WWI

Mrs. Newman

Long-term Causes- MAIN

• Militarism- aggressive preparation for war• Alliances-

• Triple Alliance- GY, Au-Hu, Italy• Triple Entente- GB, FR, RU

• Imperialism- competition over land & resources

• Nationalism- some ethnic groups didn’t have their own nation or were being ruled by another ethnic group (wanted independence)

Immediate cause- “Spark that lit the fuse for WWI”

• By 1914, Serbia (supported by Russia) wanted to create a large Slavic state in the Balkans, which Au-Hu wanted to prevent.

• A group of terrorists- The Black Hand, wanted Serbia to be free of Au-Hu rule.

• June 28, 1914- Archduke Franz Ferdinand & his wife visited Sarajevo, Bosnia.

•Gavrilo Princip shot & killed the Archduke &

his wife

Timeline of events leading to WWI-1914

AU-HU sent an ultimatum to Serbia (after AU-HU received support from GY)

July 23, 1914

Serbia rejects the ultimatum

AU-HU declares war on Serbia

RU orders troops to the AU-HU & German border

GY warns RU to stop sending troops w/in 12 hours

RU ignores warning & GY declares war on RU (Aug.1)

GY declares war on FR & GY demands that Belgium allow German troops to pass through to get to FR. (Aug. 3)

Belgium (ally of GB) refuses

GB declares war on GY (Aug. 4)

Starting the War- Alliances

• The Triple Alliance now became the

Central Powers- Germany &

Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Italy dropped out of the TA and joined the Allies)

• The Triple Entente now became the

Allies- Great Britain, France, Russia, and Italy

Germany’s Strategy

• Schlieffen Plan- two front war w/ FR & RU• Defeat FR quickly and

then go after RU

Count Alfred von Schlieffen

Govt. Propaganda- ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause

German propaganda

Many believed war would be over in weeks.

War Technology in WWI- “Total War”

• Machine guns *poison gas• Trench warfare *airplanes• Artillery *tanks• submarines

http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/videos#world-war-i-packs

Problems with trench warfare

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXtsiqrhqsU&edufilter=vH8ntV7keCE-ZLl5wRMzNg

The Fronts

• The Western Front-First Battle of the Marne

(Sep. 6-10, 1914)– French halted the Germans and the battle turned into a stalemate (neither side winning/losing) in the trenches

-Schlieffen Plan ruined

• The Eastern Front

-RU defeated by GY at the Battle of Tannenberg (Aug. 30, 1914). (RU slow to mobilize troops)

-AU-Hu defeated by RU and kicked out of Serbia

-GY, Au-Hu, and Bulgaria join forces & defeat the Russians & push them back (Serbia was attacked & eliminated from the war)

Battles near Verdun and the Somme River-1916

• Trench warfare was deadly and neither side ever gained much ground

• Verdun- French vs. Germans (over 300,000 killed)

• Somme- British/French vs. Germans (approx. 1 million killed), only a few miles gained by each side

http://www.history.com/videos/1916-battle-of-the-somme#1916-battle-of-the-somme

U.S. enters WWI

• U.S. tried to remain neutral at first

• England had set up a blockade on Germany (to prevent supplies from getting through)

• GY started their own blockade against GB by using unrestricted submarine warfare with u-boats

http://www.history.com/videos/wwi-firsts#wwi-firsts

The RMS Lusitania• May 7,

1915- Lusitania sunk by GY’s u-boat

• 1,100 killed (128 Americans)

• U.S. very upset

• GY stops unrestricted submarine warfare• Resumes

April 1917p.510-513 “Special Report”

Zimmermann Note/Telegram

• Telegram sent by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire- Arthur Zimmermann (Jan. 16, 1917- which was forwarded to the German ambassador in Mexico- von Eckardt)

• Stated GY (when it won WWI) would help Mexico regain land it had lost to the U.S. if Mexico attacked the U.S.

