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Page | 1 Yoga Anatomy.net: Fundamentals Unit 6: Muscles & Connective Tissue Leslie: This is Unit 6 which is about muscles. What are they made of? How do they work? What is connective tissue? What are muscle actions? What are the different kinds of contractions a muscle can do? And what does it mean to stretch anyway? We’ll be covering all of this and more, so enjoy. Lesson 1: Form & Function Amy: Muscles. Okay, so I love bones. I love muscles too. They are so much fun. Leslie: That’s from the book. Amy: That’s from the book. We are not gonna do this muscle connects here to here and does this action. This muscle connects here to here and does this action. We may talk about some specific muscles but that's all stuff you can go look up. What I feel is a gap in most of our teaching about muscles is the fundamental principles about how they work. And some of them are things when I finally learned them, after memorizing tons of muscles, I went, “Oh, really.” So, one of them is that muscles cross joints to move bones. With very few exceptions. There are very few exceptions. But in general, a muscle crosses a joint to move a bone. And what is a joint, from last week? Student: Where two bones articulate. Amy: Where two bones articulate. Student: And have a relationship. Amy: And have a relationship. Irene’s been studying or soaking it in. So a joint is a place where two bones are in relationship. Where they articulate. Where movement happens. So, muscles cross joints to move bones. To create movement. Muscles are not weight bearing. Duh! And they do that. They attach to the bone through tendons. With some exceptions the connective tissue of a muscular system is tendons and fascia. Where the connective tissue of the skeletal system we talked about last week was ligaments. Ligaments connect bone to bone. Tendons connect muscle to bone. Yes.

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Yoga Anatomy.net: Fundamentals

Unit 6: Muscles & Connective Tissue  Leslie:  This  is  Unit  6  which  is  about  muscles.  What  are  they  made  of?  How  do  they  work?  What  is  connective  tissue?  What  are  muscle  actions?  What  are  the  different  kinds  of  contractions  a  

muscle  can  do?  And  what  does  it  mean  to  stretch  anyway?  We’ll  be  covering  all  of  this  and  more,  so  enjoy.    

 

Lesson 1: Form & Function  

Amy:  Muscles.  Okay,  so  I  love  bones.  I  love  muscles  too.  They  are  so  much  fun.      Leslie:  That’s  from  the  book.  

 Amy:  That’s  from  the  book.  We  are  not  gonna  do  this  muscle  connects  here  to  here  and  does  this  action.  This  muscle  connects  here  to  here  and  does  this  action.  We  may  talk  about  some  

specific  muscles  but  that's  all  stuff  you  can  go  look  up.  What  I  feel  is  a  gap  in  most  of  our  teaching  about  muscles  is  the  fundamental  principles  about  how  they  work.  And  some  of  them  are  things  when  I  finally  learned  them,  after  memorizing  tons  of  muscles,  I  went,  “Oh,  really.”  

So,  one  of  them  is  that  muscles  cross  joints  to  move  bones.  With  very  few  exceptions.  There  are  very  few  exceptions.  But  in  general,  a  muscle  crosses  a  joint  to  move  a  bone.  And  what  is  a  joint,  from  last  week?  

 Student:  Where  two  bones  articulate.    

Amy:  Where  two  bones  articulate.    Student:  And  have  a  relationship.  

 Amy:  And  have  a  relationship.  Irene’s  been  studying  or  soaking  it  in.  So  a  joint  is  a  place  where  two  bones  are  in  relationship.  Where  they  articulate.  Where  movement  happens.  So,  muscles  

cross  joints  to  move  bones.  To  create  movement.  Muscles  are  not  weight  bearing.  Duh!      

And  they  do  that.  They  attach  to  the  bone  through  tendons.  With  some  exceptions  the  connective  tissue  of  a  muscular  system  is  tendons  and  fascia.  Where  the  connective  tissue  of  the  skeletal  system  we  talked  about  last  week  was  ligaments.  Ligaments  connect  bone  to  bone.  

Tendons  connect  muscle  to  bone.  Yes.    

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Student:  So  a  ligament  that  attaches  bone  to  bone  isn't  the  same  structure  as  the  bone  itself.  Is  it  the  same  type  of  cell?  

 Amy:  So  let  me  back  up,  yeah.  Let  me  back  up  and  do  just  a  mini,  mini  connective  tissue  kind  of...  

 Leslie:  Inventory.    

Amy:  ...inventory.  So  connective  tissue  can  be  described  in  a  couple  of  different  ways.  But  generally  it's  described  as  having  four  components.  It  has  ground  substance.  And  that's  the  fluid,  gel,  stuff,  and  it  can  also  be  called  the  extracellular  matrix.  So  that's  the  fluid  but  it's  not  always  

runny  fluid.  It  can  be  more  or  less  viscous  which  describes  the  quality  of  thickness.  The  ground  substance  is  the  fluid.  It's  not  cellular.    

Student:  That's  joint,  yeah?    Amy:  No,  no.  We're  talking  about  connective  tissue  here.  Ground  substance.  Collagen  fibers,  

which  are  protein  molecules.  Collagen  fibers  are  not—they’re  cellular  byproducts.  They  are  a  product  of  cells,  they  are  not  cells.  They  are  things  that  cells  make.  The  third  thing  is  something  called  reticulin.  Reticulin  which  is  immature  collagen.  And  the  fourth  thing  is  elastin—now  these  

are  not  in  any  particular  order  so  you  could  have  prioritized  them  some  other  way—which  are  elastic  molecules.  Then,  depending  on  the  kind  of  connective  tissue  there  will  be  varying  

amounts  of  cellular,  different  kinds  of  cells  also.  And  these  we  don't  know.  They  might  be  more  or  less.  Things  like  blood  cells,  fibroblasts,  osteocytes,  all  kinds  of  different  cells  can  be  in  there.  So  before  we  get  to  the  cell  part  anything  that  is  connective  tissue  will  have  some  of  these  in  it.  

But  the  proportions  vary  widely,  widely.    So,  reticulin—I'm  going  to  back  up.  Collagen  and  elastin  are  one  of  the  things,  to  really  simplify  

it,  they  kind  of  set  the  tone  of  the  connective  tissue.  And  the  collagen  is  flexible  but  not  elastic.  And  this  is  an  important  distinction.  An  elastin  is  flexible  and  elastic.  So  the  quality  of  elasticity  is  not  the  same  thing  as  the  quality  of  flexibility.  Yeah.  This  is  a  perfect  example.  The  belt  is  flexible  

but  not  elastic.  This  is  flexible  and  elastic,  meaning  that  when  I  stretch  it,  it  rebounds.  That  rebounding  quality,  that  returning  to  its  resting  length  is  elasticity,  and  it  is  not  the  same  as  flexibility.    

 So  the  more  elastin  there  is  in  the  connective  tissue  the  more  elastic  it  will  be.  The  less  elastin  the  more  collagen,  the  more  flexible—not  the  more  flexible  but  it  will  be  flexible  but  not  elastic.  

So  within  our  body  ligaments  and  tendons  are  not—they're  flexible  but  they're  not  very  elastic.  But  there’s  some  ligaments  in  our  body  that  have  more  elastin  in  them  than  others.  So  some  ligaments  are  more  elastic  and  some  of  us  are  just  physiologically,  constitutionally,  some  people  

have  looser  ligaments  which  is  not  necessarily  less  elasticity  but  some  people  have  more  elastin  in  general  in  their  body,  and  be  able  to  stretch  and  rebound  more  easily.  So  they’re  different  

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proportions  of  these  materials  in  any  given  connective  tissue.  So  the  sheet  of  fascia  that  wraps  around  a  muscle  will  have  a  little  different  set  of  these  than  a  tendon,  than  the  periosteum  

which  is  the  skin  of  the  bone,  which  is  a  little  different  than  the  skin  which  is  also  a  combination  of  these.  Which  is  a  little  different  than  compact  bone,  which  is  a  little  different  than  the  pericardium  which  is  the  sheet  that  encloses  the  heart.  So  all  of  those  are  kinds  of  fascia  or  

connective  tissue.  They  all  have  different  proportions  of  these  and  then  they  also  have  different  amounts  of,  or  different  kinds  of  cells  in  them.  So  the  fibroblasts  are  the  things  that  actually  secrete  collagen.  So  something  like  a  ligament  will  have  fibroblasts  in  it.  Lots  of  collagen,  not  

very  much  in  elastin  and  then  ground  substance  is  the  fluid  that  holds  it  all  together.  And  ground  substance  will  be  pretty  densely  filled  with  collagen.  So  it's  not  very  fluid.    

Cartilage  is  a  kind  of  connective  tissue  that  has  this  ground  substance  but  a  firmer  matrix  of  the  collagen  fibers  in  it.  But  the  ground  substance  is  more  jelled  in  a  way.  So  it's  not  the  same  as  ligament.  It's  the  same  stuff  but  really  different  proportions.  When  we  get  to  the  bones,  the  

osteocytes,  the  osteoblasts  and  actually  in  the  bones  then  there's  also  the  crystalline  structures  that  are  secreted.  The  calcium  and  phosphate,  cell  salts  that  are  in  the  bone  that  make  the  bone  rigid.  Because  those  wraparound  collagen  fibers  so  those  make  bone,  but  bone  is  basically  made  

up  of  these.  So  blood  is  sometimes  considered  a  connective  tissue.  It's  a  lot  of  ground  substance.  It's  very  fluid.  But  there  are  collagen  fibers  and  elastin  fibers  floating  around  in  there  because  this  is  what  creates  clotting.  Part  of  what  creates  clotting  is  the  collagen  fibers  starts  to  

get  sticky  when  they  need  to.  So  blood  cells  are  carried  by  the  connective  tissue  of  blood  [Timestamp:  10:00].  And  then  reticulin—reticulin,  when  there’s  an  injury  or  when  there’s  just  

renewal,  reticulin  is  a  kind  of  immature.  And  I  think  information  about  this  is  shifting.  Because  there's  all  this  research  now  on  inflammation  and  what’s  happening  in  chronic  injury.  But  reticulin  is  kind  of  a—it  doesn't  grow  up  into  collagen  but  it's  a  [...]  it’s  not—so  it  shouldn't  be  

immature,  primitive.  It's  actually  a  precursor,  a  precursor  to  collagen.  It's  a  substance  that  the  fibroblasts  can  secrete  really  quickly  and  it  gets  laid  down  and  the  kind  of  holds  the  matrix,  and  then  the  collagen  fibers  fill  in  and  make  a  much  stronger  matrix.  So  reticulin  is  kind  of  the  first,  a  

quick  and  dirty  scaffolding  that  gets  laid  down.    Leslie:  It  goes  in  the  pothole  before  the  road  repair  crew  comes  to  smooth  it  all  out.  

 Student:  So  are  the  reticulin  and  collagen  secreted  by  fibroblasts  [...]  or  separately.    

Amy:  Separately.  Reticulin  doesn't  grow  up  into  collagen.    Student:  Do  the  same  fibroblasts  secrete  both?  

 Amy:  I  think  so.  I  think  so,  but  I  don't  know  about  that.    

Leslie:  Something  you  can  look  up?    

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Amy:  Yeah.  So  one  of  the  issues  then  because  we  talked  about  chronic  injuries  is  that  if  the  injury  is  in  something  like  the  tendon  or  the  fascia  is  that  if  we  injure  something,  that  heat  and  

the  swelling  are  part  of  the  healing  process  and  they're  what  stabilizes  the  injured  place  until  the  reticulin  can  get  laid  down  and  then  filled  in  with  collagen.  If  however  we  continue  to  injure  the  place  we  keep  laying  down  reticulin,  and  this  is  one  of  the  things  that  happens  in  repeated  

micro  trauma  kind  of  injury.  That  we  never  really  get  a  solid  healing  because  we  keep  reinjuring  it  and  triggering  this  reticulin  instead  of  collagen  being  laid  down.    

Leslie:  So  the  idea  that  if  you  have  a  chronic  inflammatory  situation  and  you  need  to  keep  working  it,  and  working,  and  working  it  to  make  it  heal  properly  is  somewhat  of  a  flawed  concept  on  a  physiological  level.    

 Student:  How  about  the  idea  of  doing  strength  training,  repetitions,  sort  of  fatigue...    

Leslie:  Well  that's  different.  That's  what's  happening  in  the  muscle  fibers  and  there’s  a  lot  of  ideas  about  that  too.  We  might  get  a  chance  to  talk  about  that.    

Amy:  One  of  the  challenges  is  that  these  things  get  said  about  muscles  in  general  and  it's  really  important  to  distinguish  if  it's  an  injury  in  the  connective  tissue  or  if  it's  an  injury  in  the  muscle  fiber  because  they  heal  really  differently.  And  these  sweeping  statements  get  made,  and  often  

we're  not  talking  with  precision  about  what  the  issue  is.  The  other  thing  that  I  want  to  say  in  here  is  that  swelling  and  the  heats  is  part  of  the  healing  process  when  there's  an  initial  injury,  

and  the  swelling  is  something  that  is  fluid,  as  excess  ground  substance  in  a  way,  is  fluid  that  is  stabilizing  where  the  injury  is  been.  It  creates  a  kind  of  pressure  that  stabilizes  it  and  it  inhibits  movement.  When  there's  an  injury  caused  by  over  movement.  

 Student:  So  is  it  kind  of  like  not  taking  Tylenol  when  you  have  a  fever.  You  do  not  apply  ice  to  a  swollen  area?  

 Leslie:  That's  a  different  issue.  It's  a  good  question.    

Amy:  So  it  is  about  applying  ice  to  a  swollen  area  if  it's  a  brand-­‐new  injury  and  you  put  ice  on  it  so  the  swelling  goes  away  so  you  can  keep  moving,  you’re  inhibiting  the  healing  process,  and  you're  stopping  the  heat  and  the  swelling  and  sometimes  it's  necessary  because  you  have  to  get  

on  with  your  day.  And  this  is  a  challenge  between  knowing  if  it's  a  new  issue  or  a  chronic  one.  If  it's  a  chronic  inflammation  kind  of  thing  we  do  need  to  break  the  cycle  somehow.  But  a  brand-­‐new  injury,  icing?  Is  not  anymore  the  greatest  idea  because  it  stops  the  healing  process  and  it  

mobilizes  a  joint  that  needs  to  be  stabilized.  Taking  the  swelling  away  mobilizes  something  that...  the  swellings  there.  If  the  swelling  is  there  to  stabilize  something  that’s  recently  injured,  taking  the  swelling  away  doesn't  help  the  healing  process.  

 

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Leslie:  I  heard  a  presentation  once  on  a  sports  medicine  event.  This  was  years  ago  where  the  effect  of...  the  immediate  effect  of  putting  ice  right  on  an  acute  industry  injury  as  soon  after  the  

injury  occurs  as  possible,  according  to  research  I  heard  was  less  about  managing  swelling  and  more  about  reducing  metabolism  in  the  surrounding  tissue.  Because  if  you  tear  a  muscle  for  example,  you’ve  torn  the  matrix  of  the  blood  supply  to  that  specific  area.  The  area  immediately  

surrounding  it  is  going  to  be  deprived  of  oxygen  and  it’s  gonna  become  ischemic  and  it  tends  to  make  the  injury  spread  beyond  just  the  immediate  area  that's  been  torn.  The  idea  is  that  you  want  to  reduce  the  metabolic  need  for  oxygen  in  the  surrounding  tissue  to  contain  the  damage.  

Now  this  was  several  years  ago  and  the  thinking  has  evolved  since  then  as  well.  So  there's  a  lot  of  different  theories  about  ice  and  heat  and  all  of  that.      

So  your  question  about  anti-­‐inflammatories.  It  also  depends  how  you  use  those.  If  you  take  two  that's  more  of  an  analgesic  effect,  you're  dealing  with  the  pain.  But  if  you’re  taking  them  in  therapeutic  doses  in  an  anti-­‐inflammatory  way,  that's  a  whole  other  effect  it's  going  to  have  on  

your  system,  and  it's  the  same  pill.  It  depends  how  much  you  take.  What  we're  talking  about,  what  the  connective  tissue  is,  it’s  the  scaffolding  of  the  body  of  every  layer  and  level  of  the  body.  If  you  sucked  out  all  of  the  cells  from  a  human  being’s  body  and  all  that  was  left  was  the  

connective  tissue  you  would  still  recognize  who  that  poor  person  was.  You  would  see  the  scaffolding  of  that  person  in  the  non-­‐cellular  material  that  was  left  behind.  So  in  a  way  our  life  processes  and  everything  we’re  able  to  do  and  all  the  functions  of  our  body  simply  have  to  do  

with  what  cells  have  decided  to  fill  in  which  areas  of  the  scaffolding.  So  you  can  think  of  us  as  a  series  of  tubes  if  you  like  and  the  tubes  are  connective  tissue.  But  what  fills  in  the  tubes  will  be  

certain  kind  of  cellular  substance  that  makes  that  tube  either  a  muscle  or  a  nerve  or  a  bone  or  a  blood  vessel  or  whatever  it  is,  but  the  scaffolding  is  what  we're  talking  about  here.    

Amy:  Which  goes  back  to,  I  think  the  question  came  up  last  week,  but  to  reiterate  this  we  have  new  cells.  We  have  all  new  bone  cells,  or  all  new  whatever  cells  every  seven  years.  The  cells  die  and  reproduce  and  cells  die  and  blah,  blah,  blah  but  we  don't  have  new  connective  tissue.  I  

mean  connective  tissue  is  being  regenerated  at  the  same  time  but  it's  not  at  the  same  speed  as  cells.  So  cells  might  have  a  short  lifespan  and  be—but  they’re  doing  that  reproducing  within  the  matrix  of  the  scaffolding.  

