, teacher Italian composer, teacher

and violinist.and violinist. His playing and composing His playing and composing

were an influence on Bach were an influence on Bach and he taught Vivaldi.and he taught Vivaldi.

He is known as “The father He is known as “The father of Concerto Grosso” for his of Concerto Grosso” for his work in defining the style.work in defining the style.

Despite being influential he Despite being influential he was not a prolific composer.was not a prolific composer.

12 Concerto Grossi5 sets (of 12) Trio Sonatas

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Purcell 1659-1695Purcell 1659-1695 English composer and organist.English composer and organist. He is generally considered to be He is generally considered to be

one of England's greatest one of England's greatest composers — indeed, he has composers — indeed, he has often been called England's finest often been called England's finest native composer. Purcell native composer. Purcell incorporated Italian and French incorporated Italian and French stylistic elements but devised a stylistic elements but devised a peculiarly English style of peculiarly English style of Baroque musicBaroque music

Composed an enormous amount Composed an enormous amount of theatrical music for plays of theatrical music for plays including The Fairy Queen, a including The Fairy Queen, a masque for A Midsummer's Night masque for A Midsummer's Night Dream, King Arthur and Indian Dream, King Arthur and Indian Queen.Queen.

One of his favourite styles of One of his favourite styles of writing was the Ground Bass.writing was the Ground Bass.

Opera- Dido and Aeneas15 FantasiesTrio SonatasAnthems- My heart is inditing for James 2 Coronation

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Vivaldi 1678-1741Vivaldi 1678-1741 Italian priest, composer and Italian priest, composer and

violinist.violinist. He is one of the composers He is one of the composers

credited with helping the credited with helping the Baroque style evolve into the Baroque style evolve into the Classical style by his use of Classical style by his use of harmonic contrasts and harmonic contrasts and innovative melodies and innovative melodies and themes.themes.

Bach was deeply influenced by Bach was deeply influenced by his concertos and arias and his concertos and arias and transcribed many of Vivaldi's transcribed many of Vivaldi's works for harpsichord.works for harpsichord.

He was an extremely prolific He was an extremely prolific composer.composer.

Over 500 Concertos

46 Operas

73 Sonatas

Oratorios and sacred music

The Four Seasons

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Lully 1632-1687Lully 1632-1687 Italian born French composer, Italian born French composer,

guitarist, violinist and dancer.guitarist, violinist and dancer. Spent most of his working life Spent most of his working life

in the service of Louis 14in the service of Louis 14thth where he composed ballets and where he composed ballets and later operas. He transformed later operas. He transformed the often stately court dances the often stately court dances into lively, rhythmic affairs and into lively, rhythmic affairs and added many instruments to the added many instruments to the orchestra of the time.orchestra of the time.

He favoured variation forms He favoured variation forms such as Passacaglias and such as Passacaglias and Chaconnes. Chaconnes.

Opera- AtysBalletsDance Suites

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Rameau 1683-1764Rameau 1683-1764 Composer, organist and Composer, organist and

harpsichordist harpsichordist He was one of the most He was one of the most

important important FrenchFrench composerscomposers and and music theoristsmusic theorists of the of the BaroqueBaroque era. He era. He replaced replaced Jean-Jean-BaptisteBaptiste Lully Lully as the dominant as the dominant composer of French composer of French operaopera, and was attacked , and was attacked by those who preferred by those who preferred Lully's style. Lully's style.

OperasBallet MusicPieces de Clavecin (for harpsichord)

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Francois CouperinFrancois Couperin François CouperinFrançois Couperin (born in (born in ParisParis

November 10November 10, , 16681668 – died – died September 12September 12, , 17331733 in Paris) was an in Paris) was an esteemed esteemed FrenchFrench BaroqueBaroque composer, organist and composer, organist and harpsichordist. François Couperin harpsichordist. François Couperin was known as "was known as "Couperin le GrandCouperin le Grand" " (Couperin the Great) to distinguish (Couperin the Great) to distinguish him from the other members of the him from the other members of the musically talented musically talented CouperinCouperin family family because of his immense virtuosity because of his immense virtuosity on the on the organorgan and the and the harpsichordharpsichord..

He was indebted to Corelli whose He was indebted to Corelli whose Trio Sonata form he introduced to Trio Sonata form he introduced to France.France.

J.S. Bach was an admirer of his J.S. Bach was an admirer of his harpsichord technique and harpsichord technique and compositions.compositions.

Harpsichord and organ worksSuites

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QUIZQUIZ

TRY YOUR NEW FOUND KNOWLEDGE TRY YOUR NEW FOUND KNOWLEDGE WITH THIS INTERACTIVE QUIZ.WITH THIS INTERACTIVE QUIZ.

JUST CLICK ON THE ANSWER AND JUST CLICK ON THE ANSWER AND FIND OUT IF YOU ARE RIGHT.FIND OUT IF YOU ARE RIGHT.

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Italian composer, teacher and Italian composer, teacher and violinist. 1653- 1713violinist. 1653- 1713

He is known as “The father of He is known as “The father of Concerto Grosso” for his work Concerto Grosso” for his work in defining the style.in defining the style.

