Wouter Bleeker, Richard Ernst & Ken Buchan Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa
description
Transcript of Wouter Bleeker, Richard Ernst & Ken Buchan Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa
Penrose, June 2006 1
Did Plate Tectonics begin in Paleoproterozoic Did Plate Tectonics begin in Paleoproterozoic
time?time?
…well before, but scale & style become more …well before, but scale & style become more
modernmodern
during the Paleoproterozoicduring the Paleoproterozoic
Wouter Bleeker, Richard Ernst & Ken Wouter Bleeker, Richard Ernst & Ken BuchanBuchan
Geological Survey of Canada, OttawaGeological Survey of Canada, Ottawa
GE
OLOGICAL
SU
RVEY C O M MIS
SION
GÉOLOGIQ
UE
Evidence for plate behaviour at 2.1-Evidence for plate behaviour at 2.1-1.8 Ga:1.8 Ga:
break-up, dispersal & suturingbreak-up, dispersal & suturingof Archean cratonsof Archean cratons
Evidence for plate behaviour at 2.1-Evidence for plate behaviour at 2.1-1.8 Ga:1.8 Ga:
break-up, dispersal & suturingbreak-up, dispersal & suturingof Archean cratonsof Archean cratons
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050010001500200025003000350040004500
Age (Ma)
Constant event count model
Actual event count per 100 Ma
No data
Bleeker & Enst, in prep.
Significant secular change?...Yes, Significant secular change?...Yes, of course!of course!Significant secular change?...Yes, Significant secular change?...Yes, of course!of course!•Higher heat productionHigher heat production•Weaker lower crustWeaker lower crust•Always more basalt in the system …more significant Always more basalt in the system …more significant
density inversionsdensity inversions•Smaller plate scalesSmaller plate scales•Faster recyclingFaster recycling
“The 2.7 Event”
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Precambrian geology of North AmericaPrecambrian geology of North AmericaPrecambrian geology of North AmericaPrecambrian geology of North America
Modified after Hoffman, 1989 ; based on a century of geological research
A A
Paleoproterzoic Paleoproterzoic
collage of collage of
micro-plates and micro-plates and
inter-vening inter-vening
arcs terranesarcs terranes
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Great Slave Lake Shear Zone
7. Large strike-slip faults?7. Large strike-slip faults? …Yes.…Yes.7. Large strike-slip faults?7. Large strike-slip faults? …Yes.…Yes.
The ~1.8 Ga collage: plate The ~1.8 Ga collage: plate tectonics?tectonics?
The ~1.8 Ga collage: plate The ~1.8 Ga collage: plate tectonics?tectonics?
LITHOPROBE’SSNORCLE Transect
Relevant questions:Relevant questions:1.1. Was there significant lateral movement? Was there significant lateral movement? ...Yes....Yes.
2.2. Are now adjacent blocks unrelated (exotic)?Are now adjacent blocks unrelated (exotic)? ...Yes, ...Yes, commonly.commonly.
3.3. Plate behaviour: rifting, break-up, convergence?Plate behaviour: rifting, break-up, convergence?...Yes....Yes.
4.4. Did blocks behave (quasi) rigid?Did blocks behave (quasi) rigid? ...Yes, some....Yes, some.
5.5. Strong asymmetry across suturing orogens?Strong asymmetry across suturing orogens? ...Yes....Yes.
6.6. Are time spans and rates similar?Are time spans and rates similar? …Yes, …Yes, comparable.comparable.
Relevant questions:Relevant questions:1.1. Was there significant lateral movement? Was there significant lateral movement? ...Yes....Yes.
2.2. Are now adjacent blocks unrelated (exotic)?Are now adjacent blocks unrelated (exotic)? ...Yes, ...Yes, commonly.commonly.
