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PENELITIAN KUALITATIF
A. Wahyudi Atmoko
Jakarta, Desember 2011
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1. Mengapa Penelitian QUAL
2. Pengertian & Asumsi
3. Pendekatan2 Utama Penelitian QUAL
4. Tujuan dan Pertanyaan Penelitian
5. Review Literatur
6. Koleksi Data & Analisis
7. Keabsahan Penelitian
Topik
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3
Berapa Umur Wanita dalam Gambar ini?
Apa Arti Gambar ini?
Hitung Jumlah Segitiga!
FaktadalamGambar
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MENGAPA PENELITIAN QUAL
Because of QUAN:
Context Stripping
Exclusion of Meaning and Purpose
Disjunction of Grand Theories with Local Context Exclusion of the Discovery Dimension in Inquiry
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PENGERTIAN
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Qualitative research is situated activity that locates theobservers in the world. It consist of a set of interpretive,material practices that make the world visible. Thesepractice transform the world. They turn the world into a
series of representations, including filed notes,interviews, conversations, photograph, recordings, andmemos to the self. At this level, qualitative researchinvolves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the
world studying in their natural settings, attempting to
make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of themeanings people bring to them (Denzim & Lincoln 2005,p. 4).
PENGERTIAN
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An umbrella term covering an array of
interpretive techniques which seek to describe,
decode, translate, and otherwise come to termswith the meaning, not the frequency, of certain
naturally occurring phenomena in the social
world (Maanem 1979, p. 520).
PENGERTIAN
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ASUMSI PARADIGMA:QUAN vs QUALAssumption Question QUAN QUAL
Ontological
Assumption
What is the nature
of reality
Reality is objective & singular, apart
fron the reseacher
Reality is subjective & multiple
as seen by participants in astudy
EpistemologicalAssumption
What is therelationship of thereseacher to thatresearched
Researcher is independent from thatbeing researched
Researcher interacts with thatbeing researched
Axiologicalassumption What is the role ofvalues Value-free & unbiased Value-laden & biased
Rhetoricalassumption
What is thelanguange ofresearch
FormalBased on set definitionImpersonal voiceUse of accepted quantitative words
InformalEvolving decisionPersonal voiceAccepted qualitative words
Methodolical
Assumption
What is the
process ofresearch
Deductive process
Cause & effectStatic design categories isolatedbefore studyContext freeGeneralizations leading toprediction, explanation, &understandingAccurate & reliable through validity& reliability
Inductive process
Mutual simultaneous shapingof factorsEmerging design categoriesidentified during researchprocessContext boundPattern, theories developed forunderstandingAccurate & reliable throughverification
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Kapan Menggunakan QUAL
Quality versus quantity. For problems that need exploration For problems that need a complex detailed
understanding
To empower individual and collective voices To write in styles that push the limits of formal
academic narratives To understand contexts
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Perbedaan QUAN-QUAL dalam Tahap Penelitian
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PENDEKATAN2 UTAMA PENELITIAN QUAL
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PENDEKATAN2 UTAMA PENELITIAN QUAL
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TUJUAN & PERTANYAAN PENELITIAN
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TUJUAN & PERTANYAAN PENELITIAN
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TUJUAN & PERTANYAAN PENELITIAN
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Tipe Pertanyaan QUAL
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Pengguanaan Kata dalam QUAL
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Fokus studi ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasipenderitaan & perawatan dalam pertemuan pasiendengan perawat dan memasikan makna-makna yangditimblkan oleh pertemuan tsb. Studi dilakukan diunit bedah dan obstetri/ginekologi (Drew, 1986, p.40 dlm Creswell, 1994, p60).
Contoh Tujuan Penelitian: Studi Fenomenologi
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Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasifaktor2 afeksi, sosial, dan pendidikan yang mungkinmemberi kontribusi pengembanganketidakmampuan membaca dari empat remaja.Studi ini mencari penjelasan mengapaketidakmampuan membaca tsb tetap ada meskipun
bertahun-tahun diberikan pelajaran (Kos, 1991, p.
