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Transcript of Write down five things you notice about this picture.
•Write down five things you notice about this picture.
Nutrition
What’s the big deal?•Differentiate between nutrition & nutrient•List the 6 basic nutrient groups•Discuss difference between ruminant &
non•Discuss the importance of various
nutrients ▫Within the ration▫Deficiencies
Nutrition!•Nutrition:
▫Refers to the animal receiving a proper and balanced food and water ration so that it can: Grow Maintain its body Reproduce Supply a product
Work, Eggs, Milk, Meat, Sale of offspring, Fur/Pelts, or companionship
So then, what’s a nutrient?•Nutrient:
▫A single food or group of foods of the same general chemical composition that support life Water Proteins Carbohydrates Fats Vitamins Minerals (Fiber)
They’re IMPORTANT!!!!
But let’s not get ahead of ourselves•Digestion!
▫Process of breaking down food material into various nutrient forms that can be absorbed
•Two types:▫Ruminant
Cows, sheep, goats▫Nonruminant
Horses, pigs, people▫Avian
Chickens (but they’re weird!)
Ruminant Animals• “Forage-Consuming” • “Multi-Stomached”• Four compartments
▫Rumen Fermentation (microbes!)
▫Reticulum Sorting (hardware)
▫Omasum Many piles—water removal
▫Abomasum True Stomach
The rumen makes up ~80% of the stomach with a
capacity of 50-60 gallons!
Ruminant Digestion• Mastication• Saliva
▫Aids in chewing & swallowing▫Aids in controlling stomach pH
pH= The acidity or alkalinity of a substance▫Salivary amylase (enzyme) changes starch into
maltose Enzyme= Complex protein substance produced by
the body and necessary for biochemical reactions Biochemical reactions = chemical reactions that take
place in the cells of plants and animals (respiration, digestion & assimilation)
Non-ruminant digestion
Process•Food passage: mouth -> esophagus -
>stomach•Stomach:
▫Breaks down food material▫Secretes digestive juices
Break down proteins and fat•Stomach -> small intestine
▫Primary site of digestion▫Absorption of carbs, fats & proteins
Absorption= The taking in of fluids
The Small Intestine
•Doudodenum▫Enzymes break
down fats•Jejunum & Ileum
▫Active absorption sites
The Large Intestine
•Undigested food
•Cecum•Colon•Anus•Functionality
depends on species
A few minor exceptions•Horses
▫No gallbladder! Bile is secreted from the liver
▫Consumes lots of forage▫SMALL single stomach with LARGE cecum
& colon▫ Roughage, Concentrates
Another exception•Rabbits
▫Similar to horses, EXCEPT:
▫Coprophagy Eat their feces Allows system to
take full use of bacteria
Avian•A completely
different story!
•“Single stomached”
•Unique organs•No teeth!
Avian•Esophagus -> Crop
▫Crop=enlarged esophagus; storage & softening
•Crop -> Ventriculus (Gizzard)▫Largest organ; grinds the food
•Ventriculus -> Small Intestine▫Broken down with enzymes; absorption
lower•Intestine -> Cloaca
▫Junction point•2 Ceca—little digestion
Biochemical Reactions•Respiration
▫The process by which oxygen is supplied to the cells and tissues in exchange for carbon dioxide
•Digestion▫The breakdown of food materials and the
absorption of nutrients•Assimilation
▫Conversion of food material into a form that can be absorbed
Water
•Supports biochemical reactions•Transports nutrients•Helps maintain body temperature•Helps give the body form•Carries waste from the body
Water
•More important than any other nutrient•Can survive without food, NEED WATER!
▫Loss from blood▫Reduced circulation▫Decreased O2 carrying capacity▫Lowers disease resistance
•Quickly absorbed
Water
•IMPORTANT:▫Good, clean, fresh WATER!
•Infectious organisms in H2O will be absorbed as quickly as the water
•Water = good carrier for drugs or chemicals for disease control
Water
•Makes up 55-65% of animal’s body•Makes up 90-95% of animal’s blood•Makes up 72-78% of animal’s muscle•Makes up 30-40% of animal’s bone
Water
•Do you think it’s a big deal??
