Matter

MatterTopic 2What is matter?Scientists define matter as anything that has mass and occupies spaceMost matter is either:SolidLiquidGas

States of Matter

What is matter?Solids stay in the same shape; they do not flow or spread outLiquids take up the shape of the bottom of the container they are in; they flow when pouredGases take up the shape of their container and will escape if not contained

The Particle Theory of MatterScientists use the word particle to describe matter that is too small to seeAll matter is made of particlesParticles are always movingTemperature affects the speed the particles are moving at. The higher the temperature the faster the particles are moving

Changing StatesThe three different states of matter can change from one state to another.In order to change, the particles need to gain energy in the form of heat.When heat is applied to an object, it causes the particles to move around more

Investigating State ChangesAimTo observe water as it changes state from solid to liquid and then to gas

MethodCollect enough ice so that your beaker is half full and place the thermometer into it while you set up the rest of the equipmentStand up the retort stand and clamp alongside the tripod and gauze matPlace the beaker of ice on the gauze mate and gently clamp the thermometer so that it is held upright and the scale it easy to seeRecord the initial temperature of the iceLight the Bunsen burner and start timing with the stopwatchMeasure and record the temperature every minuteContinue measuring and recording the temperature until the water has been boiling for 2-3 minutesDiffusionThe behavior of matterDiffusionWhen gas particles are released into a room they are free to move anywhere they want!Eventually they will spread throughout the entire roomThis process is called diffusionDiffusionDiffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentrationDiffusionDiffusion occurs in gases and liquids but not in solids

DiffusionThe speed of diffusion depends on:The size of the particles the bigger the particles the slower they moveHow much energy the particles have the more energy the particles have (the hotter they are) the faster they moveObserving Diffusion

Expansion & ContractionExpansionWhen particles are heats, they begin to move around more and the space between the particles increases, causing the substance to expand

ContractionWhen matter is heated is expands. Similarly, when matter is cooled it contracts as the particles move closer together

Expansion The Bridge ProblemWhat happens to bridges in the heat? Bridges are subjected to incredible forces of wind heat and cold. They need to expand and contract to prevent them cracking or buckling.When temperature rises, the concrete slabs in the bridge expand, so joints are put in so the slabs of concrete don't break

Atoms!What are Atoms?Atoms are