3.3. Plate behaviour: rifting, break-up, convergence?Plate behaviour: rifting, break-up, convergence?...Yes....Yes.
4.4. Did blocks behave (quasi) rigid?Did blocks behave (quasi) rigid? ...Yes, some....Yes, some.
5.5. Strong asymmetry across suturing orogens?Strong asymmetry across suturing orogens? ...Yes....Yes.
6.6. Are time spans and rates similar?Are time spans and rates similar? …Yes, …Yes, comparable.comparable.
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WB '99
100 km
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Wopm ayFault
Yellowknife RiverFault Zone
CameronRiver Belt
BurwashFormation
Yellowknife BeltRussel LakeBelt
BeaulieuRiver Belt
Loop LakeBelt
CourageousLake Belt Lac de Gras
kimberlites
GeorgeLake
>3.0 Ga lower
crustal xenoliths
Back RiverVolcanic Com plex
Beaulieu RiverFault Zone
BathurstFault System
AntonComplex
CoronationSupergroup
Sleepy DragonComplex
Jolly LakeComplex
2.69 Ga suture orattenuated margin?
Lac de GrasStructural Basin
YellowknifeStructural Basin
Back RiverCulmination
Malley RapidsAnticlinorium
Hackett RiverGneiss Dome
GoulburnSupergroup
ENEENEWSW
Hackett RiverSyncline
Great BearMagmatic Zone
WopmayFront
Kilihigok BasinBear Province (Wopmay Orogen) Slave Province
Thelon Front
Churchill ProvincePalaeoproterozoic (2.0-1.8 Ga)Palaeoproterozoic (2.0-1.8 Ga) Hadean to Archaean (4.05-2.58 Ga)
Realm of the Central Slave Basement Complex: central and western parts of craton Eastern Slave Domain::Palaeoproterozoic with reworked Archaean
Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic
Central Slave Basement Complex
Ultra-depleted harzburgite
Eastern Slave Domain
Indin Lake-
West BayFault System
Poorly known basem ent of H ottah Terrane
Central Slave Basem ent Com plex (4.05-2.82 G a)Poorly defined basem ent of the eastern Slave craton,
isotopically 2.85 Ga£Poorly defined basement ofthe w esternmost Slave craton
Proterozoic, brittle strike-slip fault system,
sinistral, overprinting western margin of the
craton (Indin-West Bay Fault System)
Proterozoic frontal
thrusts
Proterozoic gabbrosills, causing bright
reflections (Y1) east
of Yellowknife
Form surface traces
outlining fold structures
Form surface traces
outlining fold structuresVertical strike-slip faults
Bear Creek G roup Churchill Province (Rae craton)
basement, reworkedG reat Bear Magmatic Zone plutonic rocks (1.86-1.84 G a)
Central Slave C over G roup: conglomerate, quartzite, banded iron formation
O verall younging direction of cover sequence
Peacock Hills and
Kuuvik FormationsHigh-grade cover rocksG reat Bear Magmatic Zone volcanic rocks (1.86-1.84 G a)
Kam G roup and correlatives: mafic volcanic rocks, minor rhyolites (2.73-2.70 G a) Mafic to intermediate volcanic rocks (ca. 2.71-2.70 G a)
Ellice Formation
Reworked Slave Province metavolcanic rocks
and metagreywackes, kyanite bearing close to front
Churchill Province granitoids
Churchill Province granitoids
Coronation Supergroup (2.0-1.86 G a):
Snare and Epworth groups
Banting G roup and correlatives (2.69-2.66 Ga)
Syn-Banting Group subvolcanic plutons (2.69-2.66 G a)
Syn-Kam G roup subvolcanic plutons (2.73-2.70 Ga)
Hidden and Duckfish lake plutons, Yellowknife area (ca. 2.61 Ga)
Defeat Suite plutons: diorite, tonalite, granodiorite (ca. 2.63-2.62 Ma, post-date D1)
Burw ash Formation and correlatives:
turbiditic greyw ackes (2.68-2.64 Ga)
Late-tectonic conglomerates in asymmetric, fault-bounded panels (2.60-2.58 G a),
e.g. along Yellowknife River Fault Zone and Beaulieu R iver Fault Zone
Crustally derived, anatectic granitoid sheets and batholiths, andpresumed source regions (2.60-2.58 G a, syn-kinematic with D 2 and D3)
??
