All external factors influencing the life and activities of plants, animals

and humans.

omnevtnenir

Because of an exaggerated physical phenomenon, a large chipped stone tool hit your head from nowhere. You

want to take revenge so you ordered a time machine from the home shopping

network. You will travel back to the ________ period to kick an old man’s

ass.

ctiailephlo

When one cultivates land, he is practicing _________.

griacrtleuu

sntrmnafro

“What do the autobots do?”

If you play with ______, you’re

gonna get burned.

rife

pcatmi

Ancient humans had very little __________ on their environment.

agiiiotrnr Farmers have to bring a good

supply of water in dry areas to keep their crops growing. This process/method is called __________.

We claim that we are a ________________, yet most of us fail to act civilly.oiaitnvzicli

oandmA Taong-grasa is a full

time ________ since he wanders from a place to another.

All external factors influencing the life and activities of plants, animals

and humans.

environment

Because of an exaggerated physical phenomenon, a large chipped stone tool hit your head from nowhere. You

want to take revenge so you ordered a time machine from the home shopping

network. You will travel back to the ________ period to kick an old man’s

ass.

paleolithic

paleolithic

When one cultivates land, he is practicing _________.

agriculture

agriculture

transform

If you play with ______, you’re

gonna get burned.

fire

fire

impact

Ancient humans had very little __________ on their environment.

impact

irrigation Farmers have to bring a good

supply of water in dry areas to keep their crops growing. This process/method is called __________.irrigation

We claim that we are a ________________, yet most of us fail to act civilly.civilization

civilization

nomadA Taong-grasa is a full time ________ since he wanders from a place to another.

nomad

TRANSFORMATION OF EARTH BY EARLY HUMANS

Our early human ancestors are thought to have

come into existence about 6 million years ago.

Several sets of skeletons have been unearthed by archaeologists, such as the:

Australopithecus africanusHomo habilisHomo ergaster

Human population density was very low, around only one person per square mile, and

they were generally NOMADIC.

The earliest evidence of people-environment relationships comes from the Paleolithic period,

1.5 million years ago.

This period was also called the

STONE AGE.

This was the period when chipped-stone tools were first

used.

What was their lifestyle like during

the Paleolithic Period?

HUNTING AND GATHERING- the subsistence strategy employed by ancient human societies

Humans hunted wild animals for meat

and gathered food, firewood, and materials

for their tools, clothes, or shelters.

USE OF FIRE

Ancient people used fire:

• to herd and hunt game• to deflect predators• to provide warmth• to encourage the

growth of vegetation that would attract grazing animals

Paleolithic humans enjoyed an abundance of leisure time

unparalleled in both Neolithic farming societies and modern

industrial societies.

LEISURE TIME

The process of blade toolmaking, developed about 40,000 years ago, involved several steps of production. (1) Using a palm-sized hammerstone, the toolmaker created a flat platform by knocking off the top of a larger stone. (2) Using a wooden hammer and a piece of antler or

bone, the toolmaker struck down on the edge of the platform, knocking off several long bladelike pieces around the perimeter. (3) Again using a piece of antler or bone, the toolmaker retouched the blade flake by removing smaller flakes to create a finished tool. Some examples

of different types of blade tools appear to the right.

Stone age people refined their killing

technologies.

CLOVIS POINT

Clovis points are named after Clovis, Mexico where they were first discovered.

CLOVIS POINT The Clovis point is a flaked,

bifaced projectile whose length is more than twice its width.

Clovis points were attached to spears and were used to hunt game.

Stone age people refined their killing technologies.

was a period in the development of human technology, and is considered

the last part of the Stone Age.

Neolithic Age

Environmental conditions of this period made possible the domestication of

plants and animals.

They ceased to be nomads.

In the neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster.

During most of the Neolithic age, people lived in small tribes.

The emergence of agriculture and farming grew appreciation of nature through ritual,

religion, and art.

Reverential attitude toward nature were pervasive.

Neolithic people depended on rain, soil fertility and

sunlight to produce successful harvest.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

(Paleolithic and Neolithic)

Use of Fire

The use of fire altered or destroyed vegetation from entire forests to vast grasslands.

lead to soil erosion or even to total denudation of the landscape

began nearly about 1,000,000 to 500,000 years ago.

Extinction of Megafauna

Extinction of Megafauna

Archaeologists believe that many large North American animal species, such as the giant deer, woolly rhino, and

mammoth disappeared.

WHY THESE ANIMALS?

Extinction of Megafauna

Before, 2.5 sq. km of wildlife and vegetation were adequate for the survival of two people. But since population grew, more pressure was placed on animal populations to satisfy human food requirements.

And since these animals are large and could not escape

quickly, they were the easiest to hunt.

Irrigation

With this, humans have been able to alter the limits of their

environment.

Invention of Agricultural Tools

These tools helped to domestication of plants and animals and to multiply the

early agriculturists’ impact on the landscape.

Alteration of Ecosystems

Simplification of Ecosystems. Wild species began to be replaced by fewer cultivatable crops.

Increase of Human Population Growth. Increased yields through greater control over available foodstuffs helped improve human health, increasing the human population.

Environmental mismanagement caused a number of problems…

• Irrigation systems were clogged with salt.

• Deforestation (the removal of trees from an area without adequate replanting) and Siltation (the buildup of sand and salt in waterways) were also problems.

• It caused civilizations such as Mesopotamia to collapse.

European Expansion

…began with population increase, from 36 million to 80 million in 300 years

(1000-1300)

What were the eff ects of the population increase?

Exploitation of environment and natural

resources

More forested lands were cleared for agriculture, more animals killed for food, and

more minerals exploited

Europe initiated its second phase of expansion in the 15th century

Europeans were running out of land, but they still wanted to enlarge their empires. They began searching for and colonizing other lands outside Europe.

WHY?Gold (expand empire), God (spread Christianity), Glory (fame and fortune)

Industrialization and urbanization have revolutionized human life and

brought about far-reaching ecological changes.

Recent Environmental Change

Mining: loss of vegetation and topsoil,erosion, water pollution and acid/toxic drainage.

Burning of coal: emits carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide.

Burning of oil: air pollution and health problems

IMPACT OF ENERGY NEEDS ON THE ENVIRONMENT