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Yellow Rust: Threat to Global Wheat Production
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Transcript of Yellow Rust: Threat to Global Wheat Production
Yellow Rust: Threat to Global Wheat Production
S. RajaramConsultant, ICARDA
& A. Yahyaoui
Senior Cereal Pathologist, ICARDACoordinator, ICWIP
Region Area (Mln) Production (Mln.MT) Yield (T/Ha)
World 222.76 683.41 3.06
North Africa 6.08 14.47 2.38
Western Asia 12.37 25.57 2.07
Central Asia 15.84 22.79 1.44
Eastern Asia 24.05 113.74 4.73
South Asia 36.00 112.53 3.11
North America 33.37 100.64 3.01
South America 7.37 11.91 1.61
Europe 61.60 248.00 4.03
Australia, NZ 13.57 21.76 1.60
Wheat Area (Mln. ha), Production (Mln.MT), and Yield (T/ha)
FAO Statistics, 2008
Rank CountryProduction (Mln .MT) Rank Country
Production (Mln.MT)
1 China 112.46 11 Turkey 17.78
2 India 78.57 12 U.K 17.23
3 USA 68.02 13 Kazakhstan 12.54
4 Russian Fed. 63.76 14 Poland 9.27
5 France 39.00 15 Italy 8.856 Canada 28.61 16 Argentina 8.51
7 Germany 25.98 17 Egypt 7.98
8 Ukraine 25.88 18 Iran 7.95
9 Australia 21.42 19 Romania 7.18
10 Pakistan 20.96 20 Brazil 6.03
Top 20 wheat Producing countries
FAO Statistics, 2008
Grain gap in 30 CWANA countries (excluding Turkey and Kazakhstan)
Source: World Bank 1993
World total wheat utilization was forecasted to rise by 17 million tonnes, or 2.7 percent, from the stagnant level in 2007/08
World food consumption of wheat in 2008/09 was forecasted to rise to 453 million tonnes, up by 7 million tonnes, or 1.6 percent, from 2007/08
FAO Statistics, 2008
Wheat Yellow (Stripe) Rust
Most common and widespread rust disease of wheat
Yield losses (10-80%) in CWANAEst. value of crop loss could reach > 1 billion USD.
Puccinia striiformis fsp tritici
Potential affected area of over 30 mln ha in CWANA
Cyclic occurrence of yellow rust epidemicsIn the Mediterranean Region
“Historical Events”
Production loss of cultivar Achtar : 100,000 T Monetary loss : $ 30 m US dollars
Reoccurrence of Yellow rust in Morocco & Turkey
Estimated Yield loss Gereck : 40% Monetary loss : > $52 m US dollars
2009 Yellow rust appeared in south part of Uzbekistan
in February and other parts in middle of April
20 of 22 commercial varieties were susceptible
Uzbekistan (2009)
Estimated $100 Million dollars loss (at $140/m.t) (production & Chemicals)
(R.C Sharma, 2009)
Iran:
>150 (1993),
>$100 (2002, 2009 )
Turkey:
>$560 (1992);
>$300 (96, 00, 04,09)
Important yield losses (Mln USD)across the region
Uzbekistan:
>$400 (1998, 02, 09)
Country Year Yield loss (%)/Mln tons Major Grown Varieties (Susceptible)
India PBW343,Pakistan InquilabTurkey 2002
201010-20 %>30%
Gereck, Gun 91, Sultan 95Gereck, Gun 91, Bezostaya, Katya
Syria 2010 30-80 Cham 8, Cham 6Iran 1993
19952010
1.5 mln Tons (15%)1.0 mln Tons (10%)1.0 Mln Tons (5-10 %)
Sardari, Roshan, Omid, Ghods, Falat, Sardari, Roshan, Omid, Ghods, FalatSardari, Kohdasht, Azar2, Zagros, Chamran, Pishtaz, Morvarid, Alvand, Bahar
Uzbekistan 200520092010
10-20%40-50%>40%
Polovchanka, Kroshka, Pamyat
Kazakhstan 20072009
5-10%40-50%
Nazhtsu, Pamyat 47, Yuzhnaya
Azerbaijan 2009, 2010
10-60%>30%
Mirbasir 128; Azametli 95; Mirbasir 128; Azametli 95;
Morocco 20092010
30%10-25%
Achtar, Merchouch, ArrihaneAchtar, Aguilal, Arrihane
Recent yield losses in key wheat producing countries
Country Fungicide Use Use frequency
Uzbekistan, Common Annual basis
Azerbaijan Frequent Epidemic years
Iran Frequent Epidemic years
Turkey Less frequent Sparsely used in 2009; Widely used in 2010
Morocco Not common Sparsely used in 2009; Widely used in 2010
Syria Not common
Pakistan Less frequent Sparsely used in 2010
Algeria, Tunisia
Not common Fungicide application in epidemic years
Egypt Not common Used as request by plant protection
Ethiopia Not common Widely used in 2010
Chemical control of Yellow rust in major wheat producing countriesIn CWANA
Pre-Breeding/ Breeding for yellow rust resistance
Previous conferences on yellow rust (Iran 2000, Pakistan 2004, Uzbekistan 2006, and recently Turkey 2009) strongly recommended use of Yr5 and Yr15 genes
Where do we stand on utilization of these genes?Are there cultivars released with these genes ?
Pre-Breeding/ Breeding for yellow rust resistance
Could key location testing be sufficiently funded to screen germplasm and varieties on time and recommended to NARS?
Could field pathology be reinvented to support the breeding?
Concluding remarks
Varietal Diversification Absolute Necessity in CWANA
Chemical applications as an important component of YR control
Seed multiplication of newer varieties on timely basis as replacement strategy
Timely detection and identification of new races of yellow rust
Epidemic forecasting system in place as regional strategy to advise Agricultural Ministry