Pb Nd
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Pb Nd
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Pb Nd
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Pb Nd
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Pb Nd
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Pb Nd
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Pb Nd
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Pb Nd
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Pb Nd
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Pb Nd
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Pb Nd
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Pb Nd
Bleeker, 2002
Cook et al., 1999
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Accretionary structure along westernAccretionary structure along westernmargin of Slave craton, 1.9-1.7 Ga:margin of Slave craton, 1.9-1.7 Ga:Accretionary structure along westernAccretionary structure along westernmargin of Slave craton, 1.9-1.7 Ga:margin of Slave craton, 1.9-1.7 Ga:
Cook et al., 1999
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SuccessiSuccessivevesutures:sutures:
SuccessiSuccessivevesutures:sutures:
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Suture Suture geometries:geometries:Suture Suture geometries:geometries:
e.g., White et al., 2002
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A
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ppalac
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Yavap
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Mazatza
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C etn ra l Pla ins
O rog en
Sr-is
otope lin
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C
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ao
ledides
In n ui tian
Pen
okean
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??
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Htotah
Nuna Sv
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eco
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K
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etilidi
a
Yavapai
Baltica
Siberia?
Australia-Antarctica?
???
???
???
Laurentia withinLaurentia within~1.8 Ga “Nuna”:~1.8 Ga “Nuna”:Laurentia withinLaurentia within~1.8 Ga “Nuna”:~1.8 Ga “Nuna”:
e.g., Buchan et al., 2000
Long-livedactive margin
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A
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Yavap
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Mazatza
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C etn ra l Pla ins
O rog en
Sr-is
otope lin
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C
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ledides
In n ui tian
Pen
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Htotah
Nuna Sv
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eco
fe
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K
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etilidi
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Yavapai
Nuna to Rodinia:Nuna to Rodinia:Nuna to Rodinia:Nuna to Rodinia:
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A
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ppalacians
Yavapai
Mazatz
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C e tn ra l Pla ins
Orog en
Sr-iso
tope line
C
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ao
ledides
In n ui tian
Peno
kean
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??
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Htotah
RodiniaSv
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eco
fe
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K
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etilid
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Yavapai
Grenville
~1 Ga Rodinia (conceptual only):~1 Ga Rodinia (conceptual only):~1 Ga Rodinia (conceptual only):~1 Ga Rodinia (conceptual only):
Rifted Nunafragments
Intact core of~1.8 Ga Nuna
Stray fragments
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Acasta
Isua
1000 km
(approx. scale)
rifted margin
rifted margin rif
ted margin
Laurentia“North American craton”
Bleeker, 2005
Further back in time: before NunaFurther back in time: before NunaFurther back in time: before NunaFurther back in time: before Nuna
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Ancestral landmass“Superia”
““Break-out” of the Superior craton,Break-out” of the Superior craton,out of ancestral landmass Superia:out of ancestral landmass Superia:““Break-out” of the Superior craton,Break-out” of the Superior craton,out of ancestral landmass Superia:out of ancestral landmass Superia:
Superior craton
2505 Ma(Mistassini)
2450 Ma(Matachewan)
2210-2220 Ma(Ungava)
(Biscotasing)2170 Ma
(Marathon)2110 Ma(Fort Francis)
2080 Ma
(Minto)2000 Ma
(Molson)1883 Ma
KareliaHearne
Wyoming
Kola
Others
Others
Others
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Superior
HearneHearne
KareliaKarelia3.5 Ga crust in Hearneand Karelia cratons
2505 Ma(Mistassini)
Superior
2450 Ma
Nipissing sills (N) in Superiorand Karjalitic sills (K) in Karelia,ca. 2220-2200 Ma
Koli sill
2210-2220 Ma(Ungava)
(Marathon)2110 Ma
Hurwitz Gabbrosills (H), 2110 Ma
Layeredintrusions:2.50 Ga
2.45-2.48 Ga
Kola
Burakovsky(2449±2 Ma)
??
??
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“greater Karelia”craton inlcudingKola Peninsula?
Re-entrant fromwhich Wyomingcraton originated
Superia
Wyoming
Superia:Superia:Superia:Superia:
Bleeker & Ernst, 2006
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Superior
HearneHearne
KareliaKarelia
2505 Ma(Mistassini)
Superior
2450 Ma
Koli sill
2210-2220 Ma(Ungava)
(Marathon)2110 Ma
Hurwitz Gabbrosills (H), 2110 Ma
Correlating multiple events:Correlating multiple events:Correlating multiple events:Correlating multiple events:
Bleeker & Ernst, 2006
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A
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ppalac
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Yavap
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Mazatza
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C etn ra l Pla ins
O rog en
Sr-is
otope lin
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C
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ao
ledides
In n ui tian
Pen
okean
?
