Zapatera Seizmic analysis
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Transcript of Zapatera Seizmic analysis
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
RATIONALE
In the past history of earthquakes that had happened in the world it
has been proven that a number of casualties is caused due to the collapse of
the structure especially those non- inspect and non-scrutinize existing
residential buildings. The earthquake happened last October !" #$% in
&ohol and 'ebu left many residential buildings blown out in the water.
(arthquake hazard and its relationship to risk" as well as the awareness of
local populations to the earthquake phenomenon vary signi)cantly around
the world. In some regions in the *hilippines such as the recent earthquake
in &ohol and 'ebu 'ity" common perception is that earthquakes are mainly
an exotic phenomenon occasionally causing disasters in far-away places. On
the other hand" in places like +apan" 'hile or Turkey" earthquakes are part of
people,s everyday lives. In areas of high seismicity" most earthquakes are
small and cause no damage" but occasionally disastrous events are
reminders of the importance of earthquake evaluation and force the local
authorities to take measures in earthquake preparedness and risk mitigation.
Over the years" the desire to provide tools for earthquake risk mitigation"
perhaps with the ultimate goal of earthquake prediction" has led to the
development of seismic evaluation and diagnosis and risk assessment as
important )elds in seismology. The work in this study focuses on various
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aspects of seismic evaluation and analysis" whereas the addition to seismic
risk is only discussed briey for a few cases.
The main aim of any seismic evaluation and assessment is to" in some
way" quantify and delineate the level of ground shaking which can be
expected in a given region within a given time. This is naturally dependent
on the seismic activity in the region" but also on factors such as the time
elapsed since the previous large earthquake and the distance to large faults.
Traditionally" probabilistic methodologies have been applied for seismic
evaluation of residential buildings" originally based on poissonian earthquake
occurrence. ith the recent improvements achieved in understanding the
behavior of seismic sources" complicated recurrence enforced evaluation
method are now being implemented" taking into account the massive
destruction and the quantity of damage since the previous large earthquake.
/ore recently" due to the availability of more detailed information on the
deformational processes involved in an earthquake rupture" quantitative and
qualitative assessment has become more popular through ground seismic
evaluation and analysis.
It is important to note that the risk is not necessarily proportional to
the seismic diagnosis. It is possible to have regions with high seismic hazard
but low seismic risk in cases where there is no or scarce population and
structures are not vulnerable to earthquake loads. On the other hand" 0itio
1apatera" &rgy. 2uz" where structures are vulnerable can be under a
#
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signi)cant seismic risk even if the seismic analysis is limited in terms of the
expected ground motion levels. The vulnerability of a given region is a
complex function of a variety of parameters" which requires integration of
several disciplines and is beyond the capacity of seismology. The implications
of hazard results in engineering practice and in assessing the risk should
however always be kept in mind when working with seismic evaluation. 3or
these reasons" the main focus of the present work is on seismic evaluation of
#$ residential houses within the vicinity. Implications of the results are
discussed in terms of their engineering signi)cance without going into the
problem of vulnerability and risk. The methodology to be applied for hazard
assessment in a given region depends on the level of knowledge about the
seismicity and the deformational processes in the 0itio 1apatera. In this
research" the evaluation will be more on the determination of quantity and
quality of the materials used in an existing houses and how strong the
structure that these houses can withstand future seismic activity. Thus" this
research will recommend such action to help the residents to prepare and
anticipate future earthquake.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the seismic capacity of
the #! existing residential houses in 0itio 1apatera" &rgy. 2uz" 'ebu 'ity.
0peci)cally" the study aims to deal with the following concerns4
%
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.5The determination of the strength of each house to resist possible
earthquakes by knowing the compositions and computing the actual
loads for each house.
#.5 Identifying any chance of being near the source of an earthquake or
any nearby seismic source zones - could be speci)c faults or
distributed sources through the information that will be gathered from
the *6I7O2'0" also" with the aid of the calculations that will be done
abiding with the standards of the 80'* for each seismic analysis.%.5 (stablishing response parameters for each residents in the said area
such as )nding safety evacuation routes" providing signage9s and
providing residents with recommendations through a seminar.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will provide the residents of 0itio 1apatera knowledge about
the capacity of their respective houses to withstand earthquake. /a:ority of
the houses in the area are non-engineered. It is important to identify those
houses that are not safe and is needed to be retro)tted or abandoned. In the
present days" seismic activities have been so active thus" studies like this
could help the society lessen the casualties and damages to properties.
;
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
0eismic assessment has an important societal impact in describing
levels of ground motions to be expected in a given region in the future.
'hallenges in seismic evaluation and assessment are closely associated with
the fact that di
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active regions" standard probabilistic and deterministic approaches can be
followed in assessing the hazard provided that the seismic tectonic and
geological information is available.