 Leslie:  By  necessity  the  scaffolding  turns  over  more  slowly  than  the  cellular  material  within  it  because  it's  the  sthira  part  of  the  system.  It’s  sort  of  what  we’re  talking  about  here.  If  you  want  

to  look  at  it  in  those  terms.  So  your  scaffolding  needs  to  be  more  sthira  than  the  stuff  that's  embedded  within  it.  Which  is  not  to  say  it  can't  heal  or  change  over  time.  Even  things  like  cartilage  and  stuff  we’re  generally  told  doesn’t  heal.  It  does  but  just  really  much  more  slowly  

than  we  like.  Much  more  slowly  than  a  muscle  or  a  bone  or  an  injury  to  the  cellular  matrix  will  heal.  Bones  heal  better  than  connective  tissue  they  have  their  vascular,  they  have  a  blood  supply.  You  break  a  bone,  it  heals.  You  mess  up  the  cartilage  in  your  knee,  it's  going  to  take  a  

long  time.  The  question  is  how  long  do  you  want  to  wait.    

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Student:  This  is  maybe  basic  and  I'm  sorry  if  you  kind  of  defined  this  last  week  but  you  keep  using  the  term  matrix  and  I  have  an  idea  of  what  I  assume  that  you  what  you  mean  by  it  but  if  

you  can  explain  it.    Amy:  So  we  spent  a  little  time  last  week  talking  about  how  not  everything  in  the  body  is  a  cell.  

That  there  are  cells  and  then  there's  what  cells  produce.  So  things  like  when  we  hold  a  bone,  like  we  had  some  real  bones  last  week.  That  what  we  think  of  as  bone,  that’s  not  cells.  That's  what's  left  when  the  cells  are  gone.  That's  what's  created  by  the  cells.  So  when  we  talk  about  the  

matrix,  it's  the  thing  the  cells  had  built  around  them  but  it  is  not  made  up  of  cells.    Leslie:  What  is  the  matrix?  

 Amy:  You  are  the  matrix.    

Leslie:  It's  everywhere.    Amy:  It’s  everywhere.  Okay,  so.  

 Student:  [...]  the  connective  tissue,  it  would  maybe  be  a  better  idea  to  rest  that  connective  tissue  for  a  while,  [Timestamp:  20:00]  maybe  even  some  [...]  going  to  a  slow  healing  process  

before  introducing  [...]  movement  again?    

Amy:  Yeah.  I'm  going  to  say  ideally  if  all  the  stars  are  in  alignment  and  your  systems  are  in  balance  that  you  don't  need  to  take  anti-­‐inflammatories.  Because  the  inflammation  process  is  also  part  of  the  healing  process.  The  heat  is  part  of  healing.  So  anti-­‐inflammatories...  so,  heat  

and  swelling  are  part  of  the  healing  process.    Leslie:  You're  talking  about  acute  here.  

 Amy:  Yeah.  I'm  going  to  talk  about  chronic  in  a  minute.  But  heat  and  swelling  are  part  of  what  the  body  does  to  heal.  The  heat  is  part  of  breaking  down  the  damaged  tissue  so  that  new  tissue  

can  get  laid  down.  It's  one  of  the  things  that's  a  byproduct  of  that  breaking  down.      So  in  an  acute  injury,  immediately  after  an  injury  happens.  Trying  to  stop  the  heat  and  trying  to  

stop  the  swelling  is  not  helpful.  Now  then  there’s  also  this  question  like  can  you  stop  the  swelling.  Can  you  let  the  swelling  happen  but  keep  the  other  tissues  around  it  healthy.  It  gets  really  challenging.  The  swelling  stabilizes.  The  heat’s  part  of  the  process.  But  what  can  happen  is  

that  we  can  get  into  a  chronic  situation  where  then  we  get  stuck  in  this  inflammation  pattern  where  we  keep  reinflamming  it,  and  that's  where  anti-­‐inflammatories  can  be  helpful  but  we  still  need  to  unravel  the  underlying  issue  that's  causing  the  inflammation  to  keep  reoccurring.  Some  

of  that  is  a  physiology  thing.  Some  of  it  is  a  biochemistry  thing  that  has  to  do  with  nutrition  and  chemistry  and  molecules,  hormones,  and  some  of  it  has  to  do  with  repeated  movement  

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patterns.  The  part  that  we  are  framing  the  experience  around  is  movement  patterns  at  least.  And  that—I'm  going  to  suggest  that  if  it's  not  something  like  a  tissue,  a  physiological  disease  in  

the  tissue,  or  an  imbalance  in  the  chemistry.  If  I  can  stop  doing  the  repeated  movement  pattern  that  keeps  micro  injuring  the  tissue  that  the  inflammation  will  go  away.  And  so  I  don't  think  any  time  we  should  have  to  take  anti-­‐inflammatories  to  facilitate  healing.  I  might  do  it  so  the  my  

knee  doesn't  hurt  enough  so  that  and  I  can  go  teach  what  I  need  to  teach  because  I  can't  afford  to  take  three  weeks  off  to  let  it  heal.  I  have  to  go  function  in  the  world,  and  blah,  blah,  blah.  Like  there  are  cases  where  that's  necessary  to  do  and  there  are  cases  where  anti-­‐inflammatories  are  

really  helpful  for  balancing  out  the  chemistry  or  for  breaking  a  cycle  and  then  letting  healing  happen.  There's  certainly  situations  for  using  it.  But  if  the  issue  is  an  acute  injury  or  just  a  repeated  movement  pattern  that  keeps  reinjuring  something,  anti-­‐inflammatories  are  going  to  

take  care  of  the  symptom  but  not  the  underlying  cause.    Leslie:  And  I  would  add  as  I  just  mentioned  just  before  there's  a  difference  in  how  you  use  them.  

If  you're  trying  as  Amy  said  to  break  an  inflammatory  cycle  the  body  is  locked  into,  they’re  very  useful,  but  you  have  to  use  them  as  anti-­‐inflammatories  not  analgesics.  The  inflammatory  cycle  is  simple  to  understand  when  things  are  inflamed  they  swell  up  and  that's  intended  to  limit  

movement.  The  swelling  and  inflammation.  But  if  you  keep  moving  it  and  you  keep  doing  this  even  on  a  microscopic  level  you  may  not  have  a  big  swollen  knee  but  it  could  be  happening  on  a  smaller  level.  The  increased  swelling  in  the  area  creates  more  friction  and  more  heat.  And  if  you  

keep  irritating  that  thing  you're  going  to  get  more  swelling  which  creates  more  friction,  which  creates  more  swelling  which  creates  more  friction  and  there’s  an  inflammatory  cycle.  That’s  

what  you  need  to  break,  and  the  inflammatories  can  be  useful  for  that  if  you  use  them  in  therapeutic  doses.  Meaning  you’re  taking  maybe  600  milligrams  of  ibuprofen  three  times  a  day,  which  is  different  than  oh  I  got  this  nagging,  aching  pain,  you  throw  a  couple  in  your  mouth  in  

the  morning  and  just  go  about  your  business  and  then  you  forget  about  it.  And  then  when  it  hurts  again  you  take  a  couple  more.  That's  very  different.  And  too  often  we  just  get  into  that  level  of  just  managing  it  enough  so  that  we  can  get  back  to  doing  the  things  that  are  creating  the  

problem  in  the  first  place.  If  it's  in  the  context  of  understanding  the  issue  and  as  Amy  said  understanding  the  movement  patterns  that  have  led  to  this  in  the  first  place,  It  can  be  very  useful  but  used  in  therapeutic  doses.  And  this  is  just  something  from  experience  I  can  say  it  

works  if  it's  done  properly.  If  you  get  to  that  point  where  you  locked  into  an  inflammatory  cycle.    Student:  [...]  and  you  have  to  change  your  movement  pattern.  

 Leslie:  Well  that  you  have  to  take  care  of.  You  have  to  understand  the  cause  of  the  thing  in  the  first  place.  

 Student:  [...]  you  want  to  explain  to  the  doctor  that  you  really  want  to  learn  is  what  is  causing  the  problem.  [...]  but  really  I  just  want  to  know,  or  they  send  you  to  massage.  So  I  go  take  a  

massage.  The  massage  is  nice.  It  heals  for  a  little  bit  just  the  symptom,  but  what  about  when  you  stop  taking  inflammatories.  [...]  how  to  learn  how  my  body’s  moving  and  these  problems  and  

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even  asking  this  issue,  even  if  I  take  anti-­‐inflammatories  I  believe,  and  I  don’t  take  anti-­‐inflammatories  because  I  do  think  that’s  going  to  [...]  I  want  to  learn  how  to  heal.  Inflammatory  

drugs  is  by  the  changing  the  way  you  are  moving  [...]  and  just  how  to  break  that  cycle  without  masking  the  symptoms.  [...]    

Amy:  And  then  we  go  back  to  the  question  of  do  you  know  what  you  doing?  Because  that's  how  we  get  inside  of  our  patterns  is  to  figure  out  what  you're  doing.  And  are  you  doing  what  you  think  you’re  doing.  

 Leslie:  It  also  points  to  the  great  contribution  that  people  like  us  can  make  to  people  who  are  not  getting  this  sort  of  thing  from  their  medical  practitioners.  Not  that  we're  replacing  doctors  

or  diagnosing  or  anything  like  that,  we  can  just  bring  more  attention,  more  consciousness  to  the  way  we  move  in  simple,  simple  ways.  Feel  your  bones,  feel  the  weight  being  channeled  through  your  bones,  understand  how  your  muscles  are  working  a  little  bit.  This  is  what  people  get  from  

even  the  basic  yoga  classes.  The  person  teaching  the  class  doesn't  have  to  be  a  yoga  therapist.  They  don't  even  have  to  have  purchased  our  book,  although  they  should.  It's  just  about  relating  to  your  body  and  your  movement  in  a  different  way.  Something  differently.  You’re  doing  

something  different  than  what  you  have  been  doing.  That  is  sometimes  the  missing  component.  Because  after  all  you  go  to  a  doctor  with  a  pain  here  and  they  do  a  whole  exam  and  all  that  and  they  declare  that  you  have  lateral  epicondylitis.  Well  you  knew  that  when  you  walked  in  the  

door,  he  just  described  your  symptom  in  Latin.  It  doesn't  tell  you  why  you  have  pain  there.  But  a  yoga  teacher  adjusting  your  elbows  and  shoulders  in  a  down  dog,  a  light  bulb  can  turn  on.  You  

can  understand  what  you  been  doing  that's  giving  you  the  pain.  Or,  you  can  make  it  worse.  You  can  use  the  pattern  more  and  more  and  it  will  get  worse  so  bringing  consciousness  to  what  you're  doing  in  the  context  of  something  like  yoga  class  can  be  very,  very  useful  and  very  

helpful.  And  again  it  can  also  make  it  worse.    Amy:  Which  can  also  make  it  worse.  In  that  moment  I  would  also  say  that  there's  a  lot  of  things,  

that  if  what  makes  a  yoga  class  a  yoga  classes  is  bringing  greater  awareness.  There  are  a  lot  of  things  that  function  as  yoga.  A  dance  class  can  do  that,  a  Pilates  class  can  do  that.  I  mean  we  can  take  a  really  expansive  view  of  what  yoga  is  if  it  is  about  the  practice  of  bringing  consciousness.  

Because,  there  are  some  asana  classes  that  don't  do  that.    Okay,  muscles  cross  one  or  more  joints  to  move  bones  via  attachments  through  tendons.  We  

got  through  our  first  point.    Leslie:  Just  cruising  right  along  through  the  handouts  here.  

 Amy:  Muscles  travel  in  the  layered  and  spiralic  three-­‐dimensional  pathways  so  that  there's  three-­‐dimensional  movement  in  every  joint.  Pretty  straightforward  but  not  really.  

 Leslie:  It  straightforward  to  say  there's  no  straight  lines  in  the  body.  

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 Amy:  There  are  no  straight  lines  in  the  body.  There  are  no  muscles  that  travel  in  straight  lines  

without  at  least  a  little  spiral.  A  little  bit  of  three-­‐dimensionality.  Which  means  that  any  time—and  we  might  do  it—there  is  no  such  thing  as  a  joint  that  only  moves  in  one  or  two  dimensions.  So  the  elbow  joint  which  is  often  described  as  a  hinge  joint  that  moves  like  this.  There  is  rotation  

in  this  joint  is  well.  With  every  time  I  fold  all  the  surfaces  of  the  joints  are  curved  and  the  muscles  are  pulling  in  a  spiral  so  I  can  balance  the  joint  action,  but  it’s  never  going  to  be  perfectly  flat.  [Timestamp:  30:00]  

   Leslie:  And,  if  you  attempt  to  make  it  flat  you're  working  against  the  way  your  body's  put  together  which  will  create  an  imbalance  in  the  long  run.  If  you  treat  your  body  as  if  it  had  

straight  lines  and  as  if  the  movements  of  the  joint  traveled  in  two  dimensions  as  opposed  to  three.    

Amy:  The  other  thing  that  is  key  in  this  statement  is  that  muscles  are  layered.  The  fibers  travel  in  layers  from  the  deep  to  superficial  and  embedded  in  this  concept  is  also  this  idea  that  muscles  are  named  in  a  totally  arbitrary  way.  It's  totally  arbitrary.  So  we  might  have  a  really  big  muscle  

that  just  has  one  name  that  have  some  really  short  deep  fibers  and  some  really  long  superficial  fibers  and  in  another  part  of  the  body  there  might  be  a  big  muscle  group  and  the  short  deep  fibers  have  a  separate  name  than  the  long  superficial  fibers.  There's  no  guarantee  that  there’s  

consistency  about  every  muscle  that’s  shorter  than  so-­‐and-­‐so  gets  its  own  name.  So  the  names  become  irrelevant.  What  is  important  to  know  is  that  at  any  point  where  we  have  muscles  we  

have  layers  of  muscles.  Okay.    One  of  the  reasons  I  don't  like  the  names  is  that  the  names  are  really  arbitrary.  Someone  said  

this  looks  like,  I  can  see  this,  so  let's  call  it  this.  And  someone  a  couple  of  years  later,  with  a  different  kind  of  visual  sorted  out  a  different  set  of  muscles  and  some  of  them  got  separate  names  and  some  of  them  got  names  of  a  group  in  a  different  book  still  have  different  names.  

 Leslie:  And  as  we'll  see,  the  way  in  which  a  muscle  is  named  and/or  labeled  in  terms  of  which  end  of  it  is  which  can  produce  a  whole  series  of  misconceptions  about  what  that  muscle  does  

and  how  it  does  it.    Amy:  Muscles  expend  energy  to  pull,  to  overcome  resistance.  Two  points  here.  Muscles  pull.  

Muscles  do  not  push.  If  you  get  anything  and  if  we  get  to  the  end  of  today  and  tomorrow  and  you  don't  understand  this  still  keep  asking.  Because  for  me  this  was  a  big  light  bulb  so  I  think  it  should  be  a  big  deal  for  everybody.  But  muscles  pull.  That  is  when  they  are  active  they  are  

pulling.  Each  individual  muscle.  So  for  me  to  do  a  pushing  action,  like  if  I’m  going  to  push  Leslie  away—like  I  can  create  this  action  of  pushing.  But  it's  because  this  muscle  is  pulling  shorter.  I'm  not  pushing  with  this  muscle.  To  do  some  action  of  extension  of  my  elbow  we  have  to  figure  out  

which  muscle  is  pulling  to  do  that.  If  I’m  rolled  over  and  I  come  up,  I  might  say  I'm  pushing  with  my  legs  but  that's  not  a  description  of  muscle  action.  I'm  not  pushing  from  the  front.  I  might  be  

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doing  tons  of  things  to  organize  what's  going  on  the  front  but  in  the  way  that  muscles,  the  physiology  of  muscles  work.  The  way  they  fire  up.  I  can  do  all  kinds  of  stuff  here  but  something  

in  the  back  is  pulling  to  get  me  up.    Student:  Is  it  contracting?  

 Amy:  It's  contracting  yes.  It  is  contracting.  But  what  the  action  is  called  is  a  contraction.  But  what  they  do  is  they  pull.  The  other  key  thing  here  to  understand  is  that  they  pull  to  overcome  

resistance  and  if  there  is  not  very  much  resistance  the  muscles  don't  have  to  be  very  active  .    Leslie:  You  can  make  them  active  in  the  absence  of  resistance  but  that's  a  whole  other  issue.  

 Amy:  So,  this  is  how  we  figure  out  what  kind  of  contraction  the  muscles  are  doing.  But  the  most  basic  form  of  resistance  we  all  negotiate  is  gravity.  So  how  much  something  weighs  is  

determined  by  gravity.  The  lighter  something  is,  the  less  resistance  we  need  when  we  go  to  pick  it  up,  and  the  less  the  muscle  needs  to  fire  up.  So  picking  up  a  ball  there's  not  much  resistance  to  overcome.  Where  picking  up  Claire,  there  would  be  more  resistance  to  overcome.  And  I  

would  need  to  activate  more.    Leslie:  When  she  says  how  much  something  weighs,  it's  how  much  it  actually  weighs.  Not  how  

much  we  perceive  that  it  weighs.  Because  our  perceptions  can  be  a  little  bit  off.  If  you've  ever  gone  to  pick  something  up  that  you  thought  was  really  heavy  and  it  was  empty  and  light,  

remember  what  your  body  felt  like?    Amy:  Well,  that's  our  expectation,  not  our  actual  perception.  

 Leslie:  I  just  want  to  point  out  when  you  say  how  much  something  weighs,  you're  talking  about  the  actual  mass  of  the  thing  in  gravity  not  our  expectation  of  it.  

