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Sminaire de formation et de recherche appliquePhotovoltaque concentration
March 17, 2014
Centre des Recherches et des Techniques de lEnergie (CRTen)
Soitec Solar Energy Division
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March 17, 2014Tunisia training 2
Agenda
10:30 About Soitec (Jean MIYELI)
11:00 Coffee break
11:30 CPV technology (Pablo Trujillo)
13:00 Lunch
14:00 Smart cell focus (Jean Miyeli)
15:45 Coffee break
16:00 Performance of CPV (Pablo Trujillo)
17:00 End
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March 17, 2014
Source: IEA 2008 Source: GIEC 2007
By 2020:
50Billion
connected devices> 6 per person
CO2 emissions must be
2in 2050Source: Cisco IBSG, 2011
Energy efficiency and performancehave become an imperative.
Demand will
x 2 in 2050 for energy in 2030 for electricity
Todays challenges
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Soitec at a glance
Foundation: 1992
Revenue: $ 340 M in 2012-2013
Stock exchange: Euronext since 1999
Headquarter: Bernin (France)
Manufacturing: 7 industrial plants
Employees: 1,600 worldwide
Patent portfolio: 3,600
R&D spending: ~ 10% of annual revenue
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 4
A world leader in generating andmanufacturing revolutionarysemiconductor materials,at the frontier of the most excitingchallenges for energy andelectronics.
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Green Electronics Solar - Clean Energy LED - Efficient Lighting
CPV SystemsEngineeredsubstrates High performanceGaN substrates
Supply Lightingsystem
high-performancesemiconductors materials
ConcentrixTMEpitaxy ExpertiseSmart Cut TM Smart StackingTM
Technologies
Applications
Soitecs innovations enter three key segments
Tunisia training
http://www.google.fr/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nessa.in/led-street-lights-project2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nessa.in/Solar%20LED%20Street%20Light.html&usg=__MRJn1I3ORdaCkyoOWvelgGxKBMw=&h=263&w=350&sz=76&hl=fr&start=1&zoom=1&tbnid=fiMtqS6g1RSpPM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=120&ei=GWYETsSMPM6M-waT2N3mDQ&prev=/search?q=urban+lighting+led&um=1&hl=fr&sa=N&tbm=isch&um=1&itbs=18/10/2019 04- Cours Cpv_sefra Mars 2014
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Customers successes supported by Soitec
http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/http://www.google.fr/imgres?imgurl=http://s2.static69.com/console/images/produits/Screenshots/main_xbox.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.rueducommerce.fr/Jeux-Consoles/Xbox-360/Console-XBOX-360/MICROSOFT/4854313-Pack-Xbox-360-250-Go-Kinect-Adventures-Kung-Fu-Panda-2.htm&usg=__kd-krzlsr-sSFeojtKyKxjzM2JA=&h=551&w=427&sz=27&hl=fr&start=3&zoom=1&tbnid=fqmraU7INRevHM:&tbnh=133&tbnw=103&ei=EjIgT5LVE43Sswa94siqDA&prev=/search?q=XBOX&hl=fr&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&tbm=isch&prmd=ivnsu&itbs=1http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/fr/8/8d/Canon_logo.svghttp://www.google.fr/imgres?imgurl=http://images.grosbill.com/imagesproduitnew/imagesgallery/BIG/114597.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.grosbill.com/4-sony_dvp_sr350_-146201-tv_video-lecteur_dvd_de_salon&usg=__3QbmVVoK-4tQBylnDBtyP4lwUbI=&h=422&w=1756&sz=27&hl=fr&start=1&zoom=1&tbnid=smt_xPJ1Kt0UBM:&tbnh=36&tbnw=150&ei=1CggT-PpHISDtQa16vSoDA&prev=/search?q=SONY+logo&hl=fr&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&tbm=isch&prmd=ivns&itbs=1http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/fr/6/65/Logo_BMW.svghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Htc_new_logo.svghttp://www.google.fr/imgres?imgurl=http://saypeople.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/samsung-logo.jpg&imgrefurl=http://saypeople.com/2012/01/02/samsung-and-hyundai-have-prepared-their-workers-for-competitive-environment/&usg=__WV1shr7sAX-xHIeVpKm4vTwFhaI=&h=350&w=1048&sz=18&hl=fr&start=1&zoom=1&tbnid=rKGYtoQxBCy1CM:&tbnh=50&tbnw=150&ei=BikgT7ShLpDQswaOnNGUDA&prev=/search?q=samsung+logo&hl=fr&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&tbm=isch&prmd=ivns&itbs=1http://www.centrale3d.com/IMG/image/Logo/AMD/AMD%20Logo.jpghttp://www.google.fr/imgres?imgurl=http://images.grosbill.com/imagesproduitnew/imagesgallery/BIG/114597.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.grosbill.com/4-sony_dvp_sr350_-146201-tv_video-lecteur_dvd_de_salon&usg=__3QbmVVoK-4tQBylnDBtyP4lwUbI=&h=422&w=1756&sz=27&hl=fr&start=1&zoom=1&tbnid=smt_xPJ1Kt0UBM:&tbnh=36&tbnw=150&ei=1CggT-PpHISDtQa16vSoDA&prev=/search?q=SONY+logo&hl=fr&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&tbm=isch&prmd=ivns&itbs=18/10/2019 04- Cours Cpv_sefra Mars 2014
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Soitecs solar energy division
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 8
The renowned Fraunhofer Institute forSolar Energy Systems (ISE) conductedbasic research on CPV technology fordecades.
