Zoonoses - UCSF Medical · PDF fileesoteric Outline Pet related zoonoses – Cats and dogs...
Transcript of Zoonoses - UCSF Medical · PDF fileesoteric Outline Pet related zoonoses – Cats and dogs...
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Zoonoses
Carol A Glaser, DVM, MPVM, MD
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
University of California, San Francisco
&
Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Kaiser Permanente Oakland I HAVE NO DISCLOSURES
Outline
Overview of zoonotic diseases
“Fact or Fiction” dealing with common misperceptions or questions
Focus on zoonotic aspect of different disease (rather than Rx)
Common and not-so-common illnesses, range of animal hosts/types of zoonoses
Mostly practical information…but some esoteric…
Outline
Pet related zoonoses– Cats and dogs
Toxoplasmosis, Bartonella/CSD, DF-2, Pasteurella
Rabies
– Less traditional petsPocket pets-RBF
Wildlife issuesRabies
Baylisascaris
Fact or Fiction
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Relative/hypothetical probability of contracting illness (not real)
What is a zoonosis?
Zoonosis refers to diseases that can be passed from animals, whether wild or domesticated, to humans
Tick
Deer
• Borreliosis• Trypanosomiasis
Direct contact
• Tularemia
Rat
Flea
• Leptospirosis• Rat-bite fever
• Plague• Haemorrhagic fever
Bat
• Rabies
Mosquito• West Nile virus• JEV• Chik• Dengue
DogCat
• Toxocariasis• Rabies• Leptospirosis
• Toxoplasmosis• Rabies• Bartonella hensleae
Sheep
Cattle
• Q feverFood chain
Direct contact
• Salmonella• E. coli• Campylobacter• Cryptosporidum• Mycobacterium• Brucellosis
Chicken & Eggs
• Salmonella• Campylobacter• Avian flu
Pigeon / Pet Bird• Psittacosis• Cryptococcus• M. avium-intracellulare
Companion Animals US households 2012
Dogs Cats Birds Horses
% households 37% 30% 3% 1.5%
Average/household
1.6 2.1 2.3 2.7
Total # 69,926,000 74,059,000 8,300,000 4,856,000
https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Statistics/Pages/Market-research-statistics-US-pet-ownership
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Specialty and Exotic Animals 2012
https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Statistics/Pages/Market-research-statistics-US-pet-ownership.aspx#exotic
Lots of reptiles, mostly increasing since 2007
{
“Pocket pets”; ownership increasing
Zoonoses: General
Many are missed because of vague clinical presentation –’viral’
On the other hand, people often worry unnecessarily and/or erroneously ascribe illness to pets
Transmission complex and often ‘new twists’
For the unusual/orphan diseases, diagnosis problematic
A Partial List of Bacterial Zoonoses
Anthrax BrucellosisCampylobacteriosisCat Scratch DiseaseEhrlichiosisE. coli O157:57GlandersLeptospirosisListeriosisLyme DiseaseMelioidosisPlague
PsittacosisQ FeverRat-bite FeverRelapsing FeverRocky Mountain Spotted FeverSalmonellosisTularemiaTyphus YersiniosisZoonotic tuberculosis
A Partial List of Viral Zoonoses
Arenaviruses (LCMV, Lassa, S. American hemorrhagic fevers)Bat lyssavirusesColorado tick feverEbolaEquine encephalitides (WEE, EEE, VEE)Hantaviruses (Hantaan, Sin Nombre)Hendra
Herpesvirus BInfluenza (avian)Japanese encephalitisNipahRabiesRift Valley feverSARSVesicular stomatitisWest Nile Virus
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A Partial List of Parasitic Zoonoses
Protozoa
BabesiosisCryptosporidiosis*Leishmaniasis*Giardiasis*Toxoplasmosis*Trypanosomiasis
Helminths:(roundworms, tapeworms, flukes)*
AnisakiasisCysticercosisHydatidosisMesocestoidiasisSchistosome dermatitis (Swimmer’s Itch)Trichinosis*Visceral Larval Migrans*Toxocariasis/Baylisascaris
Emerging Infectious Diseases
Estimated that 75% are zoonotic– Many viral—SARS, MERS
– Many vector borne (e.g., West Nile virus, Ebola, Zika )
-Chomel et al., Emerg Inf Dis 2006
FACT OR FICTION
Toxoplasmosis in humans is generally acquired from cats
Fact or Fiction?
