World War One 1914-1918 Definition of War/Countries Involved Background Information WWI 4 Causes of...

World War OneWorld War One1914-19181914-1918

• • Definition of War/Countries InvolvedDefinition of War/Countries Involved• • Background Information WWIBackground Information WWI• • 4 Causes of World War I (p. 275)4 Causes of World War I (p. 275)• • Declaring War (p. 276)Declaring War (p. 276)• • Canada & Newfoundland Join In (p 277)Canada & Newfoundland Join In (p 277)• • Regiments and Battles (p. 278)Regiments and Battles (p. 278)• • In The Trenches (p. 282-283)In The Trenches (p. 282-283)• • War In the Air (p. 284)War In the Air (p. 284)• • War at Sea (p. 285)War at Sea (p. 285)• • Into Battle (A Study of 3 Battles)Into Battle (A Study of 3 Battles)• • Study Guide Study Guide

What Is War?What Is War?

►WarWar is a state of prolonged large-scale is a state of prolonged large-scale violence/conflict involving two or more violence/conflict involving two or more groups or countries. groups or countries.

Background InformationBackground InformationPage 274Page 274

Countries started to form Countries started to form alliancesalliances. An alliance is like . An alliance is like joining a team – everyone on the team agrees to stick joining a team – everyone on the team agrees to stick together if one is to get attacked or experiences together if one is to get attacked or experiences problems.problems.

NationalismNationalism was an important part of what led to thewas an important part of what led to the events that caused WWI. events that caused WWI. • • The larger countries wanted to get larger.The larger countries wanted to get larger.• • Smaller countries wanted to protect themselves Smaller countries wanted to protect themselves

against being taken over.against being taken over.• • Other groups wanted independence so that they could Other groups wanted independence so that they could

form their own countries.” (p.274-275) form their own countries.” (p.274-275)

The countries involved in The countries involved in WWIWWI

Causes of World War ICauses of World War IPage 275Page 275

►1. The Arms Race1. The Arms Race

In 1914 In 1914 EnglandEngland and and GermanyGermany were in an were in an armsarms racerace. This means that the two . This means that the two countries were competing to see which countries were competing to see which could build the largest store of arms or could build the largest store of arms or weaponsweapons. Upon building this store of . Upon building this store of weapons countries will often want to use weapons countries will often want to use them against each other – resulting in a them against each other – resulting in a war/battle.war/battle.


►2. Trouble in the Balkans2. Trouble in the Balkans

The first trouble began in southeastern The first trouble began in southeastern Europe known as the Europe known as the BalkansBalkans. In 1908 . In 1908 Austria-Hungary took control of a part Austria-Hungary took control of a part of the Balkans called Bosnia and of the Balkans called Bosnia and Herzegovina.Herzegovina.

Other countries (such as Serbia) thought Other countries (such as Serbia) thought they too would soon be taken over.they too would soon be taken over.


►3. The Black Hand3. The Black Hand

A Serbian group known as the Black A Serbian group known as the Black Hand wanted to keep Austria-Hungary Hand wanted to keep Austria-Hungary from taking over their country. from taking over their country.

The Black hand also wanted to help free The Black hand also wanted to help free Bosnia and Hertzegovia.Bosnia and Hertzegovia.


►4. The Assassination4. The AssassinationThe assassination of The assassination of Archduke FranzArchduke Franz

FerdinandFerdinand and his wife was yet and his wife was yet another event that also caused WWI.another event that also caused WWI.

The Black Hand killed them both after The Black Hand killed them both after hearing that they were to visit Sarajevo. hearing that they were to visit Sarajevo.

On On June 28, 1914June 28, 1914 Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip (a 19 (a 19 yr. old) with the Black Hand shot and yr. old) with the Black Hand shot and killed the duke and his wife. killed the duke and his wife.

Declaring WarDeclaring War19141914

28 July28 July → → Austria-Hungary declared war Austria-Hungary declared war

on Serbia.on Serbia.