?
??
?
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Htotah
Nuna Sv
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eco
fe
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K
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etilidi
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Yavapai
From late Archean supercratons to From late Archean supercratons to Nuna:Nuna:break-up & independent drift ofbreak-up & independent drift ofcratonic fragmentscratonic fragments
From late Archean supercratons to From late Archean supercratons to Nuna:Nuna:break-up & independent drift ofbreak-up & independent drift ofcratonic fragmentscratonic fragments
Not to scale!
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30 0
30 0
60 0
90 0
90 0
60 0
EQ
2.22.12.01.91.7 1.8 2.5 2.62.42.3
2.45 Ga
2.00 Ga
1.88 Ga
1.74 Ga2.12 Ga
2.17 Ga
2.08 Ga
2.19 Ga
2.22 Ga
alternatepolarity
supercraton break-up
supercratonformation
alternatepolarity
HudsonianOrogeny
Time (Ga)
Did things Did things move?move?
Did things Did things move?move?
Eq
60
30
Minto1998 +/-2
Nipissing N12217 +/-4
Senneterre2216 +8/-4
Matachewan E
Matachewan W2473-2446
Biscotasing E 2167 +/-2
Cleaver1740 +5/-4
Biscotasing W ca. 2170
Lac Esprit2069 +/-1
Ft. Frances 2076+5/-4
Cauchon Lake 2091+/-2
Maguire~2230
Molson~1880
Ptarmigan? 2505 +/-2
Mistassini? 2510-2500
Marathon R2101+/-2
Marathon N ca. 2121
eastern SuperiorProvince paleopole
western SuperiorProvince paleopole
Laurentia paleopole
PALEOPOLES
~5 cm/yr
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Ophiolites? Sparse but Ophiolites? Sparse but present!!present!!
Ophiolites? Sparse but Ophiolites? Sparse but present!!present!!
Kontinen,Peltonen et al.
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Diagnostic rock associations:Diagnostic rock associations:Diagnostic rock associations:Diagnostic rock associations:
-Plume-assisted extension & break-up?-Plume-assisted extension & break-up? …Yes, …Yes, definitely.definitely.
-Rift & passive margin sequences?-Rift & passive margin sequences? …Yes.…Yes.
-Plume-assisted extension & break-up?-Plume-assisted extension & break-up? …Yes, …Yes, definitely.definitely.
-Rift & passive margin sequences?-Rift & passive margin sequences? …Yes.…Yes.
Slave basement
Passive margin sequence
Rift sequence
Foredeep sequenceArc
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Diagnostic rock associations:Diagnostic rock associations:Diagnostic rock associations:Diagnostic rock associations:
-Plume-assisted extension & break-up?-Plume-assisted extension & break-up? …Yes, …Yes, definitely.definitely.
-Rift & passive margin sequences?-Rift & passive margin sequences? …Yes.…Yes.
-Arcs? Arc batholiths (at plate scale)?-Arcs? Arc batholiths (at plate scale)? …Yes.…Yes.
-Ophiolites?-Ophiolites? …Yes.…Yes.
-Elevated P/T metamorphic facies series?-Elevated P/T metamorphic facies series? …Yes,…Yes,…but UHP??…but UHP??
-Blueschists-Blueschists …No…or?…No…or?
-Plume-assisted extension & break-up?-Plume-assisted extension & break-up? …Yes, …Yes, definitely.definitely.
-Rift & passive margin sequences?-Rift & passive margin sequences? …Yes.…Yes.
-Arcs? Arc batholiths (at plate scale)?-Arcs? Arc batholiths (at plate scale)? …Yes.…Yes.
-Ophiolites?-Ophiolites? …Yes.…Yes.
-Elevated P/T metamorphic facies series?-Elevated P/T metamorphic facies series? …Yes,…Yes,…but UHP??…but UHP??
-Blueschists-Blueschists …No…or?…No…or?
Penrose, June 2006 22
A
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ppalac
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Yavap
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Mazatza
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C etn ra l Pla ins
O rog en
Sr-is
otope lin
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C
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ao
ledides
In n ui tian
Pen
okean
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?