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Toxoplasma gondii
Obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan
Capable of infecting all warm-blooded animals
Cats definitive host (and other felines); only host where parasite undergoes sexual reproduction
Worldwide distribution– Seroprevalence in US-born persons (12–49 y) (NHANES)
1988-1994: 14%
1999–2004: 9%
Toxoplasmosis Life Cycle
• Cats (and other felines definitive host)• Naïve cats ingest bradyzoites• Cats generally either asymptomatic or
have self-limited illness • Other animals can become infected from
oocysts• Tissue cysts in meat, unwashed produce
or placental transmission
Humans and Toxoplasmosis
After infection– Humans often asymptomatic or
– Flu-like illness
– Like other animals, tissue cysts and long term humoral response
Two important groups: – Pregnant women with primary infection
– Immunocompromised – primary infection or reactivation
ToxoplasmosisInfection in Pregnancy
Asymptomatic (50-90%)
Fatigue, lymphadenopathy
Fever, H/A, pharyngitis, myalgia
Rarely enanthem (rash on mm mouth), retinal disease
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Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Transmission can occur during all trimesters; least likely 1st trimester but most severe
Classic triad– Hydrocephalus
– Intracranial calcifications
– Chorioretinitis
But most cases not classic-more subtle with IUGR, microcephaly
High index of suspicion for diagnosis
Congenital ToxoplasmosisAdditional Signs/Symptoms
FeverH-S-megalyLymphadenopathyJaundiceVomiting, diarrheaRashHypothermia
Ocular abnormalities
Pneumonia
Seizures
Labs: Abnormal CSF, anemia, eosinophilia, and coagulopathy
ToxoplasmosisInfection in Pregnancy
Source of infection unknown in approx 50%Food: meat and fresh fruit, vegetables, raw eggs and rarely mussels, oysters, unpasteurized milk (and even water)GardeningRarely: blood transfusion, laboratory-acquired
Cats - how commonly is it transmitted from cats?
Cats and Toxoplasma
Cats are generally asymptomatic or mildly ill during acute infection
Shed oocysts for ~10 days but usually only during acute infection (i.e., only once/lifetime)
<1% of cats shed oocysts on any given day
Oocysts are quite resistant – oocysts survived outdoors in Texas (6°C–36°C) in native cat
feces, uncovered, for 46 days, for 334 days when covered, and outdoors in soil buried at the depth of 3–9 cm in Kansas for 18 months
– oocysts survived at −21°C for 28 days
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Toxoplasma & Food animals United States
Jones JL, Clin Infect Dis, 2012Will free range/organic meat increase %?
Toxoplasmosis Summary
Although cats are the definitive host for Toxoplasmosis, pet owners rarely acquire the infection from their pet cat
The best way to prevent Toxoplasmosis is to eat meat well cooked, wash fruits and vegetables and wear gloves for soil contact
Pregnant women and Immunocompromised patients do not need to give up their cat (but should avoid cleaning litter box or wear gloves)
Toxoplasmosis in humans is generally acquired from cats
Fiction
Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) is generally transmitted by the scratch or bite of healthy cat/kitten
Fact or Fiction?
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Bartonellosis (CSD)
Cat scratch disease caused by Bartonella species (type of proteobacterium)Cats are main reservoir–B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae, B. koehleraeOther animals can also serve as reservoirTypically from a scratch (sometimes bite)Cat fleas (Ctenoceph felis) involved in transmission of B. henselae among catsUnclear role of fleas in human transmission
Bartonellosis background
Cats –B. henselae is a nearly perfectly
adapted parasite—produces high-grade bacteremia without disease
–5-41% of cats positive blood culture– Intermediately positive
Bartonellosis: Clinical
Cat scratch disease (CSD);– Benign, self-limiting lymphadenopathy, low
grade fever– Often lesion at inoculation site– Serious conditions however are in the
differential;Lymphoma, carcinoma, MTB, neuroblastoma
Bartonellosis: Clinical
Atypical forms– Erythema nodosum– Perinauds oculoglandular syndrome– Hepatic granuloma– Osteomyelitis– Pulmonary disease– Optic neuritis– Encephalopathy
Immunosuppressed– Bacillary angiomatosis– Peliosis hepatitis
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Bartonellosis
Prognosis: generally excellent
For normal hosts-once immune, always immune
Treatment: – For most forms-no RX
– Immunosuppressed or severe cases: azithromycin or doxycycline and rifampin
Bartonella testing in cats
Positive serology = Bartonella bacteremia
Bartonella bacteremia can be intermittent
Bacteremia can last months or even years in cats
Testing in cats is recommended by some veterinarians
?Utility of testing?– Treatment of cat not efficacious
– Positive results? Negative results?
