XXVI. The War of 1812A. Confrontation with Britain on High Seas 1. Jefferson wanted to continue neutrality 2. Nelson 1805 beat French&Spanish at Trafalgar 3. England hoped to cut off French from America 4. Americans filled void and claimed neutrality 5. British Essex decision 1805 a. could not open ports during time of war if closed otherwise b. British seized American ships 6. Congress replied in 1806 with Non-Importation Act a. prohibited importation of English goods produced elsewhere 7. Napoleon countered with Berlin Decree of 1806 a. France could seize any ship that stopped in British port first 8. British orders in Council ordered all ships, stop first in England 9. Milan Decree ordered seizure of ships submitting to British search 10. Americans still profit even though ships seized by both sides

11. American upset with British more a. Ships in a foreign port subject to their rules b. British violating international law i. Blockade stops ships entering ports ii. Britain not enough ships to cut off Europe iii. Easier to patrol outside American ports c. James Madison denounced action as a "paper blockade" d. British stopped all American trade B. Impressment continues 1. British sailors escaped in large number 2. Americans felt these men were immigrants to America 3. British felt they were deserters, searched every American ship 4. men who could not prove American were impressedC. Chesapeake Affair 1807 1. 38 gun American Frigate the Chesapeake left Norfolk, Virginia 2. British frigate Leopard stationed in Chesapeake Bay stopped it0

3. American refused and Leopard fired killing three and wounding 18 4. American surrendered, British boarded taking 4 men as deserters 5. An act of war 6. Jefferson used diplomatic & commercial coercion for apology 7. Britain refused to take action against captain of the Leopard 8. Jefferson asked for an embargo of American shipping a. all American ships forced to stay in port b. hurt interstate commerce c. Americans continued to smuggle, ignoring the actD. Election 1808 James Madison elected PresidentE. Non-Intercourse Act. 1. Election was close and embargo extremely unpopular 2. Congress substituted embargo with the Non-Intercourse Act a. forbade Americans to trade with England or France b. allowed Madison to restore trade if either ceased hostilities

3. Congress passes Macon's Bill No. 2 a. Allows Madison to open trade b. President can reinstitute embargo 4. Napoleon publicly repeals seizing ships a. secretly he keeps up the practice 5. British realize Napoleon's ploy, step up actions against AmericansF. Patriotic feeling prevalent and frustration mounts 1. one group of armed patriots attacks Spanish West Florida 2. They take Baton Rouge and declare independence 3. seek annexation by U. S. but Spanish object 4. Congress worried about England and France refuses to anger SpainG. Battle of Tippecanoe. 1. Shawnee leader, Tecumseh & his brother the Prophet 2. William Henry Harrison leads fight against Shawnee 3. After battle Harrison discovers British marked arms & ammunition 4. Americans had proof, British helping Indians attack settlers

H. Not everyone wanted war 1. North making a profit from smuggling even with embargo 2. West wants war upset British involvement w/ Indian agitationI. Madison asks for Declaration of War against Britain, June 1, 1812 1. British “Orders In Counsel” a. rescinded & sent message as U.S. sent ship declaring war 2. Impressment 3. British involvement with Indians J. The War was disastrous for the U.S. 1. Warfare takes place in America 2. American victories happen at sea a. 13 navel battles America wins 12 3.Tecumseh surrounds Detroit a. Battle of Thames 4. 1813 British victorious at Leipzig over Napoleon a. Turn full attention to Americans capture & burn Washington, DC

5. Final battle (New Orleans) fought after the Peace treaty signed a. Andrew Jackson, inexperienced general of Tennessee militia b. Kentucky volunteers & two regiments of free Blacks join c. four regiments able to defeat larger British force d. 2,000 British killed, 7 Americans dead K. Treaty of Ghent (Belgium) Dec. 24, 1814 1. Czar of Russia arbitrated the peace 2. British give up forts ceded in 1783 3. No more Indian confederation 4. no mention of navigation or impressment a. no real need since war in Europe was overL. Effects of the War in America 1. People of New England want out early, opposed to war at start a. Mass. & Conn. refuse to provide troops or supplies b. Dec.1814 five New England states send delegates to Hartford i. debate proposals of secession

XXVII. Growing SectionalismA. Monroe's Foreign Policy 1. 1817 Monroe tried to reestablish U.S. credibility a. British started rebuilding navy on Great Lakes b. Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817 i. 1 100-ton vessel & 18-pound cannon each ii. only two ships border soon demilitarized iii. 49 to Rockies & joint Oregon for 10 yrs. 2. Independent Florida a. Spain no longer threatened U.S., Florida sought annexation i. Seminoles raided Georgia stealing horses & supplies ii. Slaves escape through Georgia out of U.S. jurisdiction b. Monroe ordered Gen. Jackson to clear Seminoles from U.S. i. Jackson exceeded his authority ii. Jackson captures two Spanish forts iii. Jackson hangs two British subjects for inciting Seminoles iv. Monroe worried about war, ordered Jackson home

d. Spain had no control over territory i. Spanish colonies threaten independence ii. Americans could take all of Florida iii. border of Louisiana & Mexico unclear e. Adams-Onís Treaty, signed 1819 ratified 1821 i. Luis de Onís and Sec. of State John Quincy Adams ii. Adams knew he had Florida and negotiated over Louisiana iii. Louisiana follows Sabine, Red and Arkansas Rivers to Rockies iv. Spain keeps Texas U.S. gets Florida & pays $5 million 3. Monroe Doctrine a. Sec. of State John Q. Adams designs foreign policy b. Latin American countries becoming independent modeled on U.S. c. 1818 Henry Clay rep. Kentucky proposed U.S. recognize d. Monroe did not want to jeopardize Adams-Onis talks e. March 1822 once treaty ratified, recognized countries

f. Holy Alliance, Nov. 1822 i. France, Austria, Russia, & Prussia help Spain ii. Britain feared a resurgence of Spain iii. British sec. George Canning urges united action iv. Adams urged independent action g. Monroe puts policy in state of the nation address i. Americas closed to European colonization ii. political systems of Americas separate from Europe iii. any attempt to extend influence in Americas viewed as threat iv. U.S. wouldn’t interfere in existing colonies or European affairs h. Not very important and ignored until after Civil War B. Domestic Policy 1. 1819 Missouri applied for admission into the Union a. unresolved issue of slavery brought up b. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 only limits to Mississippi R. 2. Cotton Gin 1793

a. Eli Whitney unemployed Yankee schoolteacher invented device b. box contained a roller, wire brushes, cranked by hand c. Invention revolutionized cotton industry, largest cash crop d. Plantations increase along with slaves to run them 3. Sen. Rufus King of New York demanded Missouri prohibit slavery 4. Southerners refused to let congress limit slavery in trans Miss. a. South loosing power i. when nation started most lived in south ii. by 1819 more people lived in the north iii. north had 105 representatives south 81 iv. Senate divided between free & slave b. south unwilling to yield senate equality 5. Missouri Compromise a. Missouri gains admission as slave state b. Maine comes in as a free state c. Slavery prohibited north of 3630' from Missouri to Rockies

C. Election of 1824 most Sectional election to date 1. Five Candidates each with different programs and issues a. John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts represents north b. William Crawford of Georgia & John Calhoun of South Carolina c. Henry Clay of Kentucky & Andrew Jackson of Tennessee 2. Calhoun withdrew to become V.P. for Adams and Jackson 3. No decisive winner, Jackson 91; Adams 84; Crawford 41; Clay 37. 4. With no majority the House of Representatives decided the winner 5. Corrupt Bargain a. Crawford to ill to campaign b. Jackson felt assured of victory c. Clay supports Adams for Sec. of State d. Adams wins, Jackson cries "Corrupt Bargain"D. John Quincy Adams' Presidency 1. Adams was competent and had great plans a. wanted to build federal roads and canals

b. standardize weights and measures c. establish a national university d. support science and the arts, commerce and manufacturing 2. Country's factionalism & Jackson's bitterness proved insurmountable