The *aci)c >im =The Pacifc Rim are the lands around the rim o the
Pacifc Ocean). The Pacifc Basin includes the Pacifc Rim and the islands in
the Pacifc Ocean. The Pacifc Rim roughly overlaps with the geologic Pacifc
Ring o Fire is not only a community of the fastest growing and most
dynamic nations in the world. It is also the area exposed to a wide range of
natural disaster. The *hilippine archipelago" located near the western edge of
the *aci)c Ocean" is in the direct path of seasonal typhoons and monsoon
rains which bring oods" storms" storm surges" and their attendant landslides
and other forms of devastation. The *hilippines also sits on the ?ring of )re?
where the continental plates collide and thus experience periodic
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The *hilippine exposure to natural
disasters may be characterized as frequent" varied" and severe@ a
combination which has made the *hilippines society and government
extremely sensitive to the challenge of disaster reduction. Over the past
decades" the *hilippines have been labeled as one of the most disaster-prone
countries in the world mainly because of its geographic and geologic location
and physical characteristics. The country lies along several active fault lines
and have active" inactive and potentially active volcanoes all over the
country. >ecords shows an average of #$ earthquakes per day and around
$$-!$ earthquakes felt per year.
A
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*hilippine Institute of 7olcanology and 0eismology-Bepartment of
0cience and Technology =*6I7O2'0-BO0T5 monitors earthquakes not only
nationwide but also globally. To keep watch of tsunami-generating
earthquakes that might occur outside the country but could hit the coastal
areas" *6I7O2'0 acquired and installed global earthquake-monitoring tools in
#$$. ith these tools" they receive seismic data from other countries
seismic networks. Cn alarm would automatically set o< whenever a
signi)cant earthquake is detected outside the *hilippines" which is why
access to information has become quicker.
The following are the tools that are considered necessary in
determining seismic activity4
1. Tidetool
Cnother tool that became handy during the monitoring of the tsunami
from the 'hile #$$ event and the tsunami from +apan on /arch " #$
was a software known as Tidetool from the D0 8ational Oceanic and
Ctmospheric Cdministration. This tool enables to monitor if tsunami waves
had already hit certain tide gauges installed all around the *aci)c Ocean at
an estimated height.
2. H!"d #$%
In #$$!-#$$E" *6I7O2'0 implemented a pro:ect called Tsunami >isk
/itigation. One of the ma:or outcomes of this program was the generation of
tsunami-hazard maps for ;% provinces of the *hilippines with coastal
E
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communities. The tsunami-hazard maps were generated based on modeling
of tsunami heights and arrival times.
The tsunami-hazard maps were distributed to provincial oFces so that
local government units have information that could be used as basis for land-
use and development planning" and earthquake- and tsunami-disaster
preparedness &O"llo' 2(11).
(arthquakes do not only kill lives" but also destroys properties such as
buildings and infrastructure. Therefore" the entire focus of earthquake risk
mitigation should be on strengthening the buildings and other infrastructure
through various structural and non-structural mitigation measures that can
withstand the shocks of earthquake. This by no means is not an easy task" as
millions of buildings have already been constructed that do not conform to
earthquake resistant standards and hundreds of new buildings are coming up
that do not conform to the standards. Clso" most of the construction takes
place on individual initiatives without sanctioned building plans and even if
the plans are sanctioned actual construction does not take place as per
approved standards.
'ollapse of structures like houses" schools" hospitals" roads" dams"
bridges and other buildings account for nearly G$H of deaths" in:uries and
damages in earthquakes. Therefore" earthquake resistant design and
construction must be emphasized" promoted and integrated in infrastructure
development &E"t*+,-e Ri%- M/e#et i So,t*e%t A%i' 2((0).
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Cn evaluation of seismic capacity which incorporates response
characteristics based on the obtained scenario ground motion in various
design standards was proposed" and it was shown that diverse structures can
be evaluated eFciently and rationally using this method. Ct present"
evaluations of seismic capacity of individual structures based on this method
are progressing steadily in cooperation with the departments responsible for
the structures" and implementation of concrete seismic retro)tting measures
has begun &Yo%*io Hi%' 2(12).
>ecent research in the )eld of earthquake engineering=803 Cward
8o4 '/0-$A%5 gave rise to a non-commercial release of innovative
software called (arthquake *erformance (valuation Tool=or (*(T5. (*(T
enables experiments with a virtual building on earthquake protector=or (*5
accompanied with simultaneous virtual testing of the identical but )xed-
based building. On users9 demand" all those concurrent experiments may be
animated.
C three-dimensional back)llJstructureJsoilKfoundation interaction
phenomenon is simulated using the )nite element method in order to
analyze the dynamic behavior of cantilever retaining wall sub:ected to
di
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model with viscous boundary is proposed under )xed-base condition. In the
second part" analytical formulations are presented by using modal analysis
technique to provide the )nite element model veri)cation" and reasonable
agreement is found between numerical and analytical results. 3inally" the
method is extended to further investigate parametrically the eomania is one of the earthquake prone countries in the (astern
(urope. The )rst generation of >omanian seismic design code was issued in
GA%" as *%KA%. The buildings build before the )rst issue of the seismic
design code and also the buildings designed before GE" when *$$-E
earthquake resistant design code was prepared and enforced" should be
evaluated and most of them retro)tted in order to comply with the current
code provisions.