1 August1 August → Germany declared war on Russia.→ Germany declared war on Russia.

3 August3 August → Germany declared war on France.→ Germany declared war on France.

4 August4 August → Britain declared war on Germany→ Britain declared war on Germany

World MapWorld Map

Canada and Newfoundland Canada and Newfoundland Join InJoin In

► By Sept. 10 1914 – 30,000 Canadian By Sept. 10 1914 – 30,000 Canadian soldiers and 8,000 horses joined trainingsoldiers and 8,000 horses joined training

►1000 men from NL. Signed up for the 1000 men from NL. Signed up for the warwar

►Over 4,000 members of Aboriginal Over 4,000 members of Aboriginal nations joined Canada’s forces.nations joined Canada’s forces.

Regiments and Regiments and BattlesBattles

► The army that Canada sent to Europe was The army that Canada sent to Europe was called the called the CCanadian anadian EExpeditionary xpeditionary FForceorce. . (CEF)(CEF)

► Volunteers from Newfoundland formed the Volunteers from Newfoundland formed the Newfoundland RegimentNewfoundland Regiment..

► A A BattalionBattalion is a group of about 1000 soldiers. is a group of about 1000 soldiers. Soldiers in battalions were loyal to each other Soldiers in battalions were loyal to each other because they were from the same area.because they were from the same area.

The Fighting The Fighting NewfoundlanderNewfoundlander

►Thomas Pittman of Thomas Pittman of the Royal the Royal Newfoundland Newfoundland Regiment, was donated Regiment, was donated by the Bowring family by the Bowring family to the city in 1922 to to the city in 1922 to commemorate the commemorate the sacrifice of sacrifice of Newfoundlanders and Newfoundlanders and Labradorians during the Labradorians during the First World WarFirst World War. In . In the 86 years since its the 86 years since its unveiling, the unveiling, the monument has come to monument has come to be seen as a tribute to be seen as a tribute to veterans of later wars veterans of later wars and conflicts.and conflicts.

In The TrenchesIn The Trenches(p. 282-283)(p. 282-283)

In The TrenchesIn The Trenches(p. 282-283)(p. 282-283)

► Both Germany and Britain had Both Germany and Britain had established established strategic locationsstrategic locations – – areas where soldiers would attempt to areas where soldiers would attempt to stop the other side from passing stop the other side from passing through. (Ex: on a hill)through. (Ex: on a hill)

► Each side also had a Each side also had a front line front line or an or an edge of the land it had taken over.edge of the land it had taken over.

►The space between the two front lines The space between the two front lines was called was called no man’s landno man’s land..

What is a trench?What is a trench?Why would soldiers make Why would soldiers make

them?them?

TrenchesTrenches are ditches that are about are ditches that are about 2 meters deep that provided 2 meters deep that provided soldiers with a way to protect soldiers with a way to protect themselves from their enemies themselves from their enemies while fighting at the front lines.while fighting at the front lines.

Cross Section of a TrenchCross Section of a Trench(p. 282)(p. 282)

Discussion: Conditions in the Discussion: Conditions in the TrenchTrench

► Soldiers would often live in trenches for a few Soldiers would often live in trenches for a few weeks or months.weeks or months.

► Since most areas where trenches were dug had a Since most areas where trenches were dug had a layer of sand on the top, and clay nearer the layer of sand on the top, and clay nearer the bottom, water would pass through the sand and bottom, water would pass through the sand and often be held in the trench by the waterlogged clay. often be held in the trench by the waterlogged clay. As a result the trenches kept collapsing and would As a result the trenches kept collapsing and would always fill with water.always fill with water.

► Soldiers had to try to prepare food, sleep and fight Soldiers had to try to prepare food, sleep and fight in the wet, cold, filthy and crowded trenches.in the wet, cold, filthy and crowded trenches.


► Due to the filthy and crowded living conditions, soldiers were Due to the filthy and crowded living conditions, soldiers were vulnerable to many vulnerable to many diseasesdiseases..