Protein• Developing and repairing body organs & tissues• Producing milk, wool & eggs• Developing the fetus• Generating enzymes & hormones
▫Enzyme: Necessary for biochemical reactions▫Hormone: Chemicals that are produced in one part of
the body but trigger responses in another part• Developing antibodies
▫Antibody: substance produced in response to antigen• Transmitting DNA
▫DNA: Genetic material that carries hereditary codes
Protein•Broken down
into amino acids
•25 amino acids in animal feeds
•10 essential▫Cannot be
supplied by the animal’s body
Essential Nonessential
Isoleucine AlanineLeucine Arginine*Lysine Aspartate
Methionine Cysteine*Phenylalanine Glutamate
Threonine Glutamine*Tryptophan Glycine*
Valine Proline*Histidine Serine
Asparagine* Tyrosine*Selenocysteine
**Pyrrolysine
**
Protein• Ruminants
▫Capable of manufacturing all AA required if more are given in large enough quantities
▫N combines with CHOs • Poultry
▫Also require glycine• Cystine
▫Can replace methionine => essential
• Amounts needed depend on species and stage of growth
Carbohydrates•Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen•Provide ENERGY!!•Support bodily functions (basal
metabolism)•Producing heat to keep the body warm•Store fat
Carbohydrates•Made up of (NFE):
▫Sugars▫Starches▫Crude Fiber
•Nitrogen Free Extract▫The easily and completely digested sugars
and starches
Carbohydrates•Crude Fiber
▫Non-digestible bulk or roughage▫Species will determine amount
Fats (Lipids)•Provide Energy•Aid in absorbing fat-soluble vitamins•Provide Fatty Acids
▫Linoleic, linolinic & arachidonic (Essential)•Most animals require less than 3%
Fats (Lipids)•Same chemicals as carbs•Different composition•2.25 times more energy than carbs
Vitamins•Regulate digestion•Develop normal vision, bone & external
covering•Regulate body glands•Form new cells•Protect against disease•Develop and maintain the nervous system
Vitamins•What’s the big deal?
▫Organic substances required in very small amounts to aid in biochemical reactions
•Classified by solubility▫Fat or water soluble▫Solubility: capable of being dissolved.
Vitamins are classified as fat soluble or water soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored by the body; water soluble vitamins are stored in limited amounts
Vitamins•Fat soluble vitamins
▫Stored and accumulated in the liver and fatty tissue
•A, D, E & K
Vitamins•Vitamin A
▫Required to prevent: Poor vision Respiratory ailments Digestive problems Reproductive difficulties
▫Sources Green leafy plants Carotene (precursor/provitamin)
Vitamins•Vitamin D (D2 & D3)
▫Associated with use of Ca & P•Deficiency= weak/trembling legs
▫Rickets•If getting enough sunlight ≠ problem•Sources
▫Good quality, sun cured hay
Vitamins• Vitamin E
▫Antioxidant▫Fertility in rats▫Successful reproduction in others
• Deficiency:▫White muscle disease▫Breeding, fertility, abortion, & miscarriage issues in
rabbits▫Muscle development
• Sources:▫Generally not a problem and available in most rations
Vitamins•Vitamin K
▫Maintenance of normal blood coagulation•Deficiency:
▫Respiratory illness in rabbits•Sources:
▫Green forages▫Seeds▫Good hay
•Coumadin (Warfarin)
Vitamins•Water soluble vitamins
▫C vitamins and B complex vitamins Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine,
inositol, cobalamin, (B12), pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin, choline, and para-amino benzoic acid
Vitamins•Vitamin C
▫Ascorbic Acid▫Produced in digestive system
•Deficiency:▫Scurvy (guinea pigs & monkeys)▫Diarrhea
•Unstable (breaks down quickly when combined in feeds)
•Sources: ▫Citrus
Vitamins• Vitamin B (Thiamine)
▫One of the first vitamins discovered!▫Required for normal metabolism of carbohydrates
• Deficiency:▫Decreased appetite▫Muscular weakness▫Polyneuritis (paralysis)
• Sources:▫Raw, whole grains
• Problems:▫Raw freshwater fish in ration destroys thiamine
Vitamins•Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
▫Metabolism of amino acids & carbohydrates•Deficiency:
▫Poor hatchability▫Deformed chicks▫Crippled or deformed young▫Eye problems
•Sources:▫Whole or skim milk, green forages, & good
quality hay, supplement at low cost
Vitamins•Niacin
▫Usually not sufficient in “included” feeds•Deficiency:
▫Pellegra (Black Tongue)▫Digestive disorders▫Stunted growth
•Sources:▫Supplement
Vitamins•Pantothenic Acid
▫Low in corn, but high in most other feeds•Deficiency:
▫Skin condition near beak▫Stunted growth in turkeys▫Goose Stepping (swine)
•Sources:▫Chemical sources, most feed material
except corn
Vitamins•Vitamin B12
▫Cobalamin▫Essential for multiple biochem reactions
•Deficiency:▫Growth & reproduction▫Blood formation issues
•Sources:▫Chemical, fish meal, fish solubles, liver
meal, and dried milk products
Vitamins•Choline
▫Transportation and metabolism of fatty acids
•Deficiency:▫Slipped tendons (periosis)▫Kidney & Liver damage▫“Fatty liver”