CSD summary
Utility of testing cats is very questionable!If human illness occurs, not a reason to get rid of cat!Since fleas are considered ‘essential’ to maintenance of infection in cats good flea control;– “vigilant elimination of fleas from pets...”
Also for prevention avoid unnecessary “trauma” cats people
Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) is generally transmitted by the scratch or bite of healthy cat/kitten
Fact
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A child was bitten by squirrel in the park 2 days ago…animal can’t be
found…patient should undergo rabies PEP
FACT or FICTION
A child picked up bat during camping trip and the bat later flew
away, no bite wound -this child needs PEP
Fact or Fiction?
Patient bitten by neighbor’s dog-unprovoked bite and dog is not current on rabies
vaccine--
Rabies PEP should be given ASAP
Fact or Fiction
Rabies is treatable
Fact or Fiction
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Rabies shots are painful and are given in the abdomen
Fact or Fiction
• Causes a severe acute progressive
encephalitis
• One of the ‘oldest’ infectious disease
known to man
• The world’s “most deadly virus”
• Latin for: to “be mad”/”madness”
Background
RabiesThe “quintessential” zoonosis
Etiology
• Family: Rhabdoviridae Negative-stranded RNA genome
• Genus: Lyssavirus• Envelope virus, bullet-shaped
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Epidemiology
• Only 1-2 recognized cases/year in the United States…so why is it so important? “Uniformly fatal” without vaccine (until recently)
Tremendous ‘angst’: ~40,000 persons receive post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in the US
Many encephalitis cases are ‘rule out’ rabies …on the other hand, cases are missed
World: 50,000-100,000 cases/year• Most cases of rabies in India, China, SE Asia, Iran, Africa
and South America• Most are canine rabies• Estimated 50,000 cases/year
Rabies Reservoirs
• All mammals are susceptible
• However some species much more important > others, e.g., canine rabies, raccoon rabies, bat rabies, skunk, etc.
• Humans generally “dead-end” hosts
About rodents
There have been no documented cases if rabies in humans associated with exposure to rabid rodents in the US
Caveat; if rodent extreme bizarre behavior, then consider testing and/or PEP
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Bats (non-terrestrial)and Rabies
• Most common source of human infection in US
• Since 1990, > 90% of endemically acquired rabies in the US
• Exposure to bat not always recognized, especially bites
Bites from bats may be overlooked
-Jackson A, Lancet, 2001
Clinical
• Incubation period ranges from few days to >1 year Most cases present between 2 and 16 weeks
• Pleomorphic manifestations, often mistaken for other CNS diseases (e.g., case 2)
• Initial symptoms are nonspecific: Fever, malaise, fatigue, anxiety, headache Half of patients have pain, itching or
paresthesias at site of the bite Lasts 2-10 days
Clinical
After prodrome:• Furious form (aka “mad dog”) Increasing agitation, hyperactivity, seizures,
hallucinations, aggressive behavior, hydrophobia(spasm of respiratory muscles when attempting to drink)
Coma develops, then death
• Paralytic form (aka dumb rabies) Progressive lethargy, incoordination and ascending
paralysis
Respiratory muscle paralysis may occur
Coma, then death
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Diagnosis of Rabies
• Always consider in case of acute onset, rapidly progressive encephalitis
• Diagnosis before death is ‘tricky’ but do-able
• Testing after death includes: Testing for viral antigen by DFA in brain tissue
Prevention and Treatment IssuesThese issues often confused…note the differences
• Rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis Given to ‘high risk’ individuals such as veterinarians, animal
control workers, spleunkers before exposure
3 doses vaccine
• Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) Given following a bite from rabid (or suspected rabid) animal Rabies Immune globulin (RIG) (infiltrated wound) and 4 doses vaccine
(day 0,3,7,14) IM injection deltoid /AL thigh (no longer in abdomen)
Highly effective for prevention
Vaccines not given in abdomen
• Rabies “Treatment” No known effective Rx; once symptoms develop, vaccine and RIG
of no benefit
Experimental treatment
PEP - Yes or No?