► Trench footTrench foot posed a major problem for many soldiers. This posed a major problem for many soldiers. This disease develops after a person’s feet become wet and stay disease develops after a person’s feet become wet and stay wet for a long period of time. Cold water also aggravates the wet for a long period of time. Cold water also aggravates the problem. For this reason, trench foot was a problem. For this reason, trench foot was a commoncommon illness illness for for soldiers during World War I, as they spent a great deal of time soldiers during World War I, as they spent a great deal of time standing in trenches that were cold and wet. standing in trenches that were cold and wet.

► During 1916 to 1918, 80% of infected men were unfit for duty During 1916 to 1918, 80% of infected men were unfit for duty for 3 months.for 3 months.

► Winter of 1914-15 over 20,000 men in the British Army were Winter of 1914-15 over 20,000 men in the British Army were treated for trench foot.treated for trench foot.


► Trench FeverTrench Fever was another illness that many soldiers was another illness that many soldiers suffered from while living in the trenches.suffered from while living in the trenches.

► Trench Fever refers to a sudden onset with headache Trench Fever refers to a sudden onset with headache and giddiness; sometimes soldier’s legs would become and giddiness; sometimes soldier’s legs would become so weak and the pain so severe that they fell down. so weak and the pain so severe that they fell down.

► Body lice Body lice were identified as the cause of this disease.were identified as the cause of this disease.

► It has been estimated that It has been estimated that 800,000 cases800,000 cases of trench fever of trench fever were reported during the war. This greatly reduced the were reported during the war. This greatly reduced the numbers of soldiers available to fight.numbers of soldiers available to fight.

► The disease was later brought under control as men The disease was later brought under control as men were removed from the trenches.were removed from the trenches.

Advancing on the EnemyAdvancing on the EnemyGoing Over the TopGoing Over the Top

(p. 283)(p. 283)

Going Over the TopGoing Over the Top

►The only way to take ground from an The only way to take ground from an enemy was for soldiers to go ‘over the enemy was for soldiers to go ‘over the top.’top.’

►This means that they have to come This means that they have to come out of their out of their trenches trenches and go across and go across no man’s land. no man’s land.

►No man’s land was very dangerous, No man’s land was very dangerous, soldiers had to be cautious as to soldiers had to be cautious as to gunfire, landmines and barbed wire.gunfire, landmines and barbed wire.

Going Over the TopGoing Over the Top

►Soldiers on attack could only carry light Soldiers on attack could only carry light weapons such as rifles, such as the weapons such as rifles, such as the Ross Rifle.Ross Rifle.

►Soldiers defending the trench cold use Soldiers defending the trench cold use large guns also called large guns also called artillery. artillery.

►The combination of artillery and The combination of artillery and machine guns and trenches sometimes machine guns and trenches sometimes created a created a stalematestalemate – where neither – where neither side could advance on each other side could advance on each other during fighting.during fighting.

War in the AirWar in the Air►Aircraft was used for flying over enemy Aircraft was used for flying over enemy

territory to see where the troops could territory to see where the troops could pick out routes for attacks.pick out routes for attacks.

►Fighter planes had built-in machine Fighter planes had built-in machine guns to shoot at other planes.guns to shoot at other planes.

►Pilots from both sides met in the air to Pilots from both sides met in the air to fight this was called a fight this was called a dogfightdogfight. The . The best strategy was to approach a plane best strategy was to approach a plane from behind and shoot it down.from behind and shoot it down.

Canadians in the AirCanadians in the Air

► Canadian pilots did not have an air force Canadian pilots did not have an air force until the end of WWI. until the end of WWI.

► Canadians became the best fighter pilots.Canadians became the best fighter pilots.► Pilots that shot down five enemy aircraft Pilots that shot down five enemy aircraft

became known as an became known as an aceace..► A Canadian group of fighter pilots called the A Canadian group of fighter pilots called the

BlackBlack FlightFlight that caused the war to turn that caused the war to turn against the Germans.against the Germans.

► The Black Flight shot down over 87 German The Black Flight shot down over 87 German airplanes in two months.airplanes in two months.