 Amy:  I  just  saw  you  do  this  movement  Eileen.  So  we're  going  to  get  there.    

Student:  It’s  still  gravity.    Student:  There's  no  I'm  moving  it  through  space.  

 Amy:  You're  moving  it  through  space,  right  but  the  other  thing  is  then  to  do  this  movement  of  lowering  my  leg  down  with  control  is  not  about  the  back  of  my  leg.  Because  that's  not  where  the  

resistance  is.  Gravity  is  already  pulling  my  leg  down  so  where  we  say  it’s  pulling,  but  it's  not  necessarily  about  which  muscle  is  getting  shorter.  It's  about  the  degree  of  pulling.  So  in  this  case  it's  about  this  muscle  pulling  less  than  the  pull  of  gravity.  So  this  is  still  pulling  but  it's  not  pulling  

as  much  as  my  lower  leg  weighs  so  this  muscle’s  going  to  get  longer  but  it's  still  active  because  it's  what's  controlling.  

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 Student:  [...]  

 Amy:  There  is  but  I'm  not  going  to  say  what  that  is.    

Leslie:  Hang  on.    Amy:  I  just  want  to  make  this  point  about  pulling  and  resistance.  And  that  this  lengthening,  even  

though  the  muscle  is  lengthening  it's  still  trying  to  pull.  It's  not  pushing.  It's  trying  to  pull  but  the  weight  of  the  leg  is  modulating  that  pull  in  such  a  degree  that  the  leg  is  lowering.  Because  I'm  saying  don't  pull  more  than  the  weight  of  the  leg.  So  that  I  can  lower  the  leg  down  with  control.  

 Leslie:  Which  is  why  she  used  the  word  pulling  as  opposed  to  shortening.    

Amy:  Yeah,  what’s  shortening  is  not  what  we're  talking  about.      Leslie:  So,  we're  going  to  try  to  get  very  specific  as  we  can  with  the  words  we  use  to  describe  

muscular  actions,  because  it's  very  easy  to  pick  the  wrong  word  and  create  confusion.  You  might  think  that  pulling  and  shortening  are  interchangeable  but  in  this  context  they're  not.    

Student:  Did  you  say  it’s  contracting  them.    

Amy:  Right  now  we're  talking  about  pulling.  But  we're  going  to—I'm  also  trying  to  be  really  methodical  about  introducing  words  we  understand  the  concept  before  we  get  more  complicated  about  the  words.  So  we  will  get  there.  

 Student:  Yes  so  if  you  did  something  this  way  these  muscles  are  pulling.    

Amy:  Which  part  of  it.  From  here  to  here?  Which  muscles  are  overcoming  the  resistance?    Student:  All  of  the  top  ones.  

 Amy:  The  top  ones.    

Student:  [...]    Amy:  Yeah,  but  not  back  here.    

 Student:  Really?    

Amy:  No,  these  are  doing  the  pulling.    

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Student:  These  are  lengthening  and  these  are  contracting  [...].    

Amy:  It's  not  about  lengthening.  It's  about  what  is  activating  to  overcome  resistance.  And  the  pull,  it’s  good  practice,  the  pulling  and  it’s  shortening  but  the  pulling  is  overcoming  the  weight  of  the  arm.  Now,  once  I  get  to  hear  to  90  degrees,  the  weight  of  my  lower  arm  from  here  to  here  

it's  in  the  back.  This  is  really,  really  important  to  understand  if  you  going  to  talk  about  muscles.  It's  about  where  the  resistance  is.  And  what  it  needs  to  pull  in  relationship  to  that  resistance.      

Leslie:  It's  important.  Let's  make  that  point  again.    Amy:  So  every  does  everybody  understand  that  from  here  to  here  this  is  what's  active,  what's  

actively  shortening  but  once  my  arm  goes  past  perpendicular  the  pulling  is  happening  on  the  back.    

Leslie:  Not  to  actively  make  the  elbow  do  that  but  to  resist  the  weight  of  the  forearm  being  pulled  down  to  the  center  of  the  Earth  by  gravity.  That's  why  this  kicks  in  once  it's  passed  90.    

Amy:  And  it's  not  very  much  I  don't  have  to  activate  it  very  much  because  my  forearm  doesn't  weigh  very  much.  But  it's  something.  And  the  more  my  forearm  weighed  if  I  was  holding  something,  I  would  have  to  exert  more  energy  here.  

 Leslie:  Can  you  feel  that  with  your  arm?  Can  you  feel  the  transition  between  what  gets  your  

forearm  to  here—let  it  kind  of  hang  out  there  for  a  minute  [Timestamp:  40:00]  at  90.  And  then  just  imagine  your  forearm  falling  toward  the  top  of  your  shoulder  but  then  controlling  the  fall.  Can  you  feel  the  shift  of  action  from  the  front  to  the  back  of  your  arm?  

 Amy:  And  then  similarly  when  you  come  back  out...    

Leslie:  When  you  come  out  of  it,  it's  the  opposite.    Student:  I  have  a  question.  Can  pulling  sometimes  seem  like  [...]  

 Amy:  Yes.  So  you  can  pull  and  get  shorter  or  you  can  pull  and  get  longer.    

Leslie:  And  you  can  pull  and  not  get  anywhere.    Amy:  It's  about  where  the  resistance  is.  And  that's  where  this  gets  really  tricky  and  that’s  why  I  

don't  think  we  should  be  talking  about  muscles  if  we  don't  understand  this.    Student:  But  it's  about  shortening  that  muscle  function  is.  

 Amy:  No,  it's  not  about  shortening.  

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 Leslie:  Pulling.  

 Amy:  Because  from  here  to  here  the  muscle  that's  controlling  is  getting  longer.    

Leslie:  Imagine  that  you're  in  a  tug-­‐of-­‐war.  You  have  one  end  of  the  rope  and  there’s  other  people  at  the  other  end  and  you're  keeping  that  rope  taut.  If  they’re  stronger  than  you  the  rope’s  gonna  go  this  way,  but  you're  still  pulling.  If  you’re  stronger  than  them  the  ropes  going  to  

come  this  way  but  you're  still  pulling.  If  you're  equally  strong  no  one  is  going  to  go  anywhere  but  you're  still  pulling.  So  we're  not  talking  about  which  way  the  rope  is  going  just  yet.  We're  just  talking  about  the  fact  that  what  you're  doing  as  a  muscle  is  pulling.  Does  that  make  sense?  

 Student:  [...]    

Leslie:  It  all  has  to  do  with  what  the  resistance  is  at  the  other  end  of  the  rope.  Which  direction  the  rope’s  going  to  be  moving.  But  you're  pulling  the  whole  time.    

Amy:  Okay,  muscles  expand  energy  to  pull,  to  overcome  resistance.  And  the  next  point  is  they  relate  to  each  other  through  fascia.  We  talked  about  that.  The  next  piece  here  is  just  to  review  that  joint  actions  happen  in  the  skeletal  system  and  we’re  going  to  introduce  this  term  focal  

joint  which  I  said  once  last  week  but  we're  talking  about  we  need  to  know  what  joint  we’re  talking  about.  We're  going  to  call  that  the  focal  joint.  So  if  I  do  something  like  this,  like  fold  into  

Utkatasana,  we  need  to  know  what  we're  talking  about.  You  can't  just  say  that's  the  blah,  blah,  front  of  the  leg  because  what  it's  doing  at  the  hip  will  be  different  than  what’s  happening  at  the  knee  will  be  different  than  what’s  happening  at  the  ankle.  So  the  question’s  going  to  come  up,  

what’s  the  focal  joint.  And  what  is  the  joint  action?  What  is  the  joint  action  at  the  focal  joint.  So  as  we  talked  about  last  week  that  action,  those  actions.  Joint  actions,  are  flexion,  extension,  circumduction,  rotation,  abduction,  adduction,  all  those  joint  actions  that  were  listed  last  week.  

That's  not  muscle  language.  You  can  say  that  it  is  not  strictly  accurate  to  say  I'm  going  to  flex  my  bicep  muscle.  You  can't  flex  your  bicep  muscle.  Technically  there's  no  such  thing.  You  can  say  I'm  going  to  use  my  bicep  muscle  to  create  flexion  at  the  elbow.  Does  the  distinction  makes  sense?  

 Student:  Can  you  say  again,  sorry.    

Amy:  You  cannot  say  with  accuracy,  “I'm  going  to  flex  my  bicep  muscle.”  What  the  most  accurate  thing  to  say  is  that  I’m  going  to  use  my  bicep  muscle  to  create  flexion  at  the  elbow  joint.”  Because  flexion  is  language  about  a  joint.  It  doesn't  describe  what  a  muscle  does.  

Because  in  certain  situations  the  bicep  also  controls  extension  at  the  elbow  joint.  So  muscles  that  are  named  as  flexors,  it's  a  fallacious  name.  It  is  an  inaccurate  name,  because  it  only  describes  the  muscle  doing  one  thing.  And  the  muscles  don't  do  only  one  thing.  So  something  

that's  described  as  a  hip  flexor  is  a  hip  flexor  in  a  certain  situation  in  this  relationship  to  gravity.  

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The  hip  flexors  a  group,  or  the  external  rotators  as  a  group.  Those  the  names  are  maddening  to  me.  They  make  me  crazy.  

 Leslie:  Because  you're  naming  a  muscle  based  on  a  joint  action.  And  joint  actions  like  everything  else  are  contextual  depending  on  what  the  starting  position  is,  what’s  your  relationship  to  

gravity  and  a  lot  of  other  factors.  So  naming  a  group  of  muscles  using  the  language  of  joint  action  leads  to  a  lot  of  confusion.    

Amy:  And  we  are  all  guilty  of  doing  it,  myself  included.  But  I  will  say  again  because  I'm  guilty  of  this;  hip  flexors  are  only  hip  flexors  in  certain  situations.  The  hip  flexors  in  another  relationship  to  gravity  will  be  extensors.  

 Student:  [...]    

Amy:  I  know.  I  know.  And  you’re  in  the  right  place.    Leslie:  That's  good,  that  means  you're  paying  attention.  If  you  were  confused,  you  were  paying  

attention.    Amy:  Yeah,  so  let's  see  if  we  can  sort  that  out.  So,  you  can  tell  I  get  really  excited  about  this.  

Love  this.  So  now  muscle  contractions,  Joint  actions,  flexion  extension,  dah,  dah,  dah,  dah.  What  a  muscle  does  is  it  contracts.  And  specifically  what  it  does  when  it  gets  contracting  is  its  trying  to  

pull.  Now  the  question  is  there  are  three  or  four  different  kinds  of  contractions.  We're  going  to  talk  about  three  of  them.  They're  three  kinds  of  contractions  and  what  kind  of  contraction  happens  is  determined  by  what?  By  if  there's  a  change  in  length  in  the  muscle.  If  the  distance  

between  the  attachment  points  changes  in  length  and  what  that  changes.  So  contraction  would  seem  to  imply  contracting  and  getting  shorter.  And  it  doesn't  in  this  case.  Contraction  does  not  mean  getting  shorter  in  muscle  language.  Like  whoever  picked  the  name  contraction  they  did  us  

all  a  disservice  but  that  is  the  word  for  it.  So  you  could  say  muscle  actions  but  the  language  all  over  the  world  is  still  contractions,  so  in  a  muscle  contraction,  in  a  concentric  contraction—I  made  a  Christmas  tree  kind  of  thing—the  muscle  fiber  between  them  with  its  connective  tissue  

and  blah,  blah,  blah,  blah,  blah.  And  when  that  muscle  fires,  when  it  gets  active  it's  going  to  move  the  two  ends  of  the  muscle  closer  together.  It's  either  going  to  move  end,  or  the  other  end,  or  both  ends.  And  the  distance  between  the  two  ends  of  the  muscle  will  get  shorter.  

 Student:  So  the  green  lines  are  the  end  of  the  muscle.    

Amy:  They're  the  end  of  the  muscle.      Student:  And  the  red  is  the  just  [...]  

 Amy:  And  the  red  is  the  muscle  in  between.  

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 Student:  What's  the  squiggly  that’s  firing.  

 Amy:  The  squiggly  is  the  firing  up.  So  in  a  concentric  contraction  a  muscle  that  is  this  long  will  get  this  long.  Either  because,  and  this  is  an  important  distinction  as  well.  Either  because  this  end  

moves  or  because  this  end  moves.  Or  because  both  ends  move.  Or  because  one  end  moves  a  lot  and  the  other  end  moves  a  little.  But  the  distance  between  them  get  shorter.    

Student:  [...]    Amy:  Not  necessarily  both  ends  move.  One  end  can  be  fixed.  The  other  end  can  be  moving.  

Either  end  can  be  fixed.  Either  end  can  be  moving  or  both  ends  can  move.  It's  all  a  concentric  contraction  because  somehow  they  move  towards  the  center  and  get  shorter.  So  this  case  the  muscle  pull  overcomes  whatever  resistance  exists  on  the  two  things  the  muscles  attach  to.  In  an  

eccentric  contraction  the  two  ends  of  the  muscle  something  pulls  them  further  apart.  And  the  muscle  itself  gets  longer.  So  the  muscle  starts  out  like  this.  The  muscle  that’s  firing  is  active  but  the  resistance,  whatever  it’s  working  to  overcome  is  stronger  than  the  pull  that  the  muscle  is  

exerting.  So  the  muscle  gets  longer.  The  two  ends  of  a  muscle  move  apart  from  each  other.  Either  one  end  moves  or  the  other  end  moves  or  both  ends  move.  But  the  distance  between  the  attachment  points  gets  longer  in  an  eccentric  contraction.  

 Leslie:  We  can  demonstrate  that,  it’s  very  easy.  [Timestamp:  50:00]  I'm  stronger  than  Amy.  As  

she  grabs  the  other  end  of  the  strap  and  pulls  against  it  we’re  both  using  our  bicep  muscles,  right?  So  what  kind  of  contraction  is  my  bicep  doing  and  what  was  hers  doing.  I'm  concentric  and  she's  eccentric.  Now  if  she  pulls  back...  

 Amy:  Because  it's  not  only  a  question  of  absolute  strength,  but  he  can  let  me  and  he's  doing  an  eccentric  contraction.  He's  actively  modulating  this.  Right.  So  he's  not  letting  go  but  it's  not  

overcoming  my  resistance.  He's  in  this  negotiation  and  letting  me  pull  longer.    Leslie:  Right,  did  you  see  the...  

 Amy:  And,  when  I  get  my  whole  body  weight  behind  it  to  adjust  his  bicep  he  can't  overcome  the  resistance  and  his  arm  length...  

 Leslie:  It’s  even...  ah,  there  it  goes.    

Amy:  I  was  going  for  the  third  one.  The  link  between  the  attachment  points  is  not  changing  now.  Because  he's  not  overcoming  the  resistance,  but  I'm  not  pulling  stronger  than  he  can  sustain  at  least  for  a  moment  in  time  and  that  is  isometric.  “Iso”  means  same  length.  In  an  isometric  

contraction  we  have  two  attachment  points.  We  have  the  muscle  between  them.  The  muscle  

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fires  but  the  length  doesn't  change.  The  distance  between  the  attachment  points  does  not  change.  

 Leslie:  In  other  words  the  strength  of  the  contraction  is  equal  to  the  resistance.    

Amy:  The  strength  of  the  contraction.  The  amount  of  energy  exerted  is  the  same  as  the  resistance,  is  equal  to  the  resistance  to  be  overcome.    

Leslie:  I’d  like  to  point  out  that  it  took  both  Amy  and  her  whole  body  to...    Amy:  Yeah,  should  we  compare  our  [...]  asanas?  

 Leslie:  No.  We're  not  going  to  compare.    

Amy:  We  already  established...      Leslie:  We  can  compare  them  once,  but  I  would  not  walk  for  the  rest  of  my  life.    

 Amy:  There  are  ways  in  which  I’m  sthira  and  you’re  sukha  and  there  are  ways  in  which  you  are  sthira  and  I’m  sukha.  

 Leslie:  Exactly.    

 Amy:  There's  temperament,  and  there’s  physiology.      

Leslie:  And  in  rare  cases,  they  come  together  to  produce  something  beautiful.    Amy:  Homeostasis.  

 Leslie:  Right.    

Amy:  So,  in  this  question  of  this  movement  that  Eileen  did,  that  pull  of  gravity.  What  kind  of  contractions  happening  over  the  knee  to  get  from  here  to  here?    

Student:  Eccentric.    Amy:  Eccentric  over  the  knee.  And  then  what  happens  when  I  do  this?  

 Student:  It's  concentric.    

Amy:  It's  concentric  underneath.  Yeah,  in  the  hamstring  area.  But  we’re  just  going  to  say  on  your  knee.  You  notice  that  I'm  like  avoiding  naming  the  muscles  as  much  as  possible.  Because  

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we  don't  really  need  to  know  the  names.  We  don't  really  need  to  know  the  names  to  figure  any  of  this  out.  I  would  like  to  free  you  from  the  tyranny  of  naming  muscles.  Because  you  can  be  

really  functional  about  working  with  muscles  without  knowing  the  names  of  them.  Isn't  that  great?    

Student:  That's  great.    Amy:  It's  really  great.  Thanks.  

 Student:  Also  when  you’re  teaching  you  just  throw  out  all  these  names  and  people  won’t  know  what  I  was  talking  about.  