$
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267726112002552http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267726112002552 -
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The vulnerable buildings in >omania can be ranked in two ma:or categories4
. /id rise and high rise buildings built prior to G;!
#. /id rise and high rise buildings built after G;! and prior to /arch ;"
GEE earthquake
The two categories of vulnerable buildings have very distinctive structural
features and consequently the approach for improvement of retro)tting
techniques and methods must be di
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THEORETICAL7CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWOR8 OF THE STUDY
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CHAPTER :
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
.>esearch (nvironmentThe research environment is the 0itio 1apatera in &arangay 2uz" 'ebu
'ity.
.#>esearch BesignThis study will be based on an actual survey and visitation method of
research. 0urvey research is often used to assess thoughts" opinions" and
actual condition of the speci)ed or limited scope of certain area.
This study will use an actual research design consisting of two methods
for evaluation that were also used in >ussia4 the Puantitative and Pualitative
(valuation /ethod. This study aims to determine and understand the seismic
capacity of existing houses in the 0itio and to recommend a necessary action
or plans to resist any upcoming seismic activity. The survey and evaluation
%
SITIO
;APATE
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will be done within the 0itio 1apatera and upon the approval of the &arangay
'hairman.
.% Pualitative (valuation /ethod
The qualitative evaluation is based on the inspection of the building as a
whole and in detail and on the examination of the following4
a. The structural and architectural design of the building@
b. The plotting of the building" its members and details considered
signi)cant for the assessment of the protection level" whenever the
original design is not available or when the building of the structure
fails to comply with the design" or when the building has su
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The ob:ect of the qualitative assessment is the structural system as well
as the non-structural internal or external members that are likely to cause
accidents during seismic events =partition walls" parapets" ornaments" blind
walls" chimneys" etc.5.
.; Puantitative (valuation /ethod
a. Betermining the conventional capacity to bear the seismic loads
!capJ of the inspected building@
b. Identifying highly vulnerable membersKareas of the structure@
c. 'hecking up the compliance with the criteria of ductility and "rittle
crush prevention@
d. Betermining the structure,s sti
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b. The general conformity of the building from the point of view of the
expected seismic response@
c. The nominal level of protection against seismic actions =index >5
d. The presence of weak zones" from the point of view of the resistance
capacity in relation to the requirements" in the structural members
playing a ma:or role in taking over the seismic strain@
e. The probable nature of the yield of the main structural members that
are vital for the stability of the building4 ductile" with limited ductility"
brittle@
f. The method of solving the constructive details of sections =for instance4
the cross reinforcement with cross-ties in the potential plastic zones"
reinforcement bars, anchorage" their splicing" etc.5@
g. The age of the building =the year of erection5@
h. The number of signi)cant earthquakes to which the building was
sub:ect@
i. The structural damage experienced after earthquakes@
:. The condition of non-structural members@
k. The height and the mass of the building" etc.
3our classes of seismic risk are established as regards the seismic risk"
i.e. the possible e
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0eismic >isk 'lass I" >sI" comprising buildings with high risk of collapse
in case of earthquakes with intensities corresponding to the design seismic
zones =design seismic rank5@
0eismic >isk 'lass II" >sII" comprising buildings for which the risk of
collapse is low" but for which ma:or structural damage is expected on the
occurrence of the design seismic rank@
0eismic >isk 'lass III" >sIII" comprising buildings which are expected to
susI7" comprising buildings for which the expected
seismic response is the same with that of the new buildings" designed on the
basis of the design code in force.
.!Lathering of Bata Cnalysis
Cssessment methodology entails the checking of certain well-conformed
conditions"
grouped into several lists of requirements" structural or non-structural" more
developed or less extensive" function of the requirement system and the
level of the performance pursue.
Thus" all the gathered data and pertinent analysis will be used as a
basis for recommendation and the condition of the existing building provided
that there will be no intervention to the actual analysis and the development
of the research. (ach method will be categorized according to its function
E
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and content so that all necessary arrangement will be properly addressed
during the site survey and visitation. The !$ residential houses are quite
narrow but due to technology innovation the researcher shows favor in
determining the essential output in the study. 3urthermore" recommendation
will be identi)ed after all the details will be properly calculated and de)ned.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study focuses on determining the capacity of the #$ residential
houses to withstand a certain magnitude of an earthquake that will possibly
hit 0itio 1apatera in &rgy. 2uz. This includes the seismic analysis and
computation of loads that would determine the weak points of the residential
building.
Thus" the calculations of the di
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G