• Type of exposure (bite, non-bite) If bite: provoked vs. unprovoked Assess other circumstances of exposure,
e.g., behavior of animal• Severity of wound• Animal species involved• Animal health and vaccination history• Local animal rabies epidemiology• Animal available for observation / testing• Urgent but not “emergency”, consult local public health
About domestic dogs/catsin U.S.
Very few dogs and cats in US positive in last few decades in US
If dog/cat located, put in ‘quarantine’ x 10 days
If animal can’t be located-that is problematic
If dog/cat rabid, they have very strange behavior
Typically have a few days to decide
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“Treatment”Human Rabies Survivors -Prior Experiences in US
• Recovery without rabies PEP 15 year old female, Wisconsin, 2004Milwaukee protocol
17 year old female, Texas, 2009 (“Abortive Case”)
8 year old female, California, 2011
• Meet case definition for human rabies based on clinical manifestations and rabies virus specific antibodies in serum and CSF
• Rabies virus, antigen, nucleic acid not detected from these patients
• Antibody identified “early”
• Most recently Peru experience
-Willoughby et al., New Eng J Med, 2005-CDC, MMWR, 2010CDC MMWR 2011
however
Several other investigators have attempted the Milwaukee protocol for ‘treatment’ of rabies and failed
Aramruro A, Clin Infect Dis, Sept 2011
A child was bitten by squirrel in the park 2 days ago…animal can’t be
found…patient should undergo rabies PEP
FICTION
A child picked up bat during camping trip and the bat later flew
away, no bite wound -this child needs PEP
Fact
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Patient bitten by neighbor’s dog-unprovoked bite and dog is not current on rabies
vaccine--
Rabies PEP should be given ASAP
Fiction
Rabies is treatable
(mostly) Fiction
Rabies shots are painful and are given in the abdomen
Fiction
Rabies Summary
Rodents low risk for rabies and most bites don’t require PEP – always best to discuss with public health department
Bat bites are often not noticeable and any child with bat contact (if unobserved) need to assume bite occurred and rabies PEP should be considered (test bat is possible)
For most domestic dog or cat bites, don’t need PEP, but need 10 day ”quarantine” period
Rabies is preventable
Whether rabies is ‘treatable’ is questionable
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Human wounds can heal faster when licked by dogs
Fact or Fiction?
Human wounds & Dog licks
“Human wounds can heal faster when licked by dogs dates all the way back to ancient Egypt, when dogs were used in healing practices. The Egyptians believed that being licked by a dog, especially on an open wound, would aid in recovery or even cure the disease causing the illness. Today, it isn’t unusual to hear a dog lover make a similar claim”
However…………….don’t encourage this…-HellaWella website, 4/27/2014
Dog & CatsBites*, Scratches & Licks
Capnocytophaga speciesPasteurella speciesStaphylococcus aureusStreptococciAnaerobesMoraxella spCornyebacterium speciesNeisseria sp
*-1% of ER visits & 10,000 inpatient hosp/year
CapnocytophagaLick of Death………
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About Capnocytophaga
Fastidious Gram-negative bacillus (rod shaped)
Previously known as DF-2 (dysgonic fermenter type 2, ‘carbon loving’)
9 species-C ochracea, C gingivalis, C sputignea, C leadbetteri
C canimorsus, C cynodegmi (dog and cats)
C canimorsus-oral cavity
-67-86% dogs, 55-86% cats– After bite/scratch or lick clinical presentation
1-30 days (ave 5-6 day)
-Brenner DJ, J Clin Microbiol, 1989-Kullberg BJ, Medicine, 1991-Martino R, Clin Infect Dis, 2001
Capnocytophaga
Capnocytophaga canimorsus and Capnocytophaga cyndegmi
Often follow dog or cat bite/scratch, also lick
Capnocytophaga canimorsus– Fulminant sepsis, mortality 30-36%
– Meningitis, mortality 5%
Capnocytophaga cyndegmi– Less severe, usually restricted to skin and soft
tissue (although one case report/fatality
Capnocytophaga/risk gropus
Most common in immunocompromised
– Asplenic
– Cirrhosis or heavy ETOH use
– Steroid use
– Other; neutropenia, AML, ALL, solid tumors, SLE, multiple myeloma, CLL, s/p BMT
– + normal hosts (up to 40% cases w/o risk factors)
Capnocytophaga / Clinical
Most with Sepsis and/or meningitisOr FUO
-Janda MJ Emerg Infect Dis, 2006
Necrotizing eschar at site of bite
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Severe complication--Purpura fulminas