 Amy:  Or  they  think  they  know  and  we're  all  talking  about  the  same  thing  anyhow.  And  then  there’s  also  these  popular  names,  like  for  many  years  this  muscle  was  really  popular.  For  awhile  

it  was  the  transversus.  For  a  long  time  and  in  some  circles  the  psoas  is  really  big,  everybody  loves  the  psoas.  Quadratus  lumborum  is  a  big  one,  anterior  serratus.  I  was  in  a  Pilates  studio  that  went  from  talking  about  their  erector  spinae  to  all  of  a  sudden  it  was  all  about  the  multifidi.  

Like  who  knows  the  difference?  I  mean,  I  do.  But  how  many  people  can  really  tell  the  difference  between  using  their  erector  spinae  and  their  multifidi.  I  mean  first  you  have  to  know  what  the  difference  is  and  they're  like  this  on  top  of  each  other.  

 Student:  [...]  

 Leslie:  You  see  a  lot  of  times  people  get  inaccurately  specific  which  is  what  Amy's  talking  about.  But  then  the  other  end  of  it  is  to  be  inaccurately  vague.  Like  we're  going  to  do  something  with  

our  groins.  What  the  hell  is  a  groin?  It's  not  a  structure,  it's  a  region  that  you  naming.    Amy:  So,  when  I  lift  my  arm  up  overhead.  When  I  go  from  here  to  here.  Just  one  arm.  What's  

happening?  And  what  I  want  to  hear  is  like  top  or  bottom,  concentric  or  eccentric.  I  don't  want  you  to  name  the  muscles,  you  are  forbidden.    

Leslie:  Just  think  top,  bottom.    Amy:  Top  is  concentric.  

 Student:  [...]    

Amy:  No,  it  was  a  little  trick.  It  was  a  little  trick.  So  I  didn't  do  that  the  second  time.  I  left  that  out  cause...  yeah.  So  if  I  go  from  here  to  here  without  changing.  So  while  here—thank  you—it  was  a  right  angle  at  the  joints.  It's  not  the  right  angleness,  it’s  the  relationship  to  gravity.  So  in  this  

relationship  to  gravity  all  the  way  here  it's  concentric  on  the  top.  But...    

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Leslie:  Same  movement,  different  positions.    

Amy:  ...  if  I  do  this  movement.  What  is  it?    Student:  [...]  

 Amy:  It's  not  about  the  closeness  to  the  floor  it's  about  whether  I'm  perpendicular  or  not.  It's  where  gravity  is  pulling  me  so  the  weight  of  the  pull  of  the  muscles  is  overcoming  gravity.  So  

from  here.  We're  still  talking  about—here  if  I  drop  my  arm  it  would  fall  here.  Here  if  I  drop  my  arm  it  would  fall  here.  So  where  do  I  need  muscle  activity.  So  from  here  to  here  it's  concentric  on  the  top,  I'm  calling  this  a  top.  And  from  here  to  here  it’s  eccentric  on  the  bottom.  In  this  

relationship  to  gravity,  and  that  becomes  key.  Eccentric  on  the  bottom  from  here  to  here.    Leslie:  So  in  other  words  to  phrase  it  a  different  way  if  her  arm  is  here.  Which  muscles  is  she  

going  to  let  go  of  to  let  a  drop  here?      Student:  [...]  

 Leslie:  Right.  But  if  her  arm  is  here,  which  muscles  is  she  going  to  let  go  to  let  her  fall  that  way?  Here...  that's  just  identifying  which  side  of  the  joint  the  muscles,  which  muscles  on  which  side  of  

the  joint  are  activated.  And  then  you  can  just  add  well,  yes  it  has  to  be  a  concentrated  contraction  of  these  muscles  on  this  side  of  the  joint  to  get  it  to  here.  And  as  she  controls  the  

fall  of  the  weight  of  the  arm  in  this  direction  it's  going  to  be  eccentric  action  on  this  side  of  the  joint.  That  make  sense?    

Amy:  Generally,  though  I  think  are  some  exceptions,  moving  away  from  the  pull  of  gravity,  overcoming  the  pull  of  gravity  is  going  to  often  be  concentric.  And  modulating  a  release  into  the  pull  of  gravity  is  going  to  eccentric.  

 Student:  Can  you  show?    

Amy:  Yeah,  so  in  this  case  I'm  overcoming  the  pull  of  gravity.  I  pull  my  arm  away  from  the  pull  of  gravity.  And  what  I'm  going  to  need  to  do  is  to  become  concentric  on  the  side.  In  this  case,  and  it's  brought  up  by  Leslie  making  a  point  about  that  I  could  release.  So  just  releasing,  that's  not  a  

contraction.  But  releasing,  let's  say  lengthening.  When  someone  says  lengthen  we  don't  know.  Like  that's  not  a  term  that  means...  it  doesn't  tell  you  what  speed.  Lengthen  slowly  s  probably  an  eccentric  contraction.  So  this  modulating  my  going  into  gravity  by  not  dropping  will  generally  be  

an  eccentric  contraction.      Leslie:  Isn't  that  what  Amy  asked  you  to  do  this  morning  in  the  Sun  salutation?  When  you're  put  

throwing  that  leg  back  into  the  lunge  you  can  use  the  muscles  that  lifted  up  against  gravity  and  

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fling  it  and  let  it  fall  into  place  which  is  very  different  [Timestamp:  60:00]  from  modulating  its  fall  with  a  whole  other  set  of  contractions  so  that  it  just  gets  place  down  instead  of  thrown  down.  

 Amy:  My  point  exactly.    

Student:  But  it's  not  necessarily  different  from  muscles.  Because  [...]  it  would  really  help  me  figure  it  out.    

Leslie:  Let  me  get  over  so  we  can  hear  you  on  mike.    Student:  [...]  now  when  I'm  gone  down  are  still  using  this  that  and  there’s  not  as  much  

resistance.    Leslie:  Well,  the  same  set  of  muscles  can  lift  it  up  concentrically  and  then  ease  it  back  down  

eccentrically.  It  doesn't  necessarily  switch  sides  of  the  joint  depending  on  what  movement  you’re  doing.    

Student:  [...]  And  it  helped  me  think  about  the  eccentric  to  think  about  to  resist,  like  you're  thing  [...]  what  I'm  doing  in  modulating,  going  down  is  basically  trying  to  bring  back  up,  but...    

Leslie:  By  letting  gravity  win.    

Student:  Yes.    Amy:  Yeah.  If  she  let  gravity  win,  but  not  splatter  you  then  its  eccentric.  But  if  you  win  over  

gravity  it’s  concentric.    Leslie:  Letting  gravity  win  isn't  the  same  as  being  defeated  by  gravity.  

 Amy:  Exactly.  It's  having  grace  in  defeat  or  whatever.  So  it's  about  changing  your  relationship  to  gravity  and  in  such  a  way  that.  Which  is  a  really  important  thing  to  understand  because  when  

we  do  a  pose  and  we  change  our  relationship  to  gravity,  and  we  do  an  asana  and  sometimes  we  talk  about  this  like  I  can  do  this  in  relationship  to  gravity.  The  joint  action  stays  the  same.  The  muscles  we  use  change.  So  what  I  do  to  stand  and  do  something  like  this  is  a  whole  different  set  

of  muscles—not  a  different  set  of  muscles,  different  muscle  actions  to  do  this.  And  different  muscle  actions  in  this  and  different  muscle  actions  to  do  this.  But  this  is  another  little  bit  of  language  that  has  to  do  with  actually  what  we  talked  about  in  the  joints.  So  we  talked  about  

proximal  and  distal  as  terms  to  describe  end  of  the  bone,  or  parts  of  the  body  part.  We  can  also  have  proximal  distal  movement.  I’m  just  gonna  write  the  words  again,  but  you  have  them  I  think.  So  in  proximal  movement,  and  we  still  have  to  know  what  the  focal  joint  is.  The  part  

closer  to  the  center  of  the  body  moves.  So  the  proximal  body  part  moves.  And  in  this  movement  the  distal  body  part  moves.  

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 Student:  So  the  proximal  would  be  the  closest  to  your  body?  

 Leslie:  The  proximal  would  be  the  closest  to  the  center  of  your  body.    

Amy:  Yes  the  proximal  is  closer  to  your  center.  Distal’s  closer  to  the  periphery.  So  the  difference  between  doing  something  like  this.  If  our  focal  point  is  the  elbow  and  we  still  have  to  know  what  the  focal  joint  is.  This  movement  is  a  distal  movement  at  the  elbow.  And  so  is  this,  and  so  is  this,  

and  so  is  this.  Distal  movement  at  the  elbow  joint.  Because  what’s  moving  is  this  part.    Student:  I  see.  

 Amy:  At  the  elbow  joint  this  is  proximal  movement.  Hip  joint,  two  parts  on  either  side  of  it,  leg  and  pelvis  say.  Is  the  leg  proximal  or  distal?  

 Student:  Leg  is  distal.    

Amy:  Is  the  leg  pelvis  proximal  or  distal.      Student:  [...]  

 Amy:  To  the  hip  joint,  proximal  to  the  leg.  Right.  So  if  I  at  the  hip  joint  move  the  proximal  bone,  

it’s  going  to  be  something  like  this.  At  the  hip  joint  if  I  move  the  distal  bone  it’s  going  to  be  something  like  this.    

Student:  [...]    Amy:  Yeah,  it’s  not  about  the  direction  of  movement  so  that's  the  challenge.  

 Leslie:  But  understanding  this,  the  underlying  reality  of  this  is  important  before  you  start  talking  about  what  muscle  is  doing  it.  Or  what  the  muscle  is  doing  in  order  to  create  it.  Because  it  can  

be  the  same  muscle  that's  involved  in  both  proximal  and  distal.  The  question  is  which  end  of  it  is  still  and  which  end  of  it  is  moving.  But  without  this  underlying  recognition  of  proximal  distal  it  would  be  hard  to  figure  out  what  the  muscles  up  to.  

 Student:  It’s  relative  to  something  [...]    

Amy:  They’re  relative  to  something,  yes.  We  had  this  conversation  last  week,  but  it's  a  great  moment  to  pull  it  out  again,  but  these  terms  are  relative.  They're  in  relationship  to  something  that  don't  have  absolute  meaning  so  we  have  to  know  what  they're  relating  to.  

 

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Leslie:  Sort  of  like  if  you  have  a  map  of  some  territory  you  know  and  you  never  intended  to  actually  be  in  the  territory  and  just  had  the  map  you  can  definitely  say  where  everything  in  that  

map  is  in  relation  to  everything  else  in  that  map.  And  you  can  have  the  coordinate  system,  a  grid.  And  you  can  name  every  feature  on  the  map  based  on  where  it  is  in  relationship  to  that  great.  But  once  you’re  in  the  territory  you  want  to  know  where  everything  is  in  relationship  to  

you.  Is  it  closer  to  you  or  is  it  further  away  from  you.  Is  it  above  you  or  behind  you,  is  it  left  or  right.  So  the  terminology  that  makes  sense  for  you  when  you're  in  the  territory  has  to  do  with  where  you  are.  Is  it  further  away  from  me  or  closer  to  me.  I’m  in  the  territory.  The  problem  with  

anatomy  is  that  we’re  so  us  accustomed  to  looking  at  the  flat  maps  and  labeling  things,  and  saying,  this  is  here,  and  this  is  here,  that’s  fine  but  that's  a  flat  two-­‐dimensional  image  with  arbitrary  names  of  things.  You  know,  what  Amy’s  talking  about,  is  where  are  you  in  the  territory.  

Know  where  you  are  in  and  in  relation  to  that  you  can  say  if  something  is  further  away  or  closer.  So  it's  another  way  of  saying  the  focal  joint  but  in  the  broader  sense  it's  know  where  you  are  in  the  territory  which  is  three-­‐dimensional.  Once  you  know  where  you  are  then  you  can  say,  oh  

that's  further  away,  that's  closer,  this  is  above,  this  is  below.  Does  that  make  sense?      

Lesson 2: Muscles & Movement Patterns Leslie:  So  take  a  break  before  you  start  the  next  lesson  and  while  you  decompressing  I’d  like  you  to  think  about  this  question.  What  is  the  difference  in  proximal  and  distal  movements  in  terms  

of  resistance.  In  other  words  take  a  moment  to  think  about  this.  Is  there  more  resistance  in  a  distal  movement  or  in  a  proximal  movement?    

Amy:  Okay.    

Leslie:  Welcome  back.    Amy:  Welcome  back.  Afternoons.  

 Leslie:  Proximal  distal.    

Amy:  Proximal  distal.  What  is  the  difference?  What  is  the  question  I  asked?  What  is  the  difference  in  resistance?    

Student:  Movement  in  terms  of  resistance.    Leslie:  What  end  is  the  food  go  in  and  what  ends  doesn't  come  out  of.  

 Student:  [laughter]    

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Leslie:  Actually  that's  a  good  question  which  is  proximal  and  which  is  distal.    

Student:  To  what?    Leslie:  Exactly.  Thank  you.  

 Amy:  Okay,  so  proximal  distal  what's  the  difference  in  resistance.    

Student:  Well,  there  is  a  difference.    Amy:  There  is  a  difference.  Can  you  say  anything  more?  

 Student:  I  would  say  perhaps  less  resistance  closer  to  the  focal  point.    

Amy:  Less  resistance  closer  to  the  focal  point.  In  a  proximal  movement  or  in  a  distal  movement?  This  is  the  question  really.  Is  there  less  resistance  when  you  do  a  distal  movement  or  when  you  do  a  proximal  movement.  

 Student  1:  Less  resistance  Proximal...      

Student  2  ...  Proxmial...      

Student  3:  Much  less...  proximal...      Student  4:  Proximal...  Less  resistance...  

 Amy:  Really?  Do  it.  Do  a  proximal  a  distal  movement  at  the  wrist  joint  and  see  where...    

Leslie:  At  the  wrist  joint.    Amy:  At  the  wrist  joint.  Do  a  proximal.  Do  it  at  the  wrist  joint.  Fine.  Do  it  at  the  hips.  In  the  wrist  

joint  is  there  less  resistance  when  you  do  a  distal  movements  or  when  you  do  a  proximal  movement    

Student:  I  have  trouble  separating  it  seems  [...]    Amy:  Yeah,  yeah,  say  it,  say  it,  say  it  Candice,  say  it  like  you  believe  it.  

 Leslie:  Yeah.  Keep  going  with  that,  keep  going.    

Student:  Say  it  like  you  mean  it.    

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Amy:  Say  it  like  you  mean  it.    

Leslie:  And  say  it  on  mike.    Candice:  When  you  make  a  proximal  movement  there’s  more  weight  involved  so  there’s  more  

resistance  to  [...]    Amy:  Yes.  I  so  rarely  say  that  but  yes.  That  is  the  beginning  of  the  point  I'm  getting  at.  Why  is  

there  more  weight?  Not  always  because  I  could  be  picking  something  up  in  a  distal  movement.  But  why  is  there  more  weight  when  you  do  a  proximal  movement  than  when  you  do  a  distal  movement?  

 Leslie:  Stay  with  that.  Stay  with  that.    

Student:  Everything  you're  working  with  is  proximal  so  [...].    Leslie:  No,  but  you're  moving  it  through  space  which  is  good.  

 Student:  You’re  closer  to  gravity.    

Amy:  No,  you're  not  closer  to  gravity,  not  necessarily.  It's  something  about  what's  moving  through  space.  

 Student:  [...]    

Amy:  [...]  that.  You  just  said  it.  You  just  said  it.    Leslie:  You're  right  on  the  edge  of  it.  

 Amy:  When  you  do  a  distal  movement  you  do  not  move  your  whole  body.  And  often  a  proximal  movement  moves  a  whole  body  also.  

 Student:  So  there’s  more  resistance.    

Amy:  There’s  more  weight  which  means  there’s  more  resistance.    Student:  Even  though  you're  often  moving  into  gravity.  

 Amy:  Even  though  you're  often  moving  into  gravity.    

Student:  But  with  a  big  weight.    

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Amy:  But  with  the  big  weight.  So  there's  more  to  engage  with.    

Student:  So  the  wrist,  I'm  still  confused  about  the—if  the  wrist  is  the  focal  point  this  would  be  a  distal  or  a  proximal.    

Amy:  Okay  so  if  the  wrist  is  the  focal  point  is  the  forearm  of  the  hand  proximal?    Student:  Hand.  

 Amy:  Proximal.    

Student:  Wrist  is  the  focal  point.    Amy:  Is  the  hand  or  the  forearm  proximal?  

 Student:  Forearm.    

Amy:  So  if  you  move  the  forearm  then  that's  proximal  movement.    Student:  But  then  if  you  move  this  way  that's  distal.  

 Amy:  Right.  

 Student:  Thank  you.    

Amy:  One  of  the  places  that  this  is  really  obvious  is  it  plays  out  in  the  foot.  Because  in  walking,  this  part  of  walking,  we  need  muscles  on  the  top  of  our  foot  to  lift  our  foot  up  so  we  don’t  toe  drag.  And  in  this  part  of  walking  we  have  to  move  our  whole  body.  We  have  like  say  50  muscles  

on  the  sole  of  the  foot  and  five  on  the  top  of  the  foot  and  I  want  to  say  something  now  about  how  the  ends  of  muscle  points  are  often  named  origin  and  insertion,  and  why  we  don't  use  that  language.  I  don't  use  that  language.  You  don't  use  that  language.  

 Leslie:  Only  to  blow  it  up.    

Amy:  The  origin  is,  in  America,  is  the  point  that  is  closer  to  the  center.    Leslie:  Is  it  opposite  South  of  the  equator?  