The War at SeaThe War at Sea

► Canada did not have much of a Navy during WWI.Canada did not have much of a Navy during WWI.► The main role of Canada’s ships was to get The main role of Canada’s ships was to get

supplies to England.supplies to England.► The Germans designed The Germans designed UnterseebootsUnterseeboots – or – or U-U-

boatsboats (Small submarines) that carried torpedoes. (Small submarines) that carried torpedoes.► Conveys Conveys (groups of ships traveling together)(groups of ships traveling together)

would brought supplies to Britain. German U-boats would brought supplies to Britain. German U-boats had a harder time to stop conveys and they could had a harder time to stop conveys and they could not stop supplies from getting to Britain.not stop supplies from getting to Britain.

Into BattleInto Battle

We will study three main Battles:We will study three main Battles:

1.1. The Second Battle of Ypres (p. The Second Battle of Ypres (p. 288)288)

2.2. The Battle of the Somme (p. 290) The Battle of the Somme (p. 290)

3.3. The Battle of Vimy Ridge (p. 292) The Battle of Vimy Ridge (p. 292)

Note:Note: After studying these 3 battles we After studying these 3 battles we are finished this chapter.are finished this chapter.

Battle of Ypres Battle of Ypres (p. 288)(p. 288)► Ypres is a town in Belgium.Ypres is a town in Belgium.► Canadian troops were sent to Ypres to fight the Canadian troops were sent to Ypres to fight the

Germans.Germans. They remained at a stalemate from February to April They remained at a stalemate from February to April

1915.1915.► In April the Germans waited for the wind to blow toward In April the Germans waited for the wind to blow toward

the Canadian troops trenches and released tonnes of the Canadian troops trenches and released tonnes of chlorine gaschlorine gas into the air. into the air.

► Clouds of Clouds of thick, green, deadly gasthick, green, deadly gas choked the choked the soldiers.soldiers.

The troops struggled to stay alive.The troops struggled to stay alive.► The next day the Germans released more The next day the Germans released more gasgas, Canadian , Canadian

troops used handkerchiefs soaked in mud or urine to troops used handkerchiefs soaked in mud or urine to avoid the avoid the gasgas while fighting. while fighting.

► Over 6035 Canadians died while they held the line for Over 6035 Canadians died while they held the line for 1616 daysdays. .

► The battle was considered a victory for the Allies The battle was considered a victory for the Allies (Canadian troops).(Canadian troops).

Discussion: In Flanders FieldsDiscussion: In Flanders Fields

In Flanders Fields the poppies Loved, and were loved, andIn Flanders Fields the poppies Loved, and were loved, andblow now we lieblow now we lieBetween the crosses, row on In Flanders fields.Between the crosses, row on In Flanders fields.That mark our place; and in Take up our quarrel with theThat mark our place; and in Take up our quarrel with thethe sky foe:the sky foe:The larks, still bravely singing, To you from falling hands weThe larks, still bravely singing, To you from falling hands wefly throwfly throwScarce heard amid the guns The torch; be yours to hold it Scarce heard amid the guns The torch; be yours to hold it below. high.below. high. If ye break faith with us whoIf ye break faith with us whoWe are the Dead. Short days dieWe are the Dead. Short days dieago We shall not sleep, though ago We shall not sleep, though We lived, felt down, saw poppies growWe lived, felt down, saw poppies growsunset glow, In Flanders fields.sunset glow, In Flanders fields.

Written byWritten by: Dr. John McCrae – Canadian Medic – served : Dr. John McCrae – Canadian Medic – served with the with the

Canadian army at Ypres.Canadian army at Ypres.

The Battle of the SommeThe Battle of the Somme (P. 290-(P. 290-291)291)

► Beaumont HamelBeaumont Hamel► ‘Big Push’ was decided as the method of attack by

the Canadian soldiers on the Germans.► July 1st 1916 100,000 soldiers went over the top and

marched toward the Germans.► Many, many soldiers died (out of 801 