Acute, often fatal, thrombotic disorder manifests as bruising and discoloration skin result of coagulation blood vessel in skin and leads to skin necrosis and DIC
aka Purpura gangrenosa
Diagnosis &Treatment Capnocytophaga
Can be difficult to isolate, often takes a few weeks for specific identification
Some isolates with beta-lactamase
Rx; Beta-lactam-beta-lactamase combination, 3rd
or 4th gen ceph, or carbapenem
Don’t use 1st gen ceph, anti-Staph PCN, macrolides and clindamycin for this infection
Another infection from bite/scratch/lick
Pastuerella spp.,
Oral cavity of dogs and cats
Gram negative coccobacilli
Mostly Pastuerella multocida, but other sp
Most frequent isolates from both cat and dog bites
rate from penetrating dog bites/cat bites– 2-10%/CG find this
Can also occur scratches and licks-Chang K, Scand J infect Dis 2003-Chun ML, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003-Talan D, New Eng J Med, 1999
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Pastuerella---Clinical
Soft tissue swelling– Very rapid development
– Intense inflammatory response
– Most within 24 hours, as early as 3 hours (cat)
– Necrotizing fasciitis can occur
Complications of SSTI:– Bone and joint
– Sepsis and PNA
– Meningitis
– Endocarditis
Treatment
Amoxicillin/Clavunate (oral)
Ampicillin/sulbactam (IV)
More severe infections
-Piperacillin/Tazo
-Carbapenem
-3rd generation + Metronidazole
• Also ensure UTD Tetanus vaccine
Human wounds can heal faster when licked by dogs
Fiction
Rat bite fever is almost always associated with a bite from rat…
FACT OR FICTION
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Rat Bite Fever: Microbiology
Two distinct disease syndromes– Streptobacillus moniliformis: most cases in US
Incidence unknown since not a reportable diseaseProbably rare but likely underdiagnosedRelatively difficult to isolate
– Spirillum minor: not generally found in USMostly in AsiaDifferent syndromeSodoku or relapsing fever
About Rodents
Approximately 3% of US households have pet rodent (gerbil, hamster, mouse or rat)
Mostly rats, however other rodents can transmit
Doesn‘t have to be pet rat, can be acquired from wild rodent (including dead rodent)
Cats that hunt rodents can harbor organism in their mouth (transiently)
Rat Bite FeverStreptobacillus moniliformis: Epidemiology
Often transmitted by bite or scratch of rats, mice, squirrels, carnivores that prey on rodentsCan be acquired through handling of dead rats50-100% wild and lab rodents harbor organismFood/water contaminated with infected rat excreta (cases called Haverhill)40% of cases have no history of bite29% of US households experience rodent problem
Rat Bite Fever: Clinical
Incubation: ~7 days (range 1-10 days)Abrupt onset fever (irregular relapsing fever)Chills, headacheMigratory arthralgias, myalgias
Clinical features similar to other diseasesDiagnosis usually requires high index of suspicion (blood culture/add +)
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Rat Bite Fever
Complications– Endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis– Meningitis – Pneumonia– Abscesses in “virtually every organ”
Treatment– Penicillin or Doxycycline– Untreated: 7-13% mortality
Elliot et al., Clin Microbiol Rev, 2007Dijkmans et al., Infection, 1984Pins et al., Clin Inf Dis, 1996
Summary RBF
Transmitted by rats and other rodents
Also can be transmitted by cats
In addition to bites, can be transmitted by scratches and contact with oral secretions of rodent and ingestion
Diagnosis requires high index suspicion
Very treatable but can be deadly if not recognized and treated promptly
Rat bite fever is almost always associated with a bite from rat…
FICTION
LIGHTENING ROUND
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Reptiles are known to carry Salmonella but recent data show that treatment can eliminate
Salmonella
Fact or Fiction?
Fiction
Reptiles / amphibians often carry Salmonella. Salmonella can get on cages, aquariums, terrariums, and other containers that house them
Shouldn’t be allowed to roam freely throughout the house or in areas where food or drink is prepared, served, or stored, such as kitchens, pantries, or outdoor patios
Reptiles can’t be ‘cleared’ of Salmonella
Caution for children < 5 years of age, older adults, or immunocompromised individuals
Since 1975, turtles < 4 inchesIllegal to sell………….
Raccoons can make good pets, especially if acquired when they
are young
Fact or Fiction?