 Amy:  No,  no,  no,  it's  different  in  Europe.  The  origin  is  described  as  the  point,  the  attachment  point  that  is  closer  to  the  center,  and  the  insertion  is  the  attachment  point  that  is  further  from  

the  center.  So  you  can  just  as  well  say  the  proximal  attachment  and  the  distal  attachment.  The  underlying  assumption  here  is  that  the  distal  or  the  insertion  is  a  point  that  is  moving  and  that's  

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why  that  language—it's  old,  old,  language.  Very  traditional  language  that  people  use  a  lot  and  people  group  memorize  it.  And  that's  how  you  learn  muscles  in  a  lot  of  places  you  learn  the  

origin,  you  learn  the  insertion  and  that  there  are  two  fallacies  in  that.  One  is  that  the  insertion  is  on  the  distal  part  because  where  it  inserts  is  the  part  that  moves,  which  assumes  that  all  of  our  movements  are  distal  movements.  

 Student:  That  we’re  like  puppets?    

Amy:  That  we’re  like  puppets.    Leslie:  It's  very  old  reductionistic.  

 Amy:  And  it's  based  on  looking  at  a  cadaver  and  going,  “Oh,  this  points  closer  and  this  points  further  and  what  we  do  is  we  move  our  limbs.”  The  other  mistake  is  the  assumption  that  our  

muscle  grows  from  one  point  and  starts  there  and  it  grows  and  then  it  attaches  somewhere  else.  And  that's  not  how  muscles  develop  in  the  embryo.  The  muscle  fibers  flow  out  from  the  paraxial  column.  They  travel  out  into  the  limb  bud  and  they  immerse  themselves  in  the  

connective  tissue  that's  already  there.  And  they  don't  start  at  one  point  and  grow  to  another.  They  kind  of  invest  the  tissue  in  this—it's  not  even  starting  at  one  point  and  going  to  the  other.  They  come  in  and  they  spiral  into  the  tissue.  So  there's  no  end  point  in  the  development  of  the  

tissue  even  in  the  embryo.      

Now  in  Europe  I  have  heard,  and  it  maybe  also  a  distinction  between  Britain  and  the  continent,  that  they  reverse  origin  and  insertion  depending  on  what  kind  of  movement  you're  doing.    

Leslie:  It's  a  kinesiologically  term  that's  used.    Student:  And  that's  why  it’s  so  confused.  

 Amy:  And  that's  why  it's  so  confused.  So  they  use  it  as  a  kinesiologically  term  and  the  origin  is  the  fixed  point  and  the  insertion  is  the  moving  point.    

 Leslie:  That's  why  they’ll  talk  about  a  muscle  reversing  its  origin  and  insertion  depending  on  what  you're  doing.    

 Amy:  It  makes  more  sense  to  me  if  we  change  it  and  make  it  a  kinesiologically  rather  than  anatomical  but  in  that  case  why  not  say  proximal  and  distal  describing  the  ends  in  space.  The  

distal  end  is  always  the  distal  end  of  the  muscle  whether  the  movement  is  proximal  or  distal.  The  end  that  it  attaches  on  is  always  the  same.  And  then  we  can  talk  about  the  kind  of  movement.  But  in  the  United  States  it’s  described  by  the  anatomy  

 Leslie:  But,  kinesiologically  discussions  do  still  use  the  terms.    

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 Amy:  You  do  whatever  the  Brits  do.  

 Leslie:  I  don't  know  if  every  Australian  would  go  with  that  idea.      

Amy:  In  this  thing  they  do.    Student:  [...]  

 Leslie:  They  don't  translate  from  English  to  Australian.    

Amy:  If  for  some  reason  I  have  resistance  in  [Timestamp:  10:00]  the  backs  of  my  legs  such  that  my  starting  position  for  Pasha  Uttanasana  is  here.  Or  he  was  doing  Janu  Sirsasana  which  brought  it  up.  Is  the  movement  of  coming  into  Pasha  Uttanasana  at  the  hip  joints  one  of  eccentric  

movement  in  the  back  of  the  pelvis.    Student:  [...]    

 Amy:  So  to  start  from  here  to  get  here  I  have  to  do  a  concentric  in  the  front  of  the  hip.  Which  is  one  point.  But  when  I'm  here  I'm  not  starting  perpendicular  to  gravity.  The  other  point  is  that  

even  if  I  even  get  myself  here  but  I  have  so  much  resistance  in  the  back  of  my  leg  that  the  weight—I  have  more  resistance  in  the  back  of  my  leg  than  the  weight  of  my  upper  body.  If  I  

have  more  resistance  in  the  back  of  my  leg  than  the  weight  of  my  upper  body  but  moving  into  gravity  and  this  resistance  in  the  back  of  the  leg  comes  from  something  other  than  weight.  So  resistance  can  also  come  from  someone  else  pulling.  Like  Leslie  and  I  pulling  on  each  other.  Then  

it  won't  be  an  eccentric  action  that  controls  me  coming  forward.  If  I  happen  to  be  the  kind  of  person  that  can  fall  as  this.  If  you  can  fall  into  it  you  can  do  eccentric  into  it.  If  I  had  to  pull  myself  into  it  would  no  longer  be  an  eccentric  action  at  the  back  of  the  hip.  It  would  be  

concentric  action  at  the  front  of  the  hip  and  it  would  continue  to  feel  that  way  if  I  kept  trying  to  move  into  it  by  pulling  from  the  front.    

Student:  So  whenever  you  use  a  strap  [...].    Amy:  Well,  when  I  used  to  strap,  what  I  start  doing  is  making  the  joint  not  the  focal  joint  

because  I'm  using  my  arms.  So  I  start  using  my  arms  to  overcome  this  resistance.  Then  we're  not  talking  about  what's  happening  at  the  hip  joint.  We're  talking  about  some  action  of  the  arms  to  overcome  the  resistance  in  the  back  of  my  legs  and  it  gets  to  be  a  much  more  complex  question.  

Now  one  of  the  places  that  this  resistance  also  shows  up  then  is  in  doing  this.  And  so  Eileen  was  feeling  all  the  sensation  in  the  front  because  the  front  does  need  to  lengthen  but  it's  not  the  lengthening  of  the  front  that  folds  the—that  does  the  action  of  overcoming  the  weight  of  the  

lower  leg  to  fold  in.  But  particularly  once  you  picked  your  foot  up,  once  you  took  a  hold  of  your  foot,  you  didn't  feel  the  work  in  the  back  as  much  as  the—until  we  did  the  resistance.  Right.  

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 Student:  [...]  

 Amy:  Because  there  might  have  been  resistance  from  what  was  going  on  in  the  front  that  didn't  have  to  do  with  gravity.  That  had  more  to  do  with  habitual  holding  maybe  in  the  front  of  the  leg.  

So  sometimes  resistance  does  not  just  come  from  the  weight  of  the  body  part  which  is  what  we  started  out  saying,  our  main  form  or  resistance  is  gravity.  Sometimes  the  resistance  does  not  come  from  gravity.  It  comes  from  some  habitual  trip  contraction  in  some  other  body  part.  

 Student:  So  what  you  were  just  saying  about  Janu  Sirsasana,  would  it  then  really  depend  on  the  individual  and  the  flexibility  [...]  

 Leslie:  See,  now  that's  a  principal.  Right  there.    

Amy:  But  it  depends  on  the  person.  And  all  of  this  previous  work  we  did,  assuming  that  the  main  source  of  resistance  was  gravity  which  would  assume  that  we  had  a  fair  range  of  motion  in  the  joints.  But  not  everybody  does.    

 Leslie:  And  that  whatever  starting  point  you're  using  for  that  movement  is  relatively  neutral  in  terms  of  the  support  you're  getting  through  your  bones.  While  in  reality  depending  on  each  

individual,  we're  doing  some  work  when  were  supporting  ourselves  in  gravity  and  that  level  of  activity  in  the  muscular  system  is  part  of  what's  going  to  be  offering  resistance  to  any  movement  

from  that  starting  point.    Student:  That’s  why  when  you’re  on  a  blanket,  you  sit  on  and  you’re  kind  of  neutralizing  the  

starting  point.    Leslie:  Sure,  turning  down  the  static,  the  gravitational  static  that  we  all  have.  The  postural  tone  

that  we  all  maintain.  Some  more  or  less  efficiently  than  others.  Because  a  lot  of  times  what  you  experience  when  you're  moving  to  a  new  position  isn't  the  musculature  that's  controlling  you  as  you  go  there,  it’s  the  resistance  that  your  own  body  is  offering  to  that  range  of  motion.  And  so  

we  can  misidentify  what's  going  on.    Amy:  Because  we  can’t  use  necessarily  as  a  guideline  our  own  muscular  sensation.  One  of  the  

main  ways  that  we  get  feedback  in  the  muscular  system,  and  I'm  going  to  talk  more  about  how  that  happens,  but  in  this  moment.  One  of  the  main  ways  that  we  get  feedback  in  our  muscles  is  through  resistance.  Not  everybody  encounters  resistance  at  the  same  moment  in  time.  And  so  

not  everybody  has  the  same  sensation.      Student:  So  not  only  are  we  dealing  with  resistance  in  relation  to  gravity,  but  resistance  in  our  

own  bodies  in  relation  to  our  own  movement  patterns,  and  also  resistance  in  our  muscle  and  our  joints...    

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 Amy:  Which  are  all  reflections  of  our  movement  patterns.  Um...hmm...  

 Student:  Oh  okay.  So  we  can  pretty  much  clump  it  into  movement  patterns.    

Amy:  If  you  say  movement  patterns  to  me  that  means  our  habitual  muscle  activity.  The  way  our  connective  tissue  has  learned  to  behave,  our  joints,  all  of  that  learned  stuff  sets  up  a  pattern  that  when  we  go  against  it  we  get  more  feedback.  And  when  we  go  with  the  pattern  in  a  way  we  

don't  get  as  much  feedback  because  we  don't  get  as  much  resistance.  And  this  is  one  of  those  really  concrete  concepts  in  the  nervous  system  that  gets  extrapolated  into—when  we're  doing  what  we’re  used  to  doing  we  don't  get  much  feedback  as  when  we  meet  some  resistance.  

Anyhow,  like  in  your  life,  how  much  you  notice  your  life  until  someone  says  stop.  Pay  attention  and  they  get  in  your  way  or  something  like  that.  And  for  those  people  who  have  a  lot  of  flexibility  you  don't  get  feedback  until  you  get  to  the  end.  You  don't  get  feedback—we  talked  

about  this  in  the  joint.  I  don’t  get  feedback  from  my  joints.  I  don't  need  any  resistance  until  I  get  way,  way  out  here.  So  that's  what  I'm  using  as  my  barometer.  The  point  where  I  meet  resistance,  where  I  have  sensation  will  be  really  different  from  the  point  where  Leslie  has  

sensation.    Leslie:  Tapas...  the  principal  in  practice.  The  aspect  of  practice  that's  covered  by  the  concept  

tapas  is  closely  related  to  what  we're  talking  about.  Where  the  energy  is  moving  freely  in  our  system  it  doesn't  register.  So  we  intentionally  have  to  offer  something  that's  different  from  

what  we're  accustomed  to  in  order  to  generate  some  feedback  so  we  know  what  we're  doing  and  where  we  are  and  what's  going  on.  And  tapas  is  often  translated  as  austerity.  Doing  something  extreme  like  standing  in  a  cold  river  or  reciting  mantras  or  standing  on  one  foot,  or  

fasting.  The  concept  underneath  that  is  to  just  take  your  activities  out  of  their  habitual  patterning  and  do  something  else  with  them,  and  you’re  generating  resistance.  Cause  it  literally  means  to  cook.  There's  a  heat  that's  generated  from  that  friction  of  working  against  the  walls  of  

your  habitual  ways  of  operating  that's  implied  in  that  term,  tapas.    And  of  course  all  of  these  things  that  we  said  that  will  generate  someone's  movement  patterns;  

what  you  have  to  throw  into  that  also  is  just  what  we’re  born  with.  People  have  different  genetic  predispositions  in  their  shape,  in  their  form,  in  their  physiology,  in  their  bones.  That's  definitely  part  of  it.  I  was  not  born  with  as  much  elastin  in  my  connective  tissue  as  Amy.  That  is  

something  to  which  I  must  surrender.  That  is  the  ishvara  pranidhana  part  of  yoga.  You  know.  The  discernment  to  make  that  realization  is  the  svadhyaya  part.  If  my  goal—if  I  won’t  be  happy  in  my  yoga  career  it’s  because  I  can’t  get  my  legs  behind  my  head  and  do  Supta  Konasana,  or  

something  like  that.  Then  I'm  going  to  be  perpetually  frustrated.  And  it's  not  my  fault  that  I  wasn't  born  with  that  much  elastin.    

Amy:  It  is  also  true  then  [Timestamp:  20:00]  that  continually,  there  is  a  little  danger  in  continually  looking  for  that  feedback.  That  particular  feedback  that  comes  from  resistance.  

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Because  we  can't  keep  making  things  harder  and  harder  for  ourselves.  And  is  there  some  point  that  which  we  have  gotten  enough  feedback  or  that  we  can  start  listening  to  other  feedback.  So  

the  muscles  in  particular  we  get  feedback  from  resistance  but  that's  not  the  only  part  of  our  body  we  can  be  sensitive  to  which  goes  back  to  the  bones.    

Leslie:  Which  goes  back  to  the  principle  of  svadhyaya.  You  can't  just  apply  things  across  the  board  and  stop  questioning  them  because  that's  the  way  you’re  doing  it.  That's  why  that  discernment,  that  self-­‐study  is  such  an  important  component.  Because  lo  and  behold  when  you  

finally  surrender  to  something  and  stop  trying  to  change  it  and  focus  on  other  things  you  may  come  back  to  that  thing  later  on  and  realize  that  it's  been  transformed  without  any  direct  effort  on  your  part.  So  it  requires  that—no  one  is  excused  from  the  svadhyaya  part  of  the  practice.  

That's  what  you  need  to  keep  doing.  The  same  questions  will  give  different  answers  over  time.  And  then  you’ll  discover  that  the  two  different  answers  that  you  thought  had  nothing  to  do  with  each  other  are  answering  the  same  question,  or  vice  versa.    

 Student:  You  talked  before  about  our  patterns  of  movement  and  bringing  awareness  to  them,  and  talking  about—isn’t  the  idea  to  be  aware  of  the  pattern  of  movement  and  notice  how  they  

serve  us  or  don’t  serve  us  to  create  a  new  pattern.    Amy:  Or  keep  the  old  pattern.  Yeah.  

 Student:  Right,  if  it  does  serve  us.  

 Amy:  Yeah.  The  point.  My  point  is  mostly  that  one  of  the  places  where  we  meet  resistance  is  where  we  go  against  our  pattern.  That  we  can  feel  it  more  sometimes  when  we  do  something  

differently.  And  then  yes,  the  discernment  is  around  deciding—first  of  all  seeing  the  pattern  and  deciding  if  it's  what  we  want  to  be  doing.    

Student:  So  ultimately  do  you  get  to  a  state  of  no  resistance?    Amy:  Could  be.  

 Leslie:  No  unnecessary  resistance.    

Amy:  No  unnecessary  resistance.      Leslie:  Efficiency  I  think  is  what  we're  looking  for.  Remember,  all  the  patterns  that  we  have  are  

there  for  a  good  reason.  Originally  there  was  a  reason  for  developing  all  of  them.  But  the  conditions  in  which  the  original  pattern  was  useful  have  changed.  Well,  if  the  pattern  is  no  longer  useful  then  it's  unlikely  that  the  conditions  in  which  they  were  formed  is  no  longer  valid.  

So  like  the  way  you  balanced  your  body  in  gravity  when  you  have  very  little  lumbar  curve  and  your  head  was  one  third  your  body  length  is  one  set  of  patterns.  If  you  don't  get  past  those  

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when  you  have  a  fully  developed  lumbar  curve  and  sort  of  an  adult  proportioned  body  then  you’ve  got  a  problem.  

 Amy:  So  when  we  look  in  the  physiology  of  the  muscle  fiber  at  what  happens  when  it  shortens  and  lengthens.  What's  happening  is  that  this  is—this  whole  unit  is  called  a  sarcomere  and  these  

filaments—the  blue  filaments  in  this  case  are  called  actin,  and  the  red  ones  are  myosin.  And  they  have  actin  and  myosin  molecules  in  every  cell  in  our  body,  but  not  in  every  cell  and  only  in  muscle  cells  are  they  organized  in  this  sequential  way.  So  actin  and  myosin  in  all  of  our  bodies  

are  like  transport  mechanisms.  It  lets  them  have  their  pulling  power  really  organized  and  cumulative.  So  the  changing  relationship  between  the  myosin  filaments  and  the  actin  filament  is  what  changes  the  length  of  the  muscle  fiber.  It's  not  because  the  myosin  itself  get  shorter  or  the  

actin  itself  get  shorter.  This  is  actually  I  think  a  very  important  concept.  It's  not  the  absolute  length  of  either  of  those  filaments  that  creates  the  change  in  length.  It's  about  a  changing  relationship  between  these  two  molecules  that  are  inside  the  muscle  cell.  

 Student:  Are  they  little  hair-­‐like  things,  the  actin  and  the  myosin.    

Amy:  These  little  red  things?    Student:  Yeah.  

 Amy:  They're  called  the  heads  of  the  myosin  and  what  they  do  is  they  have  this  chemical  

reaction  where  they  ratchet  along  the  actin.  So  they’ll  do  this  and  they  let  go,  and  they  do  this,  and  they  let  go,  and  they  do  this.  So  then  would  you  go  to  the  other—so  now  we’ve  changed  colors.  