??
?
?
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Htotah
Nuna Sv
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eco
fe
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K
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etilidi
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Yavapai
Conclusions:Conclusions:The Paleoproterozoic preserves a The Paleoproterozoic preserves a clear record of (small) plate clear record of (small) plate tectonics, resulting in Earth’s tectonics, resulting in Earth’s first “modern” supercontinent Nunafirst “modern” supercontinent Nuna
Conclusions:Conclusions:The Paleoproterozoic preserves a The Paleoproterozoic preserves a clear record of (small) plate clear record of (small) plate tectonics, resulting in Earth’s tectonics, resulting in Earth’s first “modern” supercontinent Nunafirst “modern” supercontinent Nuna
Not to scale!
Penrose, June 2006 23
Penrose, June 2006 24
Matachewan dykesMatachewan dykes
2446 Ma (2.45-2.5 Ga)2446 Ma (2.45-2.5 Ga)
Hearne – southern Superior link: 2446 Ma Hearne – southern Superior link: 2446 Ma dykesdykesHearne – southern Superior link: 2446 Ma Hearne – southern Superior link: 2446 Ma dykesdykes
2440-2450 Ma (2.45-2.5 Ga)2440-2450 Ma (2.45-2.5 Ga)
Kaminak dykesKaminak dykes
Dates by Heaman
Penrose, June 2006 25
300
300
600S
600N
EquatorH
H
S SH
Hearne Superior Superior-Hearneca. 2446 Ma 2.45 Ga2.45 Ga
a cb
30 N0
d
Bleeker, 2002, 2004
2110 Ma
Solution allowed by current paleomagnetic Solution allowed by current paleomagnetic data:data:Solution allowed by current paleomagnetic Solution allowed by current paleomagnetic data:data:
Penrose, June 2006 26Bleeker & Ernst, 2006
BarcodesBarcodes::BarcodesBarcodes::
Penrose, June 2006 27
Kaapvaal Slave SuperiorLew.Nain
Labr. KareliaHearne
SuperiaSclavia
Vaalbara
““Fragmentation tree”Fragmentation tree”of Archean fragmentsof Archean fragments““Fragmentation tree”Fragmentation tree”of Archean fragmentsof Archean fragments
The Archean family The Archean family treetree
Penrose, June 2006 28
“Evidence for plate behaviour at 2.1-1.8 Ga: break-up, dispersal, and suturing of Archean cratons”
Wouter Bleeker & Richard Ernst
Presentation style: oral is preferred.
I will trace the origin of Archean cratons within the context of much larger supercratons in the late Archean. These may or may not have been connected in a ca. 2.6 Ga supercontinent. The mininum length scale of supercratonic landmasses was many thousands of kilometres. Whatever the details, fundamental heterogeneity of Archean cratons demands that horizontal movements and terrane juxtaposition must have played a major role in building supercratonic aggregations.
Following emplacement of numerous LIPs, and their plumbing systems, the supercratonic landmasses broke up diachronously between ca. 2.2 Ga and 1.9 Ga, spawning most of the ca. 35 known Archean cratons (s.s.). After a dispersal phase, these cratonic fragments and intervening juvenile terranes aggregated and collided between 1.9 and 1.8 Ga to form Earth’s first “modern” supercontinent Nuna (a.k.a. Columbia).
I call Nuna the fist “modern” supercontinent because its geodynamics and tectonics show mostly familiar aspects (e.g., incorporation of sediment-rich passive margins, the first bonafide ophiolites, large coherent arcs, and undisputed sutures). Also, it was large enough to start dominating, for the first time, geochemical cycles with continental signatures (e.g., the seawater Sr isotopic record). The only major “tectonic innovation” yet to come were blueschists.
From 1.8 Ga to ca. 1.0 Ga, Nuna evolved into Rodinia. Details remain murky but general systematics suggest themselves.
Going back in time, component Archean cratons within 1.8 Ga Nuna can be restored into their ancestral supercratonic aggregations. We show that there is enough information in the system to do so for many of the ca. 35 cratons. In fact, a concerted international effort could accomplish this in less than a decade. Only then will we be able to test whether late Archean supercratons were ever connected in a pre-Nuna supercontinent and make general statements about the early part of the supercontinent cycle.