876 dlm Creswell, 1994, p. 61).
Contoh Tujuan Penelitian: Studi Studi Kasus
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The purpose of this study was to take a look into educationthrough the eyes of three teachers who are facing their finalyear as professional educators. The overarching goal was todetermine how they have seen children, teachers,administration, policy, and testing change across the thirtyyear span of their work as teachers in Texas public schools.
Through their comments they give a considerable amountof insight into the transformation education hasexperienced in the last three decades. But unexpectedly,they reveal as much about our changing society than theydo education itself.
Project submitted in EDCI 690, Summer 2005, Texas A&M University.
Contoh Tujuan Penelitian: Studi Studi Kasus
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Analisis berikut mendeskripsikan beberapa kateristiksituasional, nilai-nilai umum yg berlaku, dan identitassosial dan personal yang memberi karakteristik danmempengaruhi permainan informan di bagiankepolisian (Creswell, 1994, p. 61).
Contoh Tujuan Penelitian: Studi Etnografi
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Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah menghadirkangrounded theory yang didasarkan pada duapertanyaan: Apa sumber-sumber utama perubahanakademik? Apa proses utama dalam perubahanakademik tersebut? Grounded theory didefinisikansebagai teori yang disimpulkan dari data yangdiperoleh secara sistematis dan dianalisis melalui
metode comparatif konstan (Conrad, 1978, p. 334dlm Creswell, 1994, p60).
Contoh Pertanyaan: Studi Grounded Theory
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In my research, which has involved collectingwomens accounts of becoming mothers, I amseeking to understand how women make sense of
events throughout the process of child bearing,constructing these events into episodes, andthereby (apparently) maintaining unity withintheir lives (Miller, 2000, p. 309).
Contoh Pertanyaan: Studi Naratif
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Justifikasi Masalah Penelitian
Explain what is not known about the problem.
Why does the problem matter?
Provide documentation that this is actually aproblem. Available statistics?
Available literature that shows that this is aneeded area of inquiry?
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What are the ways that the study will add to thescholarly research/literature in the field?
How does the study improve practice?
How might the study improve policy?
Justifikasi Masalah Penelitian
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REVIEW LITERATUR
Using preliminary sources, construct a bibliographyof related literature.
When searching for relevant literature, keep, at
least, the following five selection criteria in mind: The recency of the articles
The reputation of the source and author
Inclusion of both primary and secondary sources
Coverage for all areas your proposal has indicated in
Inclusion of topics relevant to, but not directly on, yourtopic.
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REVIEW LITERATUR
Sensemaking
Organizing ProcessMeliputi 6N:
Nggumuni, Nitni, Ngirani, Ngomongi, Ngembangk, danNgemongi.
: Organizing Process
RetentionEnactment SelectionEcologicalChange
+ + +
+(+, - ) (+, - )
Sumber: Weick (1979: 132)
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REVIEW LITERATUR
Weiks Seven PrinciplesWeick, K. E.(1995). Sensemaking in organizations.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. P. 61-61
Identities
Retrospective
Enactment
Social
Ongoing Extracted Cues
Plausability
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KOLEKSI DATA & ANALISIS
Kinds of interviews: Informal. Not a major source of data but not without purpose. Can
have some questions ready. Informants must know that these too aredata
Formal/semistructured: Planned ahead. Researcher in charge.
Combination of structure and flexibility. Expect the unexpected. Standardized interviews: limited use in qualitative studies. Answers
transcribed by researchers.
Getting prepared:
Thinking through what interviews can be done and with whom.
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Steps in Data Collection and Analysis
Collect the Data
Prepare the Data
Read through the Data
Code the Data
For description For themes
SimultaneousIterative
Diadaptasi dari Cresswell, J. W. 2002, h. 264
ResearchReport
Connect Themes
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Seleksi Partisipan
Extreme or deviant case samples (Teacher of the Year) Maximum variation samples (different perspectives on same
phenomena)
Homogenous samples (individuals with similar characteristics)
Typical samples (considered typical)
Stratified purposeful samples (representing samples of interest)
Snowball samples (one person identifies another)
Criterion samples (individuals who fit certain criteria)
Theory based samples
Confirming and disconfirming samples Convenience samples
In all cases, participants should know/negotiate the ground rulesfor the interviews.