 So  in  this  case  the  red  is  the  actin  and  the  green  is  the  myosin.  Now  I  wish  we  could  edit  this  and  take  away  relaxation.  Well,  it  should  be  lengthening.  So  what  happens  when  the  muscle  get  

shorter.  If  we  go  back  to  [...]  the  pictures,  but  in  a  concentric  contraction,  what  happens  is  that  myosin  little  heads  ratchet  along  the  actin  in  such  a  way  that  they  slide  together  and  it's  elbow  to  elbow  is  the  distance  and  the  whole  thing  get  shorter.  So  when  the  fibers  engage  contract  

concentrically  the  two  ends  which  are  called  Z-­‐discs,  these  things  move  towards  each  other,  they  get  shorter.  When  an  eccentric  contraction  happens  they  don't  know  how  it  works.  They  don't  actually  know  how  it  works.  The  physiologists,  the  Internet,  cellular  biologists.  They’re  still  

trying  to  figure  out  exactly  how  is  eccentric  contraction  works.    So  to  get  from  below  to  above  where  they’re  saying  relaxation,  it  could  be  relaxation.  It  could  be  

just  a  let  letting  go  of  effort  and  the  fibers  slide  apart.  Or  it  could  be  some  diminishing  amount  of  effort  where  they  don’t  ratchet  together  quite  as—where  they  don't  exert  quite  as  much  and  they  slide  apart.  And  they  don't  know.  They  don't  know  what  it  is  that  happens  in  the  eccentric  

contraction  that  makes  it  possible  for  it  to  slide  apart.  What's  important  here  is  that  can  slide  functionally  all  the  way  that  length  to  where  the  tips  of  them  just  overlap.  So  this  is  as  long  as  it  

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can  functionally  go  and  this  is  not  as  short  as  it  can  functionally  go.  It  can  go  a  little  shorter,  these  ends  can  go  a  little  more  towards  each  other.  As  long  as  these  are  interacting  with  each  

other.  So  does  that  make  sense  so  far.    So  when  I  say  sliding  short  and  sliding  long  this  is  what  I'm  talking  about.  Not  that  you  need  to  

be  able  to  feel  your  actin  and  your  myosin  fibers  sliding  short  or  sliding  long  but  it's  not  like  a  spring  it  lets  gets  itself  get  shorter.  That  the  two  fibers,  the  two  sets  of  fibers  are  sliding  such  a  way  that  they  are  shortening.  

 Student:  It's  a  longer  slide.    

Amy:  Yeah,  you  could  go  that  way  and  there’s  more  surface  area  sliding  in  relationship  to  each  other  so  you  could  say  that  this  is  more  sliding  area  than  this  is.  So  you  could  sure  make  a  case  for  it.  What  I  think  is  really  important  is  it's  not  like  a  spring.  It's  not  something  that  the  shorter  

it  gets  the  more  springy,  the  more  rebound  there  is  or  the  more  tension  there  is  in  it,  in  the  sense  that  the  fibers  themselves  are  shortening.  In  the  sense  of  the  molecules  themselves  shortening.  However  this  happening  over—can  you  go  to  the  drawing  from  the  book?  So  inside  

a  muscle,  which  we  talked  about  last  week—thank  you—  there’s  a  muscle  which  we  usually  talk  about,  which  is  really  an  organ,  because  it’s  that  connective  tissue,  layers  of  connective  tissue,  surrounding  bundles  of  muscle  fibers  which  are  called  fascicles.  So  fascicles  are  bundles  of  

fibers.  The  muscle  fiber  which  is  a  muscle  cells  is  made  up  of  bundles  of  myofibrils.  So  myofibrils  are  made  up  of  many,  many  sarcomeres  stacked  up  in  a  row.  [Timestamp:  30:00]  

 Student:  Stacked  up  lengthwise?      

Amy:  Lengthwise.  Sarcomeres.  Which  was  that  unit  of  a  set  of  actin  and  a  set  of  myosin  where  the  two  ends  can  move  together.    

Leslie:  So,  the  smallest  functional  unit  of  a  muscle  is  a  sarcomere  and  those  get  organized  into  myofibrils  which  turns  the  muscle  fibers  which  turn  into  fascicles,  which  turn  into  muscles.      

Student:  And  each  muscle  fiber  is  one  cell.    Amy:  And  each  muscle  fiber  is  one  cell.  So  the  myofibrils,  the  sarcomeres  in  the  myofibril  will  

contract  and  as  one  sarcomere  contracts  it  tugs  on  the  next  one,  and  the  next  one,  and  the  next  one  in  line.  And  if  they  all  contract  the  whole  thing  get  shorter.  If  some  of  them  contract  it  gets  shorter  but  to  a  lesser  degree  and  as  more  myofibrils  contract  more  the  muscle  fiber  will  

contract  and  as  more  muscle  fibers  contract  the  whole  fascicle  will  contract.  If  the  fascicles  contract,  if  they  all  contract,  the  whole  muscle  contracts.  But  it's  not  all  or  nothing.    

Leslie:  All  of  this  can  happen  without  the  joint  that  the  muscle  crosses  being  affected.  They  have  to  reach  a  certain  threshold  before  actual  movement  in  the  joint  will  occur  and  it  will  be  visible.  

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I’m  not  saying  it  won’t  affect  the  joint  necessarily  but  you'll  see  visible  joint  movement  unless  enough  of  this  stuff  fires  up  that  the  two  ends  of  the  muscles  start  pulling  towards  each  other.    

 Amy:  Unless  the  two  ends  of  the  muscle  overcomes  the  resistance  of  whatever  their  blah,  blah.    

Leslie:  The  weight  resistance  or  whatever.  Because  there  can  be  quite  an  active  contraction  and  no  visible  joint  as  well,  that  would  be  isometric.  Which  she  said.    

Student:  Is  it  always  resistance  that’s  going  to  fire  off  that  reaction?    Amy:  Is  it  always  resistance?  

 Student:  That  will  create  that  effect.    

Amy:  Well,  the  resistance  doesn't  create  the  effect.  The  resistance  tells  you  how  much  you  need  to  recruit.  That  what  tells  the  muscles  to  fire  is  the  nervous  system.  So  the  instruction  to  fire  comes  from  the  nervous  system.  The  calibration  of  how  much  effort  is  needed.  Of  how  many  of  

these  fibers  and  fascicles  and  muscles  need  to  be  recruited.  That  calibration  is  through  this  feedback  loop  of  sensing  the  resistance  and  then  recruiting  more,  and  sensing  the  resistance  and  recruiting  more  until  you’ve  activated  just  enough  to  overcome  the  resistance.  Unless  

you're  compelled  to  work  too  hard  in  which  you’ll  make  it  harder.    

I  think  the  value  in  seeing  this  level  of  detail  is  when  we  keep  talking  about  how  nuanced  the  muscles  can  be  that  it's  not  all  or  nothing.  That  you  can  fire  a  muscle  at  1  percent  or  2  percent  or  3  1/2  percent,  at  10  percent  or  12  percent.  it  doesn't  all  have  to  fire  full  on.  Now  we  might  not  

feel  it  until  it’s  firing  and  50%  but  it  can  be  working  really  efficiently  at  20%  and  we  just  wouldn’t  feel  it.    

Leslie:  And  that'll  change  over  range  of  motion.  For  example  the  weight  of  my  forearm  when  it's  out  here  gets  less,  and  less,  and  less  as  it  comes  closer  vertical.  So  it  may  feel  like  I'm  using  exactly  the  same  amount  of  muscular  effort  to  get  it  from  there  to  here  but  in  effect  I  need  

more  to  overcome  its  inertia.  It's  weight  when  it's  out  here,  then  here,  then  here,  it’s  completely  variable  over  that  range  of  motion.      

Amy:  Because  the  resistance  changes.    Leslie:  Because  the  resistance  changes  based  on  its  position.  The  further  away  something  is  

from  the  focal  joint,  the  fulcrum  if  you  will,  the  more  it’s  going  to  weigh,  and  the  more  you’ll  have  to  exert  to  get  it  to  move.  And  as  that  lever  gets  closer  to  vertical  so  it’s  over  the  fulcrum,  the  less  you’ll  need.  So  it's  always  changing.  We  don't  necessarily  notice  that  it's  a  subtle  thing  

to  notice.  If  I  had  a  dumbbell  in  my  hand  it  would  be  much  more  noticeable.  That's  why  the  increased  resistance  can  increase  awareness.  

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 Amy:  So  in  this  then  is  a  little  bit  of  information.  Again,  you  don't  really  have  to  know  about  

actin  and  myosin  to  understand  this,  but  muscles—and  this  goes  back  to  what  Leslie  was  saying  about  the  differing  experience  of  bringing  the  arm  in  closer  a  little  bit.  It's  another  facet  of  that,  which  is  that  most  of  our  muscles  have  a  comfortable  working  distance.  That  they  like  to  rest  at  

a  certain  distance.  Which  is  not  necessarily  passive  but  they  like  to  hang  out  at  a  certain  length,  and  they  are  comfortable,  shortening  a  certain  amount  within  that  and  they  are  comfortable  actively  lengthening,  eccentrically  contracting  a  certain  distance  relative  to  that  resting  length.  

So,  relative  to  the  resting  length  we  can  comfortably  concentrically  contract,  and  we  can  comfortably  eccentrically  contract.  A  kind  of  habituated  distance  because  of  how  much  of  these—partly  because  of  what  the  sarcomeres,  how  many  of  them  are  accustomed  to  being  

recruited.  And  what  happens,  whether  or  not  it  makes  sense  to  you  relative  to  the  sarcomere  part.  What  happens  sometimes  when  we  try  to  shorten  more  than  we're  accustomed  to  the  muscle  cramps  or  spasms  and  everything  goes  at  once  and  locks  into  the  short  spot.  And  the  

kind  of  simple  way  to  say  one  of  the  things  that  can  happen  and  when  the  muscle  gets  longer  than  its  accustomed  to  working  to  is  that  it  just  lets  go  and  stops  being  functional,  or  is  damaged  and  can  be  torn  in  some  way.  But  we  are  capable  of  learning  to  use  muscles  a  shorter  and  

shorter  length  and  we  are  capable  of  learning  to  use  our  muscles  at  longer  and  longer  lengths.  So  it’s  a  matter  of  educating  our  nervous  system  about  coordinating  the  action  in  the  muscle  fibers.  

 Student:  What  happens  when  it  lengthens  more?  

 Amy:  What  happens  when  it  lengthens  more  than  it’s  accustomed  to,  is  that  it  can  feel  really  weak,  and  it  can  feel  like  it's  going  to  give  way.  

 Leslie:  What  Amy  just  described  in  terms  of  muscle  physiology  is  what  we  all  know  and  have  experienced  firsthand  from  having  learned  and  practiced  and  taught  yoga.  Watching  ranges  of  

motion  change,  functional  ranges  of  motion  change,  in  ourselves  and  other  people.    Amy:  Which  means  we  can  increase  our  functional  strength  in  a  concentric  contraction.  But  a  

place  where  I  think  we  do  it  a  lot  in  asana  is  the  eccentric  contraction.  That  we  learn  to  feel  stronger  for  greater  distance  and  one  of  the  places  that  this  happens  a  lot  I  think  that's  interesting,  again  is  this  example,  of  coming  from  here  to  squaring  the  pelvis.  And  that  for  a  lot  

of  us,  this  is  a  very  long  position  across  the  outside  of  the  hip.  And  to  stay  here  either  in  an  isometric  or  to  get  here  might  feel  like  it's  going  to  give  way.  Or  it  starts  [sound  effects].  Yeah,  because  it's  learning  to  work  in  a  longer  position  than  it's  accustomed  to.  And  so  we’ll  say  it’ll  be  

happier  when  I'm  right  here.  And  this  will  feel  like  the  end  of  what  I  can  do.  So  learning  to  get  here  is  in  the  case  of  those  muscles  about  increasing  the  working,  the  functionality  in  an  eccentric  contraction  over  a  greater  distance.  Which  is  learnable  but  it's  not  necessarily  a  

flexibility  question.  It's  a  question  about  what  distance  can  the  muscle  be  active  over,  not  how  long  can  it  be  passively  stretched.  

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 Leslie:  But,  it  will  have  an  effect  long-­‐term  overall  on  your  flexibility.  

 Amy:  Whatever  flexibility  means.    

Leslie:  Yeah,  but  you  don't  think  of  that  as  stretching  your  hips,  or  even  that  as  a  hip  opener,  whatever  the  hell  that  is.  You  know  the  important  point  that  I  want  to  make  which  is  implied  in  what  we’re  saying  about  the  accustomed  ranges  of  motion  in  the  muscles  is  that  the  training  we  

do  in  whatever  field,  whether  it's  in  yoga,  or  weight  training,  or  running,  or  athletics,  whatever  it  is  [Timestamp:  40:00]    the  conditioning  of  a  muscle  is  very  specific  to  the  range  of  motion,  the  speed  and  the  type  of  contraction  in  which  you  use  that  muscle.  If  you  do  a  lot  of  short  quick  

concentric  strengthening  movements  for  this  muscle,  to  use  an  obvious  example,  you're  going  to  make  it  very  good  at  doing  short  range  of  motion,  quick  concentric  action.  It  doesn't  mean  that  you’ve  done  anything  to  improve  its  function  in  a  slow,  long  lengthening,  eccentric  

contraction.      So  if  someone  tells  you  oh,  you’re  back  hurts,  you  have  weak  abdominals,  you  say  oh  I  can  fix  

that  and  you  end  up  doing  like  a  thousand  crunches  every  day,  you  have  trained  your  abdominal  wall  to  do  those  kind  of  concentric  actions  over  a  certain  range  of  motion  at  a  certain  speed.  The  question  that  you  need  to  ask  is  that  the  kind  of  strength  my  abdominal  wall  needs  in  order  to  

support  my  lower  spine.  And  the  answer  is  actually  no,  not  really.  We  don't  hold  up  our  lower  spine  like  this.  It's  still  the  abdominal  wall,  the  question  is  what  are  you  training  it  to  do?  And  at  

what  length,  at  what  speed  and  at  what  kind  of  contraction.    Amy:  The  challenge,  that  you’re  [...]  is  a  particular  challenge  to  see  if  you’re  really  doing  it.  To  

know  if  you’re  really  level  because  most  of  us  think  we  are  and  we’re  not.  Because  we  think,  we've  gotten  to  the  end  of  the  available  movement.  So  that's  a  place  where  our  sensation  is  not  really  telling  us  about  the  actual  outer  form.  But  doing  the  movement  is  a  way  to  learn  to  do  the  

movement.  The  other  challenge  in  that  is  to  see  though  also  do  we  start,  are  we  doing  it—what  do  I  want  to  say?  If  you  put  your  foot  against  a  wall  there's  a  way  that  you  can  take  away  the  resistance.  You  can  kind  of  make  your  body  lighter  because  you  can  direct  some  of  the  force  into  

that  back  leg  or  do  something  like  putting  your  leg  on  this  which  kind  of  makes  my  pelvis  lighter.  Makes  the  amount  I  have  to  exert  here  last,  but  it's  also  letting  me  do  something  in  this  leg  that  I  might  start  to  do  and  then  move  away  from  the  wall  and  still  not  able  to  do  this  because  I've  

done  it  all  from  straightening  this  back  knee.  So  the  challenge  of  doing  something  like  that  with  support  is  that  I  can  use  something  else  but  I  need  to  use  it  intelligently.  Like  right  now  I  feel  like  this  is  almost  a  passive  stretch  here  because  I'm  holding  myself  up  from  the  energy  in  my  back  

leg.  So  I  still  would  need  to  kind  of  gradually  go.  Do  less  in  the  back  leg  and  start  being  able  to  cultivate  more  and  more  in  the  front  leg.    

Leslie:  I  think  the  methodological  question  is  can  you  use  some  kind  of  external  support,  I  mean  to  get  it  beyond  this  one  asana,  can  you  use  some  kind  of  external  support  props,  walls,  a  

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partner  or  something  that  to  help  you  move  into  a  final  position  and  then  figure  out  how  to  supported  it  a  little  bit  more  once  you’re  there.  Which  is  one  way,  it's  perfectly  valid  to  get  that  

feedback  and  then  slowly  let  go  of  you,  or  you  slowly  come  off  the  prop  and  you  go  whoa,  what  do  I  need  to  do  in  my  body  to  replace  that  support  that  is  now  being  taken  away.  That's  one  way.  And  another  way  is  to  find  the  starting  position  that  allows  you  to  go  into  it  so  you  can  feel  

the  movement  from  one  position  into  the  final  position.  And  it's  not  that  one  way  is  better  than  the  other  it's  just,  we  just  need  to  know  what  we're  doing  and  not  only  do  just  one  thing  necessarily.  

 Amy:  Yeah.  Okay.  Muscle  relationships.  Now  we're  going  to  talk  about  these  words.      

One  of  the  ways  that  we  can  describe  the  way  that  the  whole  muscular  system  works,  because  no  muscle  works  in  isolation.  They  just  don't.  Muscles  don’t  work  by  themselves.  They  never  do.  There  is  never  ever,  and  I  rarely  say  this,  but  there's  never  only  one  muscle  doing  something.  

 Leslie:  What  about  the  cremaster.    

Amy:  Even  then  you're  breathing.    Leslie:  Well,  if  you  want  to  bring  breathing  into  it.  

 Amy:  Even  then.  

 Okay  so  what  becomes  really  important  to  go  from  this  micro  view  of  what's  happening  in  one  sarcomere  of  one  fiber  of  blah,  blah,  blah,  blah,  blah,  to  all  the  way  back  out  to  looking  at  how  

muscles  are  in  relationship  to  each  other.  Which  is  once  we  have  that  basic  understanding  of  sliding  and  gliding,  what  we  really  have  to  look  at  is  how  they  relate  to  each  other.  Because  that's  where  we’re  going  to  see  the—well  we  don't  really  have  to  look  at  that  but  when  we  look  

at  that,  when  we  look  at  the  relationships  between  muscles  I  think  we  get  more  functional  information.  And  again  it's  a  place  we  can  talk  about  muscles  without  naming  them.  We  don't  have  to  name  them.  In  most  of  our—even  though  the  illustration  names  them.  