Fiction
Besides being illegal, lots of other reasons not to own
Perhaps the most important is because of a type of worm they carry called – Baylisascaris procynosis
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Baylisascaris procyonis
Intestinal nematodeNatural hosts– adult raccoons
Transmission– eggs shed in feces (millions of eggs shed)– require 3-4 weeks to become infectious– ova extremely resistant to
dessication/destruction; may remain viable in the environment for years Adult Baylisascaris procyonis
Female
Male
Baylisascaris NLM
Often devastating outcome with death or severe neurologic sequelae
However, a few ‘promising’ case reports– 14 month old boy with NLM from MA, some residual deficits and
moderate speech delay but overall good
– 4 year old boy from New Orleans, LA with NLM, “full recovery”
– Both Rxed with steroids and anti-helminthic
Peters et al., Pediatrics, 2012
Pai et al., Emerg Inf Dis, 2007
Baylisascaris procynosis
More severe than Toxocara– larger larvae (1-2 mm)– extensive migration (brain, eye, heart)
Clinical– eosinophilic meningoencephalitis– death or long-term DD in children
Pathology– deep cerebral white matter granulomas
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Parvovirus in children is sometimes acquired from pet dogs
Fact or Fiction?
Fiction
canine parvovirus type 2b– Highly contagious viral illness that affects
dogs
– Two formsDiarrhea form
Cardiac from
Not the same as Human Parvovirus B19
Dogs can sometimes transmit Leptospirosis to people
Fact or Fiction?
Fact
Leptospirosis can be transmitted direct contact with urine, bite wounds, ingestion of infected tissue-penetrate skin or mucous membranes
Most human hosts associated with water contact ; however reports of acquiring lepto from infected dogs (particularly in vet hospitals)
Any dog with acute renal failure; treat as suspect lepto but dogs are often asymptomatic
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Pets are a common source of ringworm and are almost always
symptomatic
Fact or Fiction?
Fiction
Some ringworm comes from pets but probably only minority of cases
Ringworm transmitted from pets is often more inflammatory > humans
Pets can harbor ‘ringworm’ and most of the time they are asymptomatic
Consider asking about pets if ringworm is refractory to Rx
MRSA in animals is a “humanosis”
Fact or Fiction?
Fact
MRSA is a reverse Zoonosis-MRSA has “jumped from humans to household pets”
Animals can carry the bacteria on their skin and may transmit it back to the pet owner or spread it to other animals
Just like people….
Asymptomatic carrier
Most common conditions – Skin infections and ear infections
– Post-op incisional infections or wounds
– Also: UTI, auditory canal, and joints
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Pets are a relatively common source of Strep throat in pediatric
patients
Fact or Fiction?
Fiction
Earlier studies found that dogs were persistent reservoirs for GAS & anecdotal reports of treatment of dogs and cats as a means of controlling on-going transmission in householdsOne (older) study of the households of people with recurrent GAS pharyngitis found:– 42% dogs positive– 36% cats positive
Group A vs. non Group A strep; early studies used crude antimicrobial data on bacitracin susceptibilities rather than genetic subtypingLater when Lancefield typing done – True prevalence in household pets only 0-3% and not
correlated with the presence of infection in the owner
-Cooperman SM, NY State J Med, 1982-Kurek C, Epidem Reviews, 1971- Crowder HR, Int J Zoonoses, 1978
Fiction
GAS and dogs/cats - more recent studies
Longitudinal study – Households of children with acute pharyngitis
Throat cultures from children with acute pharyngitis
Concurrent samples from pets in household
– 230 pets sampled—No group A strep found in pets
Another study– Children with Group A Strep
Only 2 of 61 tested pets were positive
-Wilson KS, Ped ID J, 1995
-Falck G Scand J Infect Dis 1997
Ebola virus is considered a zoonotic infection
Fact or Fiction?
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Fact Summary
Dogs and cats make great pets and are generally safe with a few important exception
Although cats are the definitive host for toxoplasmosis, people rarely acquire the infection from their pet cats
Important to avoid bites/scratches and licks from domestic animals
Bartonella transmitted by healthy cats/kittens generally benign but can have severe complications
Good flea control will help prevent diseases in pets and people
Summary
Rabies very uncommon in domestic dogs/cat
Rabies also rarely found in rodents
Bats are important source of rabies
Rodents can make great pets but need to remember RBF
Wild animals never make good pets
Relative/hypothetical probability of contracting illness (not real)
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The End