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Kualitas Interview Yg Baik
Begin with small talk
Listening: Follow up on of course statements
Listen for key words Probing questions
Use of why questions (Dont ask for meaning, ask for use)
Self disclosure
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Qualitative data may be analyzed by a 3-part
strategy:
reducing the datacoding the datasynthesizing the data
Analisis Data
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Coding
Caning
Essay
Suspension
Telling Parents
Smoking
Cheeking Teacher
Messing about
Absenteeism
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Bagaimana Melakukan Pengkodean?Pertanyaan-pertanyaan untuk untuk
ditanyakan:
Apa yang terjadi?
Apa yang dilakukan orang?
Apa yang dikatakan?
Apakah tindakan-tindakan dan pernyataan-pernyataan
ini taken for granted? Bagaimana struktur & konteks yang mendukung,
mempertahankan, menghalangi atau merubah tindakandan pernyataan-pernyataan ini?
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Pengkodean terhadap apa saja?1. Tindakan biasanya kejadian-kejadian singkat
2. Aktivitas cukup lama dalam suatu setting, orang-orang terlibat
3. Makna yang menyebabkan tindakan informan
Apa konsep yg mereka gunakan untuk memahamidunia mereka? Apa makna atau signifikansi yg dimiliki bagi mereka?
4. Partisipasi keterlibatan atau adaptasi orang-orangterhadap suatu setting
5. Hubungan antara orang-orang, secara simultandipertimbangkan
6. Setting seluruh konteks dari kejadian-kejadian yangsedang dikaji.
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Pengkodean terhadap apa saja?Mason menyarankan:
Harafiah (Literal) kata-kata, dialog yang digunakan,tindakan, setting, systems, dll
Interpretasi norma-norma implicit, nilai-nilai,aturan-aturan, adat istiadat, bagaimana orang melakukanpembenaran (make sense) terhadap kejadian
Refleksif peran peneliti dalam proses, yaitubagaimana intervensi terhadap pengumpulan data
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Categorizing
Caning
EssaySuspension
Telling ParentsSmoking
Cheeking Teacher
Messing about
Absenteeism
CRIMES PUNISHMENTS
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Cara-cara untuk mengidentifikasi temaRyan & Bernard (2003) :
Repetitions
Indigenously typologies (in vivo)
Metaphors and analogies Transitions (pauses, sections)
Similarities and differences
Constant comparison
Liquistic connectors
Because, before, after, next, closeness, examples
Missing data (what is omitted)
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Clustering
CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS
Caning
Essay
Suspension
Telling Parents
Mr Lloyd
Mr Pennington
Mr Wilkinson
Mr Goddard
TEACHERS
Lancaster
Southwark
Clifton
HOUSES
Smoking
Cheeking Teacher
Messing about
Absenteeism
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Smoking
Cheeking Teacher
Messing about
Absenteeism
CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS
Caning
Essay
Suspension
Telling Parents
Theorising
Is there a hierarchy of punishment?
Is there a hierarchy of crimes?
Is there a relationship between these hierarchies?
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KEABSAHAN
Truth value = adequate representation of multipleconstructions of reality (recognizing that these arereconstructions based on researcher)
Applicability = fittingness or transferability Consistency = dependability; ability of other
researchers to follow the method used
Neutrality = auditability Lincoln & Guba (1985)
Strategi Mendapatkan Keabsahan
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Strategi Mendapatkan Keabsahan(Trustworthiness/Credibility)
Prolonged engagement with and observation of informants
Triangulation (multiple sources of data)
Peer debriefing (colleagues)
Negative case analysis (to include commonalities as well asvariabilities)
Referential adequacy (theoretical sampling)
Member checks (research participants/informants)
Employing an auditor
Thick description (to reflect complexities in the data)
Prevention of premature foreclosure on the data
Maintaining a journal to enhance self-reflection
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