 Leslie:  Sorry.    

Amy:  No,  it's  okay  I  did  it.    Leslie:  It's  you're  drawing.  

 Amy:  One  way,  and  we're  going  to  look  at  three  things.  We're  going  to  look  at  the  focal  joint  in  layers  and  in  kinetic  change.  Three  kinds  of  ways  of  organizing  muscle  relationships.  Any  of  

these  is  a  map,  and  not  the  whole  territory.  It's  just  a  way  of  talking  about  what's  going  on.    

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Leslie:  By  the  way,  lest  you're  preparing  to  be  completely  overwhelmed  and  confused  by  language,  you  already  know  this  stuff  in  your  body.  You've  experienced  all  of  this.  Because  you  

practice  and  teach  yoga.  You've  experienced  it.  You've  observed  it.  You’ve  used  it.  Whether  you  knew  it  or  not,  we’re  just  going  to  name  the  things  that  you  already  know  on  some  level  and  we’ll  do  our  best  to  connect  it  to  what  you  already  know  as  we  present  it.  Because  I  know  it's  a  

lot  of  information.  Seems  that  way.    Amy:  Really,  you  already  know  it?  Not  only  because  you’re  doing  yoga  but  because  you  feed  

yourself  breakfast  in  the  morning.  You  go  to  the  bathroom  you  lie  down  and  you  get  up.    Leslie:  Well  the  point  is  you  paid  some  attention  to  this,  presumably.  

 Amy:  Some  of  these  are  [...]  things  that  aren’t  anywhere.    

Leslie:  We'll  see.    Amy:  Okay,  so  when  we're  talking  about  around  one  particular  joint.  When  we’re  talking  about  

one  joint,  and  we  have  been  talking  about  this  focal  joint.  One  way  of  talking  about  the  muscles  is  that  we  can  look  at  what's  on  one  side  of  the  joint  and  what's  balancing  it  on  the  other  side  of  the  same  joint.  And  this  is  very  traditional  kind  of  conventional  relationship  called  the  agonist-­‐  

antagonist  relationship.  In  this  the  agonist  which  is  the  Greek  word  agon,  was  an  actor  in  a  play  who  drove  the  play  forward.  Who  made  the  thing  happen.  Who  made  the  action  of  the  play  

happen.  And  the  antagonist  was  the  actor  who  got  in  the  way.    Leslie:  Conflict.  

 Amy:  That's  the  bad  guy  who  created  the  conflict.  Not  the  bad  guy  but...    

So  the  agonist  is  the  thing  that  creates  the  movement.  Is  the  main  doer.  Whether  or  not  it  is  concentric  or  the  eccentric.  And  the  antagonist  which  used  to  be  described  more  as  being  the  thing  that  had  to  let  go  or  get  out  of  the  way.  The  antagonist  is  the  muscle  on  the  opposite  side  

of  the  joint  that  modulates  pretty  directly  the  agonist  action.  The  agonist  and  antagonist  roles.  Do  we  think  they're  absolute,  they’re  relative.  Like  everything  else.  Something  can  be  an  agonist  in  one  joint  action  and  an  antagonist  in  another.  

 In  looking  at—I’m  going  to  try  to  draw  a  picture  that  I  don't  usually  draw  very  functionally.  We’re  going  back  to  talk  about  bones  for  a  minute.  When  we  talk  about  balanced  joint  space,  

say  we  have  a  generic  kind  of  bone  here.  This  looks  an  awful  lot  like  an  ulna.    Leslie:  It  does.    

 Student:  That's  good.  

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 Amy:  It's  okay,  it's  not  really  any  particular  joint.  

 Leslie:  It’s  a  schematic.    

Amy:  It  is.  It  is.  [Timestamp:  50:00]  Now  if  the  agonist,  say  it  connects  from  here,  up  here.  And  it's  going  to  be  pulling  short.  It's  going  to  be  pulling  this  way.  The  antagonist  on  the  backside  will  generally  be  getting  longer  and  it  used  to  be  said  that  it  was  just  letting  go.  The  point  I  want  to  

make  here  is  about  keeping  balanced  joint  space  which  is  that  if  I  get  to  a  certain  point  here  this  can  start  to  kind  of  get  pulled  out  of  the  joint.  If  the  pull  on  this  side—this  is  the  agonist's  pulling.  If  this  pull  is  so  strong  it  can  imbalance  this  joint  space  which  in  theory  was  pretty  evenly  

balanced  here.  You  want  the  space  between  the  bones  to  stay  relatively  balanced.  But  the  agonist  can  start  to  pull  so  strongly  there's  a  gap  on  the  side.  So  one  of  the  things  that  the  antagonist  does  is  modulate  that  amount  of  pull  and  this  would  be  a  case  where  there's  no  

antagonist.  Where  the  antagonist  isn't  doing  it's  lengthening  job  here.  It's  modulating  job  of  keeping  the  joint  centered.  In  this  case  the  round  bone  centered  in  the  “socketish”  bone  keeping  A,  centered  in  B’s  space  there.  A,  is  being  pulled  out  of  alignment  with  B  because  

there's  only  muscle  action  on  one  side  of  it.  Where  if  this  muscle  were  in  here  doing  it's  modulating  job,  not  just  letting  go  but  modulating.  It  should  keep  the  ball  of  the  A  more  centered  in  the  socket.  So  the  antagonist  is  not  passive  and  both  muscles  have  to  be  

communicating  with  each  other  to  really  keep  negotiating  the  nuance  of  keeping  balance  joint  space  in  a  three-­‐dimensional  space.  This  is  only  looking  at  two  dimensions  of  movement  here.  

Kerry.    Student:  [...]  

 Amy:  Well  yeah,  one  of  the  things  in  this  framework  what  I  would  say  is  that  binding  would  tend  to  override  the  function  of  the  antagonist.  So  in  something  like  this,  do  you  see  how  the  head  of  

my  humerus  is  kind  of  dropping  forward?  Even  a  little  bit  here,  going  from  here.  Not  the  scapula  itself  moving  but  I  can  kind  of  hyper  extend  and  overexpose  the  front  of  my  shoulder  joint.  It's  not  gravity  doing  that,  it’s  this  continuous  concentric  contraction.  So  what  I  need  to  do  is  not  let  

the  front  of  the  joint  just  go.  This  is  the  antagonist.  But  it  needs  to  keep  modulating  so  that  I  get  to  a  certain  point  where  I'll  say—not  because  cause  I've  hit  the  end  range  of  the  joints,  but  something  about  balanced  joint  space.  This  is  far  as  I'm  going  to  go  is  to  the  next  joint,  which  

would  be  the  scapula  sliding  in  that  case.  So,  this  dance  between  them  becomes  really  important  in  the  joints  where  we  have  a  lot  of  mobility.  Does  that  make  sense?  So  yes,  when  I  go  to  bind  the  chances  of  this  getting  pushed  to  beyond  what  the  antagonist  can  negotiate  

would  be,  but  in  that  case  the  bind  is  taking  over  and  I'm  not  really  working  in  my  shoulder  joint  there  anyhow.  But  it  would  be  a  similarly  imbalanced  joint  space  forced  but  forced  by  something  else.  But  what  might  become  really  important  in  that  bind  then  is  the  eccentric  action  here  of  

keeping  this  space  from  getting  too  exposed.    

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Leslie:  You  have  to  remember  the  greater  the  distance  from  the  focal  joint  of  the  bind  and  the  force  that’s  being  applied,  the  greater  the  force  that's  going  to  be  exerted  on  that  joint.  And  at  a  

certain  point  the  stabilizing  muscle,  the  antagonist,  is  simply  going  to  be  overcome  no  matter  how  hard  you  try.  There  is  things  you  do  in  yoga  that—I  once  injured  my  shoulders  swinging  on  rings.  You  ever  see  the  traveling  rings  where  you  swing  from  one  ring  to  the  next  and  the  next.  

And  I  was  okay  about  halfway  out  but  then  I  didn't  have  enough  muscular  strength  to  resist  the  traction  that  was  being  exerted  not  just  by  the  weight  of  my  body  but  by  the  centrifugal  force  of  my  swinging  and  it  injured  the  joint.  I  wasn't  strong  enough  to  do  that  movement.  

 Amy:  So,  agonist-­‐  antagonist  relationship  is  a  way  of  mapping  the  muscles  that  are  on  opposite  sides  of  a  joint.  Something  does  one  action  where  the  thing  does  the  opposite  action.  It  can  be  

really  literal,  this  does  flexion  and  this  does  extension,  or  it  can  be  more  abstracted.  Even  that  though  as  a  description  of  joints,  of  how  the  muscles  work  around  the  joint  is  a  little  oversimplified.  And  the  drawback  to  the  agonist-­‐  antagonist  there's  some  really  great  strength  

to  seeing  that  relationship  between  them  from  side  to  side,  but  if  we  focus  only  on  those  as  being  what  organizes  the  joints,  we  will  still  oversimplify.  We  also  have  to  pay  attention  then  to  what  are  called  fixators.  Yup,  fixators  and  synergists.  So  the  fixators—and  this  is  where  when  

Leslie  was  saying  even  in  a  bicep  curl  there  are  muscles  being  used.  I  saw  a  client  the  other  day.  I'm  wondering  if  he's  ever  going  to  see  this  tape.  But  who...    

Leslie:  You  don't  have  to  mention  his  name.    

Amy:  Yeah,  he'll  know  who  he  is  if  he  sees  it—who  was  saying  I  have  this  neck  thing  and  I  think  it's  from  doing  a  bicep  curl  and  he  brought  out  his  weight.  He's  like,  “I  do  this,  so  I  can  do  about  two  like  this  and  then  I  start  doing  this  thing.  Why  does  my  neck  hurt?”  Do  you  have  a  lighter  

weight  thing.  And  so  we  talked  about  he's  working  on  Tadasana  and  so  what  do  you  have  to  do  to  maintain  your  Tadasana.  If  you  want  to  focus  on  a  bicep  curl  you  actually  have  to  do  a  whole  bunch  of  stabilizing  in  other  places  so  that  you're  not  doing  it  from  where  you  don't  want  to  be  

doing  it  from.  And  all  of  those  muscles  are  called  fixator  muscles.  And  depending  on  the  amount  of  resistance  you'll  need  more  and  more  fixator  muscles  which  are  the  muscles  that  are  more  proximal,  that  are  stabilizing  the  more  proximal  body  part  is  the  conventional  definition.  Though  

there  would  be  some  fixators  if  we  are  doing  a  proximal  movement  the  fixators  might  be  also  in  the  distal  body  part.  So  if  I'm  doing  something,  some  of  this  kind  of  stuff  what  I'm  doing  to  stabilize  my  foot,  my  knee,  and  my  inner  leg  and  blah,  blah,  blah  and  keep  that  organized,  those  

are  all  kind  of  fixator  muscles  along  with  everything  I'm  doing  to  maintain  the  alignment  here.  And  then  to  go  back  this  inner  leg  is  the  antagonist  in  this  case  to  what's  going  on  out  here  so  I  do  something  here  to  modulate  joint  space.  But  it's  not  the  agonist.  And  then  even  when  I  lower  

down  I  might  be  doing  something  to  keep  the  joint  space  centered.  But  the  agonist  is  still  the  outside  the  leg.  The  antagonist  would  be  the  inner  leg  and  all  the  rest  might  be  fixators.  Or,  the  other  muscles  around  the  joints  between  the  agonist  and  the  antagonist  those  direct  

relationships  all  the  other  muscles  around  the  joint  that  facilitate  or  help  keep  the  bones  lined  

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up  [Timestamp:  60:00]  or  sometimes  tug  on  the  muscles  so  that  it  changes  the  line  of  pull,  those  are  all  called  synergists.  

 Leslie:  So  there's  a  difference  between  fixators  and  synergists?    

Amy:  Yes,  fixators—I  mean  there  are  definitions  of  these  out  there  but  as  I  learned  it,  the  fixators  are  not  right  around  the  joint  that's  moving.  They’re  are  around  the  other  joints  to  keep  them  in  line  for  example.  To  keep  my  spine  organized  while  I'm  doing  something.  Where  the  

synergists  are  the  other  muscles  around  the  joint.  And  synergy  is  that  what  comes  from  several  things  working  together  which  is  different  than  for  anything  working  by  itself.  Greater  than  the  sum  of  its  parts  sometimes.  So  the  synergists  are  the  muscles  besides  the  traditional  agonist  and  

antagonist  that  are  facilitating  the  job  at  the  joint.  And  they  don't  often  get  a  lot  of  credit.  But  I  think  they  should  get  a  lot  more  credit  than  they  do.  Because  they  go—particularly  when  there  are  joint  issues  is  often  the  synergists  that  all  the  rest  of  the  muscles  around  the  joint  like  the  

knee  joint  that  are  affecting  the  line  of  pull  or  something  that  tugs  on  the  quadriceps  that  has  an  effect  on  the  cartilage  in  the  knee  for  example.  The  synergists  have  a  lot  to  do  with  how  the  joint  surfaces  slide  in  relationship  to  each  other,  the  tracking  in  the  joint,  the  alignment  in  the  

joint.  So  there's  a  way  agonists  and  antagonists,  fixator  and  synergists  are  really  useful.  And  there's  a  way  that  agonists  and  antagonists  kind  of  gets  privileged  and  overemphasizes  the  one  or  two  muscles  when  we  really  do  have  to  look  at  the  whole  constellation  of  what's  going  on  

around  the  joint.    

Leslie:  Well,  it  implies  more  of  a  linear  action  in  the  body  than  actually  exists  if  you  recognize  that  even  things  that  seem  to  be  moving  in  straight  lines  are  actually  spirals,  there’s  a  whole  bunch  of  other  muscles  near  that  joint  that  are  managing  the  spiralic  nature  of  the  movement  

other  than  the  big  movers  that  appear  to  be  taking  it  in  those  two  dimensions.  A  useful  thing  to  recognize  here  in  terms  of  giving  a  real-­‐life  example  is  the  difference  let's  say  in  doing  a  bicep  curl  with  a  free  weight.  This  is  a  free  weight  it  can  go  anywhere  in  space.  It's  just  a  weight.  If  I  

hold  it  here—by  the  way  it's  different  to  do  it  seated  as  opposed  to  standing.  Here,  I  need  to  do  a  lot  more  fixating  of  all  the  joints  in  my  body  really,  to  isolate  this  muscle  here  compared  to  here.  But  what  if  somehow  I  built  a  machine  where  there's  a  set  of  pulleys  and  the  framework  

and  this  lever  that  has  actual  mechanical  joints  that  will  only  move  over  a  prescribed  range  of  motion,  and  it  has  a  handle,  and  the  handle  can  only  go  in  this  plane.  And  it's  attached  to  a  weight  somewhere  in  the  machine  that  I  can  adjust  and  that's  not  free  weight  anymore.  It's  still  

the  bicep  but  all  the  synergistic  and  fixating  actions  of  the  body  are  no  longer  really  required  because  the  path  of  weight  is  fixed  by  the  machine.  All  the  fixating  is  happening  in  other  words  outside  my  body,  not  inside.  That's,  a  Nautilus  machine  or  something  like  that.  The  advantage  is  

that  you  couldn't  have  a  modern  health  club  without  the  Nautilus  because  free  weights  are  dangerous.  There's  a  pretty  steep  learning  curve  and  you  need  help.  You  need  people  spotting  you  and  there’s  always  a  chance  of  dropping  them.  With  Nautilus  or  some  such  you  can  take  

someone  around  and  in  10  minutes  basically  show  them  how  the  machines  work  and  they  can  work  out  on  their  own  and  the  worst  thing  that  will  happen  is  if  they  let  go  these  plates  will  

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clank  on  each  other  but  no  one  gets  killed.  But,  it’s  taking  something  out  of  the  picture  which  is  not  surprising.  Eventually  the  fitness  industry  recognized  and  had  to  put  it  back  in.  

 Student:  It's  not  as  immediately  dangerous.    

Leslie:  It's  not  as  immediately  dangerous.  No,  you  don't  create  acute  injuries  by  dropping  weights  on  you  or  something  else,  but  long-­‐term  what's  missing  is  this  wonderful  word  that  starts  getting  added  back  in  called  core.  And  I  don't  know  any  elite  athletes  that  I've  ever  

worked  with  that  would  go  near  one  of  those  machines.  They  all  want  to  use  free  weights,  sometimes  pulleys  because  they  recognize  that  it's  a  whole  body  action  even  if  you're  trying  to  isolate  one  set  of  muscles  and  train  them  that  you  want  the  rest  of  the  body  to  be  trained  to  

cooperate  with  that  action  and  not  taken  out  of  the  picture.  There's  certain  sports  that  have  very  specific  jobs  within  the  sport,  like  an  offensive  lineman  or  something  and  they'll  use  machines  that  reproduce  an  action  that  they  want  to  do.  But  in  general  the  people  that  

understand  the  body  and  train  them,  they  want  to  use  more  free  weights  because  of  the  full  body  action  you  get.  You  don't  want  to  dumb  the  body  down  in  other  words.    

Yoga  is  about  increasing  the  intelligence  of  the  system.  You  can't  describe  what's  happening  in  one  muscle  without  talking  about  its  relationship  is  to  everything  else  that's  going  on  area  which  is  sort  of  what  made  writing  this  book  a  little  maddening.  Very  rewarding.  In  the  long  run.  