In 2005 its spin-off Concentrix Solar wasfounded in Germany to industrialize theCPV technology.
In 2009 Soitec acquired Concentrix Solarto bring the CPV technology to large-scale
deployment.
Soitec is a leading manufacturer ofConcentrator Photovoltaic (CPV).
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Soitec CPV installations in >20 countries worldwide
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World map with Soitec CPVinstallations1: Touwsrivier, South Africa
2: China, Hami
3: Newberry Springs, California, USA
4: Questa, New Mexico, USA
5: Santa Lucia, Italy
6: Cerignola, Italy
7: Saletti, Italy
8: Puertollano, Spain
9: Rians, France
10: Atacama Desert, Chile
11: Wadi El Natrun, Egypt12: Medinah, Saudi Arabia
13: Kebili, Tunisia
and many more.
13
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1: Touwsrivier, South Africa
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 11
Size: 44 MWp
CPV Systems: >1,500 Soitec CX-S530-II
CPV Modules: >18,000 Soitec CX-M500
Status: Under construction
23.8 MWpis installed already
Utility-scale CPV Power Plant
The CPV Power Plant is soon to be
completed. The grid connection is ready.Commercial operation is expected tobegin in June 2014.
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2: Hami, China
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Size: 2.74 MWp
CPV Systems: 330 Soitec CX-P6
CPV Modules: 29,700 Soitec CX-75-III
Status: Installed 2013
First part of a 20 MWpproject
Focusic has secured a loan from the CDB
to finance this 20 MWpproject. 2.74 MWphas already been installed, further5.8 MWpis ordered.
Courtesy of Focusic
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13: Kebili, Tunisia
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Size: 16 kWp
CPV Systems: 1 Soitec CX-420
CPV Modules: 168 Soitec CX-M400
Status: Installed 2012
CPV for agricultural purposes.
Soitec signed an MoU with STEG andCEA to develop two CPV solar projectsin Tunisia. The CPV project in Kebili isthe first solar energy unit under theTunisian legal framework of electricity
self generation. With the CPV Power
Plant, farmers produce electricity forwater pumping and irrigation.
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Building factories where the demand is high
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Headquarters
FabsOffices
R&D
Freiburg, Germany
San Diego, USA
Automation allows Soitec to buildnew factories on a smart copy base.
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Example USA: high potential market for Soitec
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 17
High DNI values
Especially the Southwest of the USA is ahigh potential market for CPV technology.
Soitecstrack record Soitec installed CPV systems in Questa,
San Diego and Phoenix.
Huge project pipeline
PPAs for projects of 305 MW in total weresigned by SDG&E.
Soitec CX-S530 at Soitec Phoenix labs
Soitec decided to produce CPVmodules in the USA.
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Significant economic development in California
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 18
Factory designed for 280 MWpcapacity 176,000-square-foot manufacturing center
on 14.8 acres of land.
Factory to employ up to 450 people The factory supports >1,000 additional
indirect jobs in the region.
> $150 M investments to date
Soitec to become one of the topthree solar module manufacturersin the USA.
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Quick time to market
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 19
Dec 2011: Soitec acquired the facility
Feb 2012: Employees trained in Freiburg
Jul 2012: Occupancy of the building
Oct 2012: 1st Soitec CX-M500 produced
Dec 2012: Opening with 140 MWpoperational
Feb 2013: First module shipped to a project
Oct 2013: 280 MWp operational
Governor Brown at Soitec FactoryDedication
December 16, 2011
From acquisition to the 1stproduced module in less thanone year.
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Proven quality and reliability
Tunisia training 20March 17, 2014
Soitec CPV Modules comply to IEC 62108and UL62108 standards, which specify therequirements for CPV Modules for long-termoperation under harsh outdoor conditions.
Soitec CPV Modules comply to the CPV safetystandards IEC 62688 Draft und UL SU 8703.