•Sources:▫Most feeds, supplements
Vitamins•Folic acid
▫Normal cell development•Deficiency:
▫Poor growth▫Various blood disorders
•Sources:▫Most feeds; supplements not usually
required
Vitamins•Biotin
▫Carbon dioxide fixation & carboxylation•Deficiency:
▫Dermatis▫Hair loss▫Stunted growth
•Sources:▫Most feeds; avidin in raw egg white makes
biotin unavailable to the animal
Vitamins•Inositol
▫B-complex vitamin▫Deficiency and sources unknown
•Para-amino benzoic acid▫Essential for growth of microorganisms▫Deficiency and sources unknown
Vitamins•Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
▫Fat metabolism▫Transportation and synthesis of
unsaturated fatty acids•Deficiency:
▫Poor growth, anemia, & convulsions•Sources:
▫Most feed stuffs
Minerals•Essential to support
▫Not part of tissue development•Components of ash
▫Cannot be burned•Supply material for building the skeleton•Produce body regulators
▫Enzymes▫Hormones
•Definition: the inorganic, chemical elements of a ration
Minerals•Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen
▫NON CHEMICAL ELEMENTS•16 minerals
▫Seven macrominerals (Major) Needed in the largest quantity Most likely to be lacking
▫9 microminerals (Trace)
Minerals•Macrominerals
▫Calcium▫Phosphorus▫Potassium▫Sodium▫Sulfur▫Chlorine▫Magnesium
Minerals• Calcium
▫Required in highest amount by vertebrates▫99% deposited in bones and teeth
Essential for bone and teeth development Normal blood coagulation & milk production
• Deficiency:▫Stunted growth & deformed bones▫Rickets (soft, flexible bone)▫Osteoporosis & Osteomalacia
• Sources:▫Limestone, Oyster shell, bone meal & deflourinated
phosphates
Minerals• Phosphorus
▫Closely linked with calcium▫75% deposited in bones & teeth▫Essential for metabolism, respiration, enzyme
based reactions & normal reproduction• Deficiency:
▫Similar to calcium• Sources:
▫Low fluorine phosphates & bone meal▫Wheat bran, high protein feeds, milk & most
grains
Minerals•Potassium
▫Required for osmotic relation, acid base balance & digestion
•Deficiency:▫Decreased feed consumption, slow growth,
stiffness, weight loss•Sources:
▫Sufficient in most grains and feeds
Minerals•Sodium & Chlorine
▫Form digestive juices, control body fluids, pH and muscle activity
•Deficiency:▫Unthrifty▫Sudden death
•Especially important in ruminants▫Sodium bicarb neutralizes acid in fermentation
•Sources:▫Supplement, blocks, free choice
Minerals•Sulfur
▫Forms sulfur containing amino acids•Deficiency:
▫Linked with protein▫General unthriftiness
•Sources:▫Feed stuffs usually “over-adequate”
Minerals•Magnesium
▫Carbohydrate metabolism▫Nervous system function
•Deficiency:▫Low quality forages=main culprit
•Toxicity:▫Hypomagnesaemia (Grass tetany)
•Sources:▫Usually adequate
Minerals•Microminerals (Trace)
▫Zinc▫Iron▫Copper▫Selenium▫Manganese▫Iodine▫Cobalt▫Fluorine▫Molybdenum
Minerals•Iron
▫Forms hemoglobin Red colored, iron-containing protein
component of blood that is responsible for carrying oxygen to the body tissues
•Deficiency:▫Anemia: loss of appetite, swelling,
“thumping” breathing•Sources:
▫Ferrous sulfate, iron based injections
Minerals•Copper
▫Iron absorption, hemoglobin formation, keratin synthesis
•Deficiency:▫Similar to iron & show up w/ low Cu soils
•Sources:▫Most feeds are sufficient
Minerals•Iodine
▫Production of thyroxin•Deficiency:
▫Goiter Swelling of thyroid glands in the neck area Dead or weak animals Hairlessness Infected navals
•Sources:▫Most feed & water is sufficient
Minerals•Cobalt
▫Component of vitamin B12▫Microorganism growth in the rumen
•Deficiency:▫Poor appetite, unthrifiness, weakness,
anemia, decreased fertility, slow growth, low production
•Sources:▫Supplement needed in Co deficient soils
Minerals•Fluorine
▫Reduces dental incidence▫Associate with Ca and P utilization
•Deficiency:▫Not a major concern
•Sources:▫Not major concern in formulating diets
Minerals•Manganese
▫Estrus, ovulation, fetal development, udder development, milk production, growth & skeletal development
•Deficiency:▫Delayed estrus, deformed young, poor
growth, abortions, resorptions•Sources:
▫Most feeds contain them
Minerals•Zinc
▫Promotes “thriftiness,” wound healing, hair & wool growth
•Deficiency▫Parakeratosis in swine▫Ca may make Zn unavailable
•Sources:▫Most feeds are adequate
Minerals•Molybdenum
▫Component of Xanthine oxidase▫Stimulate action of rumen organisms
•Sources:▫Adequate in most feeds
Minerals•Selenium
▫Absorption & utilization of Vit E•Deficiency:
▫Heart failure, paralysis, poor growth, low fertilit, liver necrosis, muscular dystrophy
▫Forage producing soils = low selenium•Source:
▫Adequate in most feeds
So what do you feed your pet?
But seriously!•Brand name pet foods
▫Usually contain complete and balanced diets
▫Recommendation for proper amounts▫Appropriate labeling
•Deficiencies?▫Not common in complete pet formulated
diets▫Table scraps▫Homemade diets