 Amy:  Ah-­‐ha.  Definitely.  Absolutely.  

 Leslie:  Yeah,  what  she  said.    

Amy:  Okay.  That's  if  we  look  mainly  at  what's  happening  around  one  joint.  But,  it's  not  so  useful  because  there's  rarely  just  one  joint  moving.  So  if  we  look  at  muscles  that  cross  more  than  one  joint.  Well,  I'm  going  to  say  it  differently.  I’m  going  to  say  it  the  way  it’s  said  on  your  hand  out.  

We  can  also  look  at  not  either  side  of  the  joint  but  layers  around  the  joint.  And  as  we  look  at  the  layers  around  the  joint  we’ll  find  that  we  have  one-­‐joint  muscles  and  then  two-­‐joint  muscles,  so  two  or  more  joint  muscles,  we  can  called  them  multi-­‐joint.  So  as  soon  as  we  start  looking  at  

layers  we  also  start  seeing  that  what  happens  in  one-­‐joint  via  the  muscles  affects  another  joint.  And  as  far  as  I  know  there  are  no  joints  in  the  body  that  only  have  one-­‐joint  muscles  crossing  them.  Which  means  that  every  joint  in  the  body  is  related  to  another  joint  either  the  next  joint  

proximal  or  the  next  joint  distal  via  direct  muscular  connection.  By  some  muscle  that  affects  at  least  both  of  them.  And  I  might  come  back  tomorrow  and  correct  myself  but  at  least  in  the  majority  of  joints  there  is  no  joint  that  works  alone  without  a  layer  of  the  muscle  also  affecting  

another  joint.  So  we  can  talk  about  one-­‐joint  muscles  which  are  usually  deeper.  They  cross  only  one-­‐joint.  Which  means  they’re  really  specific.  They  provide  articulation  and  discrimination  in  the  joint.  Every  joint  has  one-­‐joint  muscles  around.  

 Leslie:  Every  joint?  

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 Amy:  If  not,  a  muscle  that  is  named  then  a  deep,  deep  layer...  

 Leslie:  Of  that  same  muscle.    

Amy:  There  might  be  one  muscle  that  looks  like  it  covers  a  whole  bunch.  But  they'll  be  some  part  of  that  muscle  that  only  crosses  one  joint.  Every  joint  in  the  body  has  one-­‐joint  muscle.  Every  joint  in  the  body  has  a  muscle  that  crosses  only  that  joint.  

 Student:  Has  at  least  one  [...].    

Amy:  At  least  one  muscle  that  crosses  only  that  joint.  Which  means—or  at  least  a  layer  of  muscle  that  crosses  only  that  joint.  It  means  every  muscle  has  the  potential  to  be  discriminated  from  all  the  other  muscles.  Other  joints.  Sorry,  every  joint  has  the  ability  to  be  discriminated  

from  other  joints.  By  that  I  mean  I  could  only  move  one-­‐joint.  I  can  move  at  only  one-­‐joint.  Two-­‐joint  muscles  cross  two  or  more  joints.  They  are  generally  more  superficial,  longer,  broader.  Every  joint  also  has  a  two-­‐joint  muscles.  Those  two-­‐joint  muscles  are  more  about  integration.  

About  the  relationship  between  one-­‐joint  and  another.  And  in  fact  most  of  our  joints  have  a  muscle  like  the  elbow  joint  will  have  a  [Timestamp:  70:00]  two-­‐joint  muscles  that  also  crosses  several  two-­‐joint  muscles  that  also  crosses  the  wrist  and  several  to  two-­‐joint  muscles  that  also  

cross  the  shoulder.  The  elbow  also  has  one-­‐joint  muscles.  So  I  can  do  something  at  just  the  elbow  but  I  can  also  integrate  the  elbow  with  the  hand  and  integrate  the  elbow  with  the  action  

at  the  shoulder.  I  don't  have  to  name  them  to  know  they're  there.    Now  any  given  person  I  work  with  might  not  be  able  to  make  that  discrimination  but  that's  

about  our  nervous  system  not  about  whether  the  muscles  are  available  or  not.    Leslie:  So  the  layering  of  the  muscular  system  that  Amy's  describing  provides  for  the  possibility  

of  both  integration  and  discrimination.  Another  way  is  to  say  in  general  terms  what  Amy  is  describing  about  muscle  layering,  about  every  joint  has  single  joint  muscles  and  multi-­‐joint  muscles  crossing  it  is  that  the  way  that  the  body's  musculature  is  layered  provides  for  the  

possibility  of  both  discrimination  and  integration.  And  we  need  both.    Amy:  There's  probably  a  million  more  ways  to  organize  our  understanding  of  muscles  but  one  of  

the  other  general  principle  ways  to  do  it  is  to  look  at  kinetic  chains.  Which  is  a  term  that  I  learned  from  the  [...]  fundamentals,  but  it’s  a  really  traditional—it's  used  in  physical  therapy,  maybe  occupational  therapy.  I  don’t  know  where  it  started.  So,  you  might  hear  it  in  other  places  

but  that  is  the  idea  that  one  muscle  will  via  connective  tissue  will  affect  the  next  muscle  up  or  down.  And  this  is  different  from  being  a  muscle  that  crosses  two  joints  that  has  more  to  do  with  the  fact  that  if  I  start  something  in  my  fingertips,  what  happens  in  those  muscles  will  tell  them  

connective  tissue  that  will  wake  up  the  next  muscle,  that  will  wake  up  the  next  muscle,  that  will  wake  up  the  next  muscle.  So  things  are  connected  in  kinetic  chains,  but  also  has  to  do  with  

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nervous  system  in  that  if  I  need  to  do  something  and  what  I  have  available  in  the  muscles  of  my  hand  say  won't  be  enough,  then  the  nervous  system  will  recruit  something  else,  and  then  will  

recruit  something  else,  and  that  will  recruit  something  else  until  I'm  using  my  back  to  lift  up  the  sandbag  if  I  can’t  just  do  it  in  my  fingers  or  my  wrists  or  my  elbow,  or  my—I’ll  keep  recruiting  along  this  kinetic  chain  until  I'm  using  a  whole  cascade  of  muscles  to  do  something.  A  whole  

sequence  of  muscles.  So  they  communicate  with  each  other  both  via  tugging  on  the  connective  tissue  that  relates  them,  that  connects  them  and  via  the  nervous  system  that  actually  recruits  more  and  more  help  as  it's  needed.  

 Leslie:  So  would  you  say  the  kinetic  chains  that  any  given  individual  uses  to  produce  certain  functions  are  determined  by  their  structure,  by  their  history,  by  their  habit?  All  of  the  above.  

 Amy:  All  of  the  above.    

Leslie:  So,  they're  very  individual  these  chains.    Amy:  They’re  very  individual  and  in  terms  of  that  sequence  of  recruitment  there  is  no  way  to  

know.  No  two  people  will  do  it  the  same.  Because  it  also  has  to  do  with  percentages.  One  person  might  use  25  percent  of  this  muscle  and  30  percent  of  this  muscle  and  50  percent  of  this  muscle  to  do  some  like  stepping  thing  and  someone  else  might  be  using  45  percent  and  15  

percent  and  50  percent.  But  the  percentage  of  usage  of  the  muscles  is  highly  individual.  Partly  learned  and  partly  a  product  of  I  have  a  shorter  tibia  then  Leslie  does  so  we're  going  to  need  

different  percentages  of  muscle  work.    Leslie:  Not  just  shorter  because  you're  shorter,  but  shorter  in  relation  to  the  length  of  her  

femur.  Proportional  differences.    Amy:  Right.  So  when  we  see  all  of  those  factors  that  go  into  how  muscles  work  do  you  see  how  

it  might  be  kind  of  silly  world,  to  say  use  your  biceps  to  flex  your  elbow.    Student:  You  might  as  well  say  use  your  nervous  system.  

 Amy:  Hmm?    

Leslie:  She  said,  “You  might  as  well  use  your  nervous  system.”    Amy:  Yeah!  

 Leslie:  Which  actually  would  be  a  better  thing  to  say  to  say.    

Amy:  Even  better  yeah,  exactly.    

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Leslie:  You're  not  telling  them  the  what,  you're  just  suggesting  the  how.  Use  your  nervous  system,  and  you'll  figure  it  out.  

 Amy:  Um...  Hmm...  Even  worse...    

Leslie:  Get  it  all  off  your  chest  Amy.  Put  it  all  out  there.  Really,  just  everything  that  bugs  you.    Amy:  Oh,  I  can't  go  there.  

 Leslie:  Sure  you  can.    

Amy:  No  I  don’t  even  know.    Leslie:  You  have  20  minutes,  that’s  plenty  of  time.  No  it's  not,  actually.  

 Amy:  I  give  you  this  “even  worse.”  I  did  my  shoulder  rant  last  week.  Even  worse  is  to  say,  “Feel  the  biceps  working  to  blah,  blah,  blah.”  Because  I  might  not  feel  my  biceps.  They  might  be  so  

used  to  doing  this  that  I  don't  feel  it  and  then  if  I'm  setting  out  to  be  a  good  student  then  I’ll  work  so  hard  that  I  can  feel  them  which  may  be  way  harder  than  I  need  to  work  to  actually  lift  that  thing  up.  So  if  I'm  pretty  used  to.  A  little  more,  I'm  not  used  to  lifting  this.  I'm  pretty  used  to  

lifting  this.  I  don't  even  feel  it.  If  you  said  to  me,  “Feel  my  biceps  working  to  do  this.”  What  I  would  have  to  do  is  engage  the  antagonist  to  such  a  degree  that  I  made  it  harder  for  myself  to  

lift  this  thing  up  and  then  I  can  feel  my  biceps  working.  But,  I  don't  need  to  do  that.  I'm  not  learning  something  then  except  for  how  to  do  what's  called  a  co-­‐contraction.  I  mean  it  might  be  functional  in  some  setting  but  they're  working  hard  enough  to  feel  it  is  not  necessarily  more  

efficient.  It's  a  waste  of  energy  for  me  to  work  that  hard  to  pick  up  my  water  bottle  that  I  already  know  how  to  do.    

Student:  It  would  be  the  same  idea  though  for  example.  Stand  with  the  arms  to  the  side  and  try  to  create  that  extra  weight  and  the  system  needs  your  arms  to  start  feeling  the  muscles  working  around  your  bones.  But  you  know  what  I  mean?  It’s  not  only  having  your  arms  [...]  but  create  

that  system  in  your  body  in  work.    Amy:  Yeah.  I  think  so.  I  mean  this  will  get  tiring  soon  enough  and  if  it  doesn't,  great.  But  making  

it  harder  by  pulling  down  so  you  have  to  pull  up.  I  don't  think  that  as  a  society  we  need  to  cultivate  skills  at  making  things  harder  for  ourselves.  And  I  don't  think  physically  we  need  to  cultivate  making  it  harder  for  ourselves.  And  I  think  the  underlying  assumption  that  we're  all  

gonna  feel  the  effort  at  the  same  moment  is  really  dangerous.  Because  it  sets  us  up  to  think  we  failed  unless  it's  difficult.    

Leslie:  Or  unless  we  feel  what  the  teacher  says  we  should  be  feeling  for  whatever  reason.    

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Student:  [...]    

Leslie:  Hugging  the  muscles  to  the  bones.    Student:  [...]  

 Amy:  You  know,  hug  the  muscles  to  the  bones.  I  have  heard  that  and  I  have  played  with  that  and  it  can  be  really  sweet.  They  can  be  really  like—I  mean  it's  not  far  from  what  I'm  saying  that  the  

muscles  play  with  the  bones  that  the  muscles  support  the  bones  moving  into  alignment.  I  think  the  danger  is  when  we  get  into,  “”Hug  the  muscles  to  bones.”,  In  such  a  way  that  you’re  not  working  hard  enough.  Because  there's  a  way  I  can  feel  like,  “All  right.  My  muscles  they're  talking  

to  my  bones,  there  hugging  the  bones  into  place  it  can  be  really  nice.”  And  then,  I  get  told  I'm  not  working  hard  enough  because  I'm  not  hard.    

Leslie:  Hugging  is  not  just  one  thing.  You  can  hug  somebody  in  a  very  sweet  kind  of  aw...  like  that.  And  then  there’s  like  Aunt  Bertha  who  comes  over  and  usually,  [sound  effects],  and  it's  like  you  can't  wait  to  get  out  of  that  hug.  So  you  know,  what  does  that  mean?  

 Amy:  I  think  we  lose  track  also  a  something  like  the  quadriceps.  Any  big  muscle,  any  muscle.  But  the  bigger  the  muscle  the  more  nuanced  it  can  be  also.  And  if  my  goal  is  to  have  my  quadriceps  

fully,  fully  engaged  altogether  that's  one  thing.  But  that  to  me  starts  to  separate  the  functioning  of  one  muscle  group  from  some  kind  of  sense  of  integration  through  the  body.  [Timestamp:  

80:00]  And  now  it  would  be  a  whole  different  thing  to  say  engage  your  quadriceps  or  engage  the  front  of  your  legs  until  you  feel  it  spread  up  into  your  abdomen.  Until  you  feel  it  spread  to  the  back  of  your  neck  and  the  palms  of  your  hands.  Like  that  would  involve—that  would  invite  some  

kind  of  feel  this,  recruit  this,  spread—like  things  that  invite  recrimination.  That's  not  what  I  mean.  Communication,  kinetic  chains.  That  I  think  is  bringing  us  more  towards  the  sense  of  the  wholeness.  Things  that  come  about  like  just  how  hard  can  you  work  in  this  one  spot  doesn't  to  

me,  at  least  in  my  experience  of  it,  doesn't  cultivate  a  sense  of  the  wholeness  of  myself.    Leslie:  Cause  the  other  thing  is  how  many  individual  components  of  the  alignment  of  a  pose  can  

you  keep  in  your  consciousness  at  any  one  time.    Amy:  About  30.  

 Leslie:  Not  unless  they’re  integrated  to  a  whole.  In  fact  every  cell  of  your  body  can  be  integrated  to  a  whole  in  certain  context  of  an  experience.  But  if  it  feels  like  you're  juggling  alignment  cues  

or  keeping  all  these  plates  spinning.  Because  the  minute  I  focus  on,  I  should  be  keeping  my  knee  cap  lifted,  damn  I'm  going  to  do  lose  my  anal  sphincter.  Because  I  was  supposed  to  keep  that  contracted  too,  and  by  the  way  oh,  but  then  I'm  knitting  my  eyebrows  and  I  always  do  that.  But  

then  I  relax  my  eyebrows  and  oh,  my  shoulders  pop  up.  So  wait  a  minute.  I  have  to  relax  I  have  to  concentrate  simultaneously  on  relaxing  my  eyebrows,  keeping  my  shoulders  dropped,  

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contracting  my  anal  sphincter,  and  lifting  my  knee  cap,  because  that's  the  right  way  to  do  this  pose  that  I've  learned.  You  see  what  I  mean?  You  can  access  the  whole  through  any  part—

through  any  cell,  really.  The  question  is  what  are  you  doing  with  that  information.  Are  you  getting  hung  up  in  the  part  or  are  you  integrating  it  with  the  whole?  Again,  differentiation  and  integration.  They  need  to  be  in  balance  you  can't  just  be  a  bunch  of  parts  that  you're  trying  to  

keep  relating  to  each  other  by  jumping  your  awareness  from  one  to  the  other,  one  to  the  other,  and  back  again.  There  has  to  be  a  whole  picture  somewhere.    

Amy:  Okay,  lie  down.  If  you're  not  already.  But  if  you'd  like  to,  you  can  just  take  Sivasana  if  you  want  to  but  if  you  want  to  bring  your  arms  out  to  the  side  and  take  this  movement  we've  done  a  few  times  now.  Just  a  reaching,  one  set  of  fingertips  across  and  then  on  rolling  back  and  

reaching  the  other  set  a  fingertips  across  and  then  rolling  back.  Just  feel  as  you  kind  of  reach  into  that  twist  where  do  you  feel  sliding?  Where  do  you  feel  sliding  short?  Knees  can  be  bent  or  straight.  Where  do  you  feel  sliding  long?  And  then  let  it  go  and  just  settle.  

 <  Interlude  of  sound  >    

Amy:  Lengthen  your  exhale  and  deepen  your  inhale.  Let  the  movement  of  your  breath  travel  to  your  fingers  and  to  your  toes,  to  your  head  and  to  your  tail.  And  with  an  exhale  gather  limbs  in  and  roll  to  one  side.  And  find  your  way  up  to  sitting.  Feel  the  support  of  your  bones  and  the  

movement  of  your  muscles.  Bring  your  hands  together  at  your  heart.  Bow  your  head  forward  and  your  heart  forward  in  gratitude  to  all  the  teachers  and  students  who’ve  gone  before,  and  

the  greatest  teacher  of  all  is  that  within  ourselves.      Om  shanti.  Thank  you.  Thank  you  everybody  have  a  great  night.  

 Amy:  This  concludes  Unit  6.  In  this  section  we  looked  at  the  physiology  of  the  muscles.  We  looked  at  the  connective  tissue,  and  how  they  work  together  to  create  the  muscular  system  that  

creates  movement  in  our  bodies.  Before  you  come  back  for  the  next  section  I  would  invite  you  to  think  about  the  muscle  patterns  in  your  body.  [Timestamp:  120:00]  What  patterns  are  challenging  for  you?  What  patterns  feel  the  most  enjoyable?  And  can  you  change  that  

experience?  Thanks  for  joining  us,  we’ll  see  you  next  time.