12 Concerto Grossi

TELEMANNHANDELCOUPERINPURCELLVIVALDILULLYJ.S.BACHA.SCARLATTIRAMEAUMONTEVERDID.SCARLATTICORELLI

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TELEMANNHANDELCOUPERINPURCELLVIVALDILULLYJ.S.BACHA.SCARLATTIRAMEAUMONTEVERDID.SCARLATTICORELLI

1688- 1733Baroque composer, organist and harpsichordist.Harpsichord and organ worksSuites

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He was an Italian composer and harpsichordist. 1685- 1757

•He wrote a lot of works with a Moorish/ Arabic flavour as the result of living in Portugal and Spain for long periods of his life.

Over 500 harpsichord sonatas.14 SinfoniasHarpsichord Concerto

TELEMANNHANDELCOUPERINPURCELLVIVALDILULLYJ.S.BACHA.SCARLATTIRAMEAUMONTEVERDID.SCARLATTICORELLI

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Opera- Pimpone(46) St Luke PassionSt Mark PassionSt Matthew Passion1043 CantatasOver 25 Solo ConcertosOver 600 Suites

1681- 1767

TELEMANNHANDELCOUPERINPURCELLVIVALDILULLYJ.S.BACHA.SCARLATTIRAMEAUMONTEVERDID.SCARLATTICORELLI

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1659-16951659-1695

Composer and organist.Composer and organist. One of his favourite One of his favourite

styles of writing was styles of writing was the Ground Bass.the Ground Bass.

Opera- Dido and Aeneas15 FantasiesTrio SonatasAnthems- My heart is inditing for James 2 Coronation

TELEMANNHANDELCOUPERINPURCELLVIVALDILULLYJ.S.BACHA.SCARLATTIRAMEAUMONTEVERDID.SCARLATTICORELLI

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1567-16431567-1643

Operas- Orfeo, MotetsMadrigalsVespers

His work marks the transition from Renaissance to Baroque music.

TELEMANNHANDELCOUPERINPURCELLVIVALDILULLYJ.S.BACHA.SCARLATTIRAMEAUMONTEVERDID.SCARLATTICORELLI

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1659-17251659-1725 Italian composer Italian composer

who had written who had written his first opera by his first opera by the age of 12.the age of 12.

Credited with Credited with popularising the popularising the Da Capo Aria Da Capo Aria form.form.

Opera- PompeoCantatas- over 6006 Concerto GrossiOratorios

TELEMANNHANDELCOUPERINPURCELLVIVALDILULLYJ.S.BACHA.SCARLATTIRAMEAUMONTEVERDID.SCARLATTICORELLI

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1632-16871632-1687 Spent most of his working life in the service Spent most of his working life in the service

of Louis 14of Louis 14thth where he composed ballets and where he composed ballets and later operas. He transformed the often later operas. He transformed the often stately court dances into lively, rhythmic stately court dances into lively, rhythmic affairs and added many instruments to the affairs and added many instruments to the orchestra of the time.orchestra of the time.

He favoured variation forms such as He favoured variation forms such as Passacaglias and Chaconnes. Passacaglias and Chaconnes.

Opera- AtysBalletsDance Suites

TELEMANNHANDELCOUPERINPURCELLVIVALDILULLYJ.S.BACHA.SCARLATTIRAMEAUMONTEVERDID.SCARLATTICORELLI

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1685-1685-17501750

Mass in B minorBrandenburg ConcertosSt Matthew PassionSt John PassionSuites (English, French)48 Preludes and FuguesChristmas OratorioSolo Concertos Organ WorksCantatas

TELEMANNHANDELCOUPERINPURCELLVIVALDILULLYJ.S.BACHA.SCARLATTIRAMEAUMONTEVERDID.SCARLATTICORELLI

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1683-1683-17641764

Composer, organist Composer, organist and harpsichordist and harpsichordist

OperasBallet MusicPieces de Clavecin (for harpsichord)

TELEMANNHANDELCOUPERINPURCELLVIVALDILULLYJ.S.BACHA.SCARLATTIRAMEAUMONTEVERDID.SCARLATTICORELLI

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1685-17591685-1759Oratorios- MessiahAcis and Galatea14 Operas-incl. LotarioAriodante, Alcina and Rodelinda.Water MusicRoyal Fireworks18 Organ Concertos12 Concerto GrossiSonatas and Suites.

TELEMANNHANDELCOUPERINPURCELLVIVALDILULLYJ.S.BACHA.SCARLATTIRAMEAUMONTEVERDID.SCARLATTICORELLI

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1678-17411678-1741

Over 500 Concertos

46 Operas

73 Sonatas

Oratorios and sacred music

The Four Seasons

TELEMANNHANDELCOUPERINPURCELLVIVALDILULLYJ.S.BACHA.SCARLATTIRAMEAUMONTEVERDID.SCARLATTICORELLI

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QuizQuiz

What is a concerto grosso?What is a concerto grosso? What is a solo concerto?What is a solo concerto? What is an oratorio?What is an oratorio? What is an opera?What is an opera? What is a fugue?What is a fugue?