According to Californias RETC, Soitecmodules stand out when compared withother CPV technologies in terms of design
and construction robustness and long termreliability/durability
Certified according to IEC and ULstandards and CEC listed. TV(IEC standards)
CSA(UL standards)
RETC(CBTL test lab)
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March 17, 2014Tunisia training 21
Agenda
10:30 About Soitec (Jean MIYELI)
11:00 Coffee break
11:30 CPV technology (Pablo Trujillo)
13:00 Lunch
14:00 Smart cell focus (Jean Miyeli)
15:45 Coffee break
16:00 Performance of CPV (Pablo Trujillo)
17:00 End
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The principle of CPV technology
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Leading the solar energy revolution with CPV
March 17, 2014
Today, Soitec is a leading provider of highly-efficient ConcentratorPhotovoltaic (CPV) Systems.
CPV from Soitec
Soitecs Concentrix technologyuses Fresnel lenses to concentratethe sunlight by a factor of 500 ontotiny multi-junction solar cells.
The energy yield of these solar cellsis enormous.
23Tunisia training
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Choose sunny regions
March 17, 2014
CPV is ideal for solar power plants in sunny regions withhigh Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI).
Tunisia training 25
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13.3%
15.7% 16.4%
31.8%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
Thin filmCdTe
PVc-Si Multi
PVc-Si Mono
SoitecCPV
About twice the efficiency as conventional PV
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 26
Soitec is committed to keep its industry leadership.
Source PV: Selective Emitter,GTM Q2 2013
Source Thin film:
GTM June 2012
2Xthe efficiency ofconventionalPV modules
Module efficiency
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Best potential for further innovations
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 27
CPV has the best efficiency roadmap while conventional PV technologiesare close to their limits.
Source PV: Selective Emitter,
GTM Q2 2013
Source Thin film: GTM June2012
0%
10%
20%
30%
2011 2013 2015
ModuleefficiencyDC
38% CPV (Multi-junction)
17% PV (c-Si Mono)
15% Thin film(CdTe)16% PV (c-Si Multi)
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Steady and more power output with dual-axis tracking
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 28
Maximum power output achieved from morning to sunset thanks todual-axis tracking.
06:00 10:00 14:00 18:00 22:00
Power outputCPV
Power outputPV fixed
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CPV for sustainable energy generation
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No permanentshading, minimalimpact on the land.The sites can be usedfor agriculture orgrazing.
Low impact on land Low water consumption
CPV CSP DryCooling
Gas CSP WetCooling
15
300
680
3.700 l/MWh
CombinedCycle
Recirculating
Local content
CPV projects createlocal jobs duringconstruction andoperation. Also localsourcing is possible.
High recyclability
98% of the materialused in a Soitec CPVSystem is recyclable.
The semiconductormaterial is reduced toa minimum.
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Soitec CPV System CX-S530-II
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CPV SystemCX-S530-II
CPV Module
CX-M500
Air DryingUnit
CX-AD1
Tracker
CX-T030-II
TrackerControl Unit
CX-TC2
Technical Data
System designation CX-S530-II
Type of Module CX-M500
Number of Modules 12
CPV Module Area 105 m
Aperture Area 94 mDC Power at MPP (PMpp) 29.4 kWp 10%
(Nominal Conditions:DNI = 1.000 W/m, AM1,5D,Tcell= 25C)
DC voltage at MPP (VMpp) 600 V
DC current MPP (IMPP) 40 A
DC short-circuit voltage (VOC) 690 V
DC short-circuit current (ISC) 46 A
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Soitec CX-M500 CPV Modules in detail
Product characteristics
Glass front and back plate, aluminum frame
Point focusing silicone on glass Fresnel lenses
Concentration ratio: ~500
One module consists of 12 sub-modules in one frame
Dimensions: 3.67 m x 2.39 m x 0.102 m
Weight: 210 kg DC power at MPP (PMPP): 2,450 Wp
(CSTC: DNI = 1.000 W/m, AM1,5D, Tcell= 25C)
Solar Cell Characteristics
Cell type: Triple-junction solar cell
Passive cooling with metal heat sink Max. cell temperature 55 K above ambient temperature
Temperature coefficient (VOC) -0,14 %/K
March 17, 2014
CX-M500 CPV Module
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Fast innovation cycles
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Efficiency increases are the key tocompetitive cost of electricity.
Power output
2013 Time2006
New release:CX-M500 with 2,450 Wp31,8 % efficiency
2,335 Wpmodule30% efficiency
90 W module27% efficiency
25 W module22% efficiency
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The principle of CPV technology
Optics for low-cost
Durable materials for reliable performance
Multi-junction solar cells for high power output
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March 17, 2014Tunisia training 34
Optics for low-cost
Soitec uses Fresnel lenses toconcentrate the sunlight by a factorof ~500.
Thanks to the optics, Soitec CPV Modules onlyneed tiny solar cells to achieve outstanding
module efficiencies of 31.8%.
Tiny solarcells
Concentrationof sunlight
Low cost CPVModules
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The tradeoff of concentration
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 36
Optical systems are similar totelescopes.
They have a restricted field of view, oracceptance angle
So: Concentrators must track the sun
Concentrators only see the Direct NormalIrradiation (DNI)
Concentrators best used in clearatmospherics.
Source: CPV Consortium, Energy Yield at the Heart of CPV, 200
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The tradeoff of concentration
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 37
Source: CPV Consortium, Energy Yield at the Heart of CPV, 200
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are space-proven. The degradation is closeto zero in the long term.
is resistant against scratches and does notface any yellowing.
Durable materials for reliable performance
Tunisia training 38March 17, 2014
Multi-junction solar cells Glass-glass design
Silicone Fresnel Lenses Metal Frame
have outstanding thermal stability and areresistant to UV light.
prevents corrosion in harsh environmentsand is very stable.
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75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
0 5 10 15 20 25
Years
ModuleDegradation
Low degradation results in high performance for decades
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 39
Typical annual degradation rates for
solar power plants in hot environmentfor different technologies:
0,25%/yr for CPV (Multi-junction)
0,5%/yr for Silicon PV (c-Si)
0,7%/yr for Thin film (CdTe)
CPV (Multi-junction)
PV (c-Si)
Thin film (CdTe)
Over 25 years Soitec CPV produces3% more energy than Silicon PV.
Over 25 years Soitec CPV produces5% more energy than Thin Film.
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Measured degradation close to zero
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Independent laboratories confirm extremely low degradation.
Measurementsacquired by
Analyzed period 3 years (since 2010) 4 years (since 2009)
Measurement method Outdoor, on-sun Indoor, module flasher
Analyzed quantity DC Power DC Power
Module degradation 0.2%/yr not observable
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March 17, 2014Tunisia training 42
Agenda
10:30 About Soitec (Jean MIYELI)
11:00 Coffee break
11:30 CPV technology (Pablo Trujillo)
13:00 Lunch
14:00 Smart cell focus (Jean Miyeli)15:45 Coffee break
16:00 Performance of CPV (Pablo Trujillo)
17:00 End
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500 1000 1500 2000 25000
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
SpektraleE
instrahlung[W/m2
m]
AM1.5 Spektrum
Wellenlnge [nm]wavelenght [nm]
Sonnenspektrum
Powerd
ensity[W/mm]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
500 1000 1500 2000 2500
AM1.5 spectrum
Solar spectrum
Multi-junction solar cells generate more power
Efficiency is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversionmachine and the input (solar spectrum).
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500 1000 1500 2000 25000
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Thermalization losses
Transmission losses
Energy that can be
used by a Si solar cell
Spectralirradiance[W/m2m
] AM1.5 spectrum
Si (1.12 eV)
Wavelength [nm]
Captured energy
Uncaptured energy
wavelenght [nm]
Uncaptured energy
Solar spectrum
Silicon
Powerd
ensity[W/mm]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Multi-junction solar cells generate more power
Conventional photovoltaic technologies use only one semiconductor layer.
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 44
l i j i l ll
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500 1000 1500 2000 25000
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Spectralirradiance[W/m2m
] AM1.5 spectrum
GaInP (1.70 eV)GaInAs (1.18 eV)
Ge (0.67 eV)
Wavelength [nm]
Each semiconductorlayer captures adifferent part of thesolar sepctrum
wavelenght [nm]
Solar spectrum
GaInPGaInAsGermanium
Powerd
ensity[W/mm]
Multi-junction solar cells generate more power
Multi-junction solar cells make the most of the sunlights photons.
DBU SommerakademieJuni 2012March 17, 2014Tunisia training 45
M lti j ti l ll t
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Multi-junction solar cells generate more power
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M lti j ti l ll f t llit t CPV
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Multi-junction solar cellsfrom satellite to CPV
Since 2000, multi-junction solar cells have been used in solar modules forsatellites.
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 47
S it i d t ti f t d l t
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March 17, 2014Tunisia training 48
Soitecs semiconductor expertise fosters development
With the Smart Cell, Soitec targets
50% cell efficiency.
Soitec develops an advanced multi-junction solar cell: The Smart Cell.
Soitecs 20 years of semiconductor expertiseand breakthrough technologies help todevelop advanced multi-junction solar cells:
Our epitaxy expertise allows creation of
high-performance materials
Our Smart Cut technology helps totransfer ultra-thin layers
Our Smart Stacking technology enablesstacking of multiple layers
Epitaxy expertise
Smart Cut
Smart Stacking
Smart Cell
Soitec and partners achieved record efficiencies
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March 17, 2014Tunisia training 49
Soitec and partners achieved record efficiencies
World record of 44,7% cell efficiency
achieved in September 2013.
First 4-junction solar cell to break
efficiency world record.
The world record solar cell with 44,7%efficiency is a significant step towards theSmart Cell. Key partners in this project are:
CEA-Leti contributes leading-edge research
applicable to Smart Cut technology
Fraunhofer ISE leverages its expertise inIII-V multi-junction solar cells
Helmholt Zentrum Berlin developed partsof the cell technology
Fraunhofer ISE
Why the 4 junction cell
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Why the 4-junction cell
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 50
More junctions enable higher efficiency.
Modeling results of differentsolar cell designs as definedbelow where the red numbersindicate fixed band gaps,whereas the black numbers showthe range of optimal band gapenergies for the different
locations. The numbers abovethe graph represent the annualharvesting efficiencies averagedover the 3 different spectrums.
Why the 4 junction cell assembled with lattice mismatch
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Why the 4-junction cell assembled with lattice mismatch
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Direct wafer bonding offers a new opportunity to combine mismatched materialsthrough a permanent, electrically conductive and optically transparent interface.
In this work, aGaAs-based toptandem solar cellstructure wasbonded to an InP-based bottomtandem cell with a
difference in latticeconstant of 3.7%.
Why the 4 junction cell
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Why the 4-junction cell
4-junction cell utilizes additional spectrum at the lower energy end.3-junction cell using less solar spectrum.
March 17, 2014 52Tunisia training
Agenda
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March 17, 2014Tunisia training 53
Agenda
10:30 About Soitec (Jean MIYELI)
11:00 Coffee break
11:30 CPV technology (Pablo Trujillo)
13:00 Lunch
14:00 Smart cell focus (Jean Miyeli)15:45 Coffee break
16:00 Performance of CPV (PabloTrujillo)
17:00 End
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CSTC 1000 compared to other ratings
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CSTC 1000 compared to other ratings
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Rating Unit Measurements Description
CSTC 1000 Wp DNI = 1.000 W/mAM1,5DTcell= 25C
IEC 62670 standard (currently draft) for CPVModule measurement
Indoor measurement Same conditions used for CPV System
(Nominal Conditions)
CSOC 900 W DNI = 900 W/mAM1,5D
Tambient= 20CWind speed = 2 m/s
IEC 62670 standard (currently draft) for CPVModule measurement
Outdoor measurement Same conditions used for CPV Systems
(Operating Conditions)
AC 850 WAC DNI = 850 W/mAM1,5DTambient = 20CWind speed = 2m/s
Default rating for AC
STC 850 WP-IT DNI = 850 W/mAM1,5DTcell= 25C
Special rating requested by Italian regulation(CEI 82-85)
The energy yield depends on the location
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The energy yield depends on the location
The yield depends on DNI and
conditions on site.
The DNI is not at 1000 W/mall day long.
High temperature impacts the
energy yield.
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 56
Conditions on site impact theenergy yield
Energy yield = X kWh/kWp
CPV specific losses - spectrum
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CPV specific losses spectrum
Tunisia training 57
power[kW
]
DNI[W/m
]
loss of 3,5% rel.:- shading
- spectrum too red- trackers start tofeed in
loss of 2,2% rel.:- spectrum too blue
- temperature(minor)
loss of 2,8% rel.:- shading
- spectrum too red
maximumefficiency:
22,9%
March 17, 2014
Performance of CPV: Field measurements
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Performance of CPV: Field measurements
March 17, 2014
Most important field measurements DNI Energy
First class pyrheliometer (ISO 9060) CHP-1 / CH-1Kipp & Zonen B.V., Delft, Netherlands.
AC EnergyUtility grade energy meter (DIN EN 61557-12) UMG-604Janitza GmbH, Lahnau, Germany
Additional field measurements Wind speed, temperature, humidity
DC current, DC voltage
Indoor measurement: Re-flashing of CPV modules
DC current, DC voltage
Tunisia training 58
SCADA system: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
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SCADA system: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
The SCADA System refers to the
entire communication and controlcomponents of a CPV Power Plant.
It is performing following main tasks:
Optimize power production of the CPVPower Plant
Send alarm signals in case of failures and/orunder performance
Monitor and control the CPV Power Plantperformance
Create reports, such as the CPV Power Plantperformance report
Control manually for operation interference
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 59
SCADASystem
SCADAcameras
SCADAsoftware
CGS
MeteoAnalyser
Unit
CX-MA1
Sitelaptop
Main Comm.Distribution
Panel
(MCDP)
Main elements of the SCADA System
Performance Ratio
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e o a ce at o
March 17, 2014
Performance Ratio = The percentage of the CSTC Module Efficiency
which is actually measured at the Energy Meter
Typical losses on the way from the CSTC conditions to the AC Energy Meter:
Capture losses: Shading, Temperature, Spectrum, Low Irradiance
System losses: Mismatch, DC wiring, Inverter, AC wiring, Transformer, Self consumption
Tunisia training
%flasher)fromorsheetdata(fromEfficiencyModuleCSTC
meter)energy(atEfficiencyMeasuredRatioePerformanc
60
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Puertollano: DNI1
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March 17, 2014
Daily DNI [kWh/m]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
-
J
-
-
r-
r-
-
J
-
Jl-
-09
S
-09
ct-09-
-
J
-
-
r-
r-
-
J
-
Jl-
-
-
ct-10
v-10-
J
-
-
r-
r-
-
J
-
Jl-
-
-
t-
-
-
J
-
-
r-
r-
-
J
-
Jl-
-
-
t-
-
-
Daily
DNIenergy
[kW
h/m]
2009 2010 2011 2012 20132008
Power cut
DNI 7974 kWh/m
From Dec 2008
Until Jan 2013
63Tunisia training
More than four years of measurements available DNI differences between summer and winter are typical for the mediterranean climate
Puertollano: Performance Ratio1
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March 17, 2014
Daily Performance Ratio [%]PR 73.8 %
From Dec 2008
Until Jan 2013
Power cut
0
20
40
60
80
100
-
J
-
-
r-09
r-09
y-09
J
-09
Jl-
-
-
t-
-
-
J
-
-
r-
r-
-
J
-
Jl-
-
-
t-
-
-
J
-11
F
-11
r-
r-
-
J
-
Jl-
-
-
t-
-
-
J
-
-
r-
r-
-
J
-
Jl-
-
-
t-
-
c-12
DailyPR
[%]
64Tunisia training
Power plant used for testing of hardware and software components
Performance is stable, no signs of degradation
Seasonal performance variation visible
Observation PR reduced
Cause Plant intentionally used for firmware and SCADA tests
Solution None
Observation PR reduced
Cause Modules soiled
Solution None, owner does not clean regularly
Puertollano: Availability1
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March 17, 2014
Monthly Availability by Yield [%]
Despite testing activities an overall availability of 98.3% is reached
0
20
40
60
80
100
ec-08
Jan-09
Feb-09
ar-09
pr-09
ay-09
Jun-09
Jul-09
Aug-09
Sep-09
Oct-09
ov-09
ec-09
Jan-10
Feb-10
ar-10
Apr-10
ay-10
Jun-10
Jul-10
ug-10
Sep-10
Oct-10
ov-10
Dec-10
Jan-11
Feb-11
ar-11
pr-11
ay-11
Jun-11
Jul-11
ug-11
Sep-11
ct-11
ov-11
Dec-11
Jan-12
Feb-12
ar-12
pr-12
ay-12
Jun-12
Jul-12
Aug-12
Sep-12
ct-12
Nov-12
ec-12
Jan-13
Month
lyavaila
bility
byyie
ld[%]
Availability 98.3 %
From Dec 2008
Until Jan 2013
Observation Availability reduced
Cause Main switch failure due to overheating,responsibility of utility
Solution Engineering guidelines reworked, importance ofproperly sized main switch emphasized
Observation Availability reduced
Cause Azimuthal bearing fault
Solution Improved quality control at tracker supplier
65Tunisia training
Reliability of the Concentrix technology: power plants
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March 17, 2014
1
Power 0.26 MWp
No. ofsystems
36(18 until Oct. 2009)
Dataavailable
50 monthssince Dec 2008
Puertollano 2 Casaquemada
3
Power 0.08 MWp
No. ofsystems
10
Dataavailable
24 monthssince Feb 2011
Touwsrivier
66Tunisia training
Power 0.14 MWp
No. ofsystems
19(18 until Jun. 2010)
Dataavailable
50 monthssince Dec 2008
Casaquemada: DNI2
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March 17, 2014
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
-
J
-
-
r-
r-
-
J
-
Jl-
-09-
t-
-
-
J
-
-
r-
r-
-
J
-
Jl-10-10-
t-
-
-
J
-
-
r-
r-
-
J
-
Jl-11-
-
t-
-
-
J
-
-
r-
r-
-
J
-
Jl-12-
-
t-
-
-
Daily
DNIenergy
[kW
h/m]
2009 2010 2011 2012 20132008
DNI 8437 kWh/m
From Dec 2008
Until Jan 2013
Power cut
67Tunisia training
More than four years of measurements available DNI differences between summer and winter are typical for the mediterranean climate
Daily DNI [kWh/m]
Casaquemada: Performance Ratio2
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March 17, 2014
Performance is stable, though on a lower level due to insufficient cleaning by owner
0
20
40
60
80
100
-
J
-
-
r-
r-09
y-09
J
-09
Jl-09-09-
t-
-
-
J
-
-
r-
r-
-
J
-
Jl-
-
-
t-
-
-
J
-
-
r-
r-
-
J
-
Jl-
-
-
ct-11-
c-11
J
-
-
r-
r-
-
J
-
Jl-
-
-
t-
-
-
DailyPR
[%]
Power cut
PR 73.0 %
From Dec 2008
Until Jan 2013
Observation PR reduced
Cause Inverter isolation error
Solution Improved inverter enclosure
Observation PR exceptionally high
Cause Owner did not clean DNI sensor
Solution Frequency of DNI sensorcleaning increased
Observation PR reduced
Cause Modules soiled
Solution None, owner does notclean regularly
68Tunisia training
Daily Performance Ratio [%]
Casaquemada: Availability2
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March 17, 2014
Although owner conducted limited O&M activities an overall availability of 97.8% is reached
Availability 97.8 %
From Dec 2008
Until Jan 2013
0
20
40
60
80
100
ec-08
Jan-09
Feb-09
ar-09
pr-09
ay-09
Jun-09
Jul-09
Aug-09
Sep-09
Oct-09
ov-09
ec-09
Jan-10
Feb-10
ar-10
Apr-10
ay-10
Jun-10
Jul-10
ug-10
Sep-10
Oct-10
ov-10
Dec-10
Jan-11
Feb-11
ar-11
pr-11
ay-11
Jun-11
Jul-11
ug-11
Sep-11
ct-11
ov-11
Dec-11
Jan-12
Feb-12
ar-12
pr-12
ay-12
Jun-12
Jul-12
Aug-12
Sep-12
ct-12
Nov-12
ec-12
Jan-13
Month
lyavaila
bility
byyie
ld[%]
Observation Availability reduced
Cause Azimuthal bearing fault
Solution Improved quality control at tracker supplier
Observation Availability reduced
Cause Inverter isolation error
Solution Improved inverter enclosure
69Tunisia training
Monthly Availability by Yield [%]
Reliability of the Concentrix technology: power plants
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March 17, 2014
1
Power 0.26 MWp
No. ofsystems
36(18 until Oct. 2009)
Dataavailable
50 monthssince Dec 2008
Puertollano 2 Casaquemada
3
Power 0.08 MWp
No. ofsystems
10
Dataavailable
24 monthssince Feb 2011
Touwsrivier
70Tunisia training
Power 0,14 MWp
No. ofsystems
19(18 until Jun. 2010)
Dataavailable
50 monthssince Dec 2008
Touwsrivier: DNI3
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March 17, 2014
Exceptional site, reaching summer daily maximum DNI values above 12 kWh/m
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Daily
DNIenergy
[kW
h/m]
2012 20132011
DNI 5212 kWh/m
From Jan 2011
Until Jan 2013
71Tunisia training
Daily DNI [kWh/m]
Touwsrivier: Performance Ratio3
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March 17, 2014
Performance stable despite of testing activities and construction works
Seasonal performance variation visible as inherent in all PV technologies
0
20
40
60
80
100
DailyPR
[%]
PR 79.7 %
From Jan 2011
Until Jan 2013
Observation Performance reduced
Cause Testing activities / close-by construction works
72Tunisia training
Daily Performance Ratio [%]
Touwsrivier: Availability3
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March 17, 2014
Target availability of 98.5% exceeded despite of testing activities and construction works
0
20
40
60
80
100
Month
lyavaila
bility
byyie
ld[%]
Availability 98.8 %
From Jan 2011
Until Jan 2013
Observation Availability reduced
Cause Testing activities / close-by construction works
73Tunisia training
Monthly Availability by Yield [%]
Conclusion
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March 17, 2014
Proof of reliability
Long term stability of Performance Ratio and Availability provenby 4+ years of field measurements from several power plants
74Tunisia training
Measured degradation close to zero
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March 17, 2014Tunisia training 75
Independent laboratories confirm extremely low degradation.
Measurementsacquired by
Analyzed period 3 years (since 2010) 4 years (since 2009)
Measurement method Outdoor, on-sun Indoor, module flasher
Analyzed quantity DC Power DC Power
Module degradation 0.2%/yr not observable
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Stability of tracking accuracy in the field
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March 17, 2014Tunisia training
Angularoffset
Resultingpower loss
Resultingscaling factor
0.31 5% x 0.95
0.39 10% x 0.90
0.56 25% x 0.75
2009, July 17th
2010, June 19th
2011, June 26th
2012, July 6th
Step 1: Plot measured DC power of the same
system for four years (20092012) Choose one clear, sunny summer day of each year
There is no difference visible that exceeds theexpected variation due to meteo conditions.
Step 2: Use the 2009 curve and multiply it with scalingfactors (x 0.95; x 0.90; x 0.75)
According to measurements by Sandia NationalLaboratories these factors represent the power loss forangular offsets of 0.31; 0.39; 0.56
The theoretical, red curves are clearly below themeasurements. This proves that in real life thetracker does not loose accuracy.
Conclusion:
4 years of field data prove that- tracking accuracy remains high and- there is no tracking loss visible
Legend 1: Legend 2:
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
5:00 7:00 9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00
DCPower[W]
Puertollano Power Plant System 10.10.10.104
77
Conclusion
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March 17, 2014
Proof of reliability
Long term stability of Performance Ratio and Availability provenby 4+ years of field measurements from several power plants
Very low degradation rate proven on module (0% - 0.2%) and plant levelby three different methods using data from SOITEC / ISFOC, NREL, ISE
Stability of tracking precision proven by comparison of 4 years offield measurements with angular de-ratings determined by SANDIA
78Tunisia training
Predictability of Performance
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March 17, 2014Tunisia training
Using the PVsyst software
Using the as-built power plant specifications: 3D shading model created from as-built layout
DC and AC wiring loss from as-built detail engineering
Soiling loss depending on site and cleaning frequency
CSTC Plant power from Fraunhofer ISEflash measurements
1.5 % non-availability allowance
1.5% self consumption allowance
Using the meteorological data measured on siteDNI, ambient temperature, wind speed
The Target AC Energy is modeled...
Using the utility grade energy meter:
Fulfilling DIN EN 61557-12 requirements
Type UMG-604 from Janitza GmbH
The Actual AC Energy is measured...
79
Scope of yield calculation
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The yield calculation is important
for revenue calculation
Step 1: reliable DNI data DNI = kWhDIN/m/year
Satellite measurements
Ground measurements
Step B: translate DNI to AC energy Different Models for yield calculation
Accuracy of yield calculation
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 80
DNI data sources
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Satellite data:
Advantage: high data availability, lowercosts
Disadvantage: data uncertainty
Sources: Meteonorm, SolarGis,SolarAnywhere, etc.
Ground measurement: Advantage: high data reliability
Disadvantage: low data availability,higher costs
Mainly used for utility-scale projects
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Summary on DNI measurement
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Soitec is working with different
sources for DNI measurements Meteonorm
SolarGis
SolarAnywhere
etc.
Combined ground and satellitemeasurements allow highestreliability of DNI data
Soitec keeps close contact with DNIexperts to be up-to-date
March 17, 2014Tunisia training
Product Provider Main region
SolarGis Geomodel Solar Europe, Africa, Asia
SolarAnywhere Clean Power Research USA
EnMetSol / Solis Oldenburg University World
NSRDB NREL USA
Meteonorm Meteotest World
Heliosat / Atlas Solaire Ecole des Mines PACA
Solar Power ProspectorNREL USA
Suny NREL / Univ. Albany, NY USA
Solar Prospecting Tools3TIER World
Satellight European Union Europe
SSE NASA World
Some DNI data sources:
82
How to translate DNI into AC energy?
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Theory:
Tunisia training March 17, 2014 83
How to translate DNI into AC energy?
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Field data:
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Different models for yield calculation
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More than 20 models for
yield calculation available.
Not every model is qualified foryield calculation for utility-scaleCPV Power Plants
Among others, Soitec is in joineddevelopment with PVsyst since2010
PVsyst result of validation:uncertainty < 2% on the annual
AC energy sum
March 17, 2014Tunisia training 85
Comparison of PV models from Photon Magazine,
Mean Bias Difference [%], Si-PV
Energy
Productio
nModels
Actual versus Target AC Energy
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March 17, 2014
1
Conclusion:The Actual AC Energy exceedsthe Target AC Energy by 2.9%at the Puertollano Plant
86Tunisia training
Cumulated AC Energy [MWh] Cumulated AC Energy [MWh]
Puertollano 2 Casaquemada Touwsrivier
Cumulated AC Energy [MWh]
3
Conclusion:The Actual AC Energy exceedsthe Target AC Energy by 1.8%at the Casaquemada Plant
Conclusion:The Actual AC Energy exceedsthe Target AC Energy by 6.5%at the Touwsrivier Plant
Conclusion
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March 17, 2014
Proof of reliability
Long term stability of Performance Ratio and Availability provenby 4+ years of field measurements from several power plants
Very low degradation rate proven on module (0% - 0.2%) and plant levelby three different methods using data from SOITEC / ISFOC, NREL, ISE
Stability of tracking precision proven by comparison of 4 years of
field measurements with angular de-ratings determined by SANDIA
87Tunisia training
Proof of predictability
Power plants match or exceed PVsyst Target AC energy for 4+ years:Casaquemada: 101.8%, Puertollano: 102.9%, Touwsrivier: 106.5%
Summary
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March 17, 2014Tunisia training 88
Soitec CPV technology is designed for
high performance in high DNI regions. High efficiency
Low degradation
Robust design
Further advantages of CPV technology Best potential for further efficiency increases Sustainable solar energy generation
Local content, local jobs
Disclaimer
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Exclusive property of Soitec. This document contains restricted information:disclosure, redisclosure, dissemination, redissemination, reproduction or use is limited topersons within Soitec and third parties with a need to know only. Use or reuse, in wholeor in part, for any purpose other than which expressly set forth in this document isforbidden.
Concentrix is a trademark of Soitec S.A..
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