• Britain intercepted the telegram

• U.S. declares war on GY- April 6, 1917

The End is Coming… the war that is!

• Entry of the U.S. in 1917 gave the Allies a much-needed psychological boost, along with fresh men & material

An American “Doughboy”

The Home Front

• Total War- complete mobilization of resources & people

• Govt's. expanded their powers & drafted tens of millions of young men for military service• Set up price, wage, & rent controls;

rationed food supplies & materials

• Women took over jobs now that the men had gone to war• When the men returned, the women

were out of a job

Russian Revolution• 1914- Czar Nicholas

made the decision for Russia to go to war (Russia was unprepared)

• 1915- Nicholas moved his headquarters to the war front

• Back at the palace, Czarina Alexandra ran the govt., with the help/advice of Rasputin.

The Romanov Family

Rasputin- “The Mad Monk”

• Self-described holy man

• Convinced the Czarina he had “powers” to heal her son (Alexis) who had hemophilia

• Given power to make key decisions at court (which most didn’t like)

• Dec. 1916- murdered

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76MQqlx7x1w&edufilter=vH8ntV7keCE-ZLl5wRMzNg

March Revolution-1917

• Women textile workers led a strike & later riots started over shortages of bread & fuel

• Czar Nicholas forced to abdicate

• Provisional Govt.- temporary govt. was set up in Russia.

• Soviets- local councils of workers, peasants, and soldiers

Vladimir Lenin • Leader of the Bolshevik Party

• Early 1900s- fled Russia to avoid arrest by the czarist regime

• GY arranged for Lenin’s return during WWI (to stir up trouble). Arrived in 1917

• Slogan- “Peace, Land, Bread”

• Nov. 1917- Lenin/Bolsheviks take over

• Romanovs assassinated-July 1918

Bolshevik Reforms

1. All farmland distributed among the peasants

2. Gave control of factories to the workers

3. 1918- Signed a truce with Germany (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)- stopped war b/w GY & RU

Boris Kustodiev’s 1920 painting "Bolshevik"

Soviet Union/USSR

• 1922- Russia becomes the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Soviet Union)

• Capital- Moscow

• Bolsheviks renamed the Communist Party

• Lenin dies in 1924 & is replaced by Joseph Stalin

*sickle- the peasants/farmers*hammer- the workers*red- blood spilt by the workers who fought for freedom*yellow star- life and energy of the sun; five points of the star symbolize the single unity and international representation of the government — 5 recognized continents.

Second Battle of the Marne• By April 1918- German

troops were within 50 miles of Paris

• July 1918- GY stopped by French, Moroccan, & U.S. troops in the Second Battle of the Marne

• GY pushed back & the Allies moved towards GY

The End of WWI

• By Sep. 1918- the war is lost for GY

• Nov. 11, 1918- GY signed an armistice (truce, an agreement to stop fighting)

Peace Treaty

• Jan. 1919- Paris Peace Conference

• The Big Four- U.S., FR, GB, IT • Lloyd George, Orlando, Clemenceau, Wilson

• GY & RU not invited (????)

• Wilson’s plan for peace- “Fourteen Points”• League of Nations- organization of countries, to

prevent war (formed Jan. 25, 1919)

Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919)

• Article 231- “War Guilt Clause”- GY & AU-HU started the war

• GY had to pay reparations (war damages)

• $32-33 billion• 2010- GY finished paying

the US• 2020- the rest of the world

• GY forced to reduce its army to 100,000 men

• Cut back its navy• Eliminate its air force • The Rhineland was

established (neutral, de-militarized zone) between FR and GY

Aftermath of the First World War

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

                                                                                                              

New Countries Established

• Finland• Latvia• Estonia• Lithuania• Poland• Czechoslovakia• Austria• Hungary• Yugoslavia

• New Countries had many ethnic groups within them, which will lead to later conflicts.

CSWK/HMWK

• P. 528 #1-19•You do not have to write the questions.

•You may work together, though individual work should be turned in.

•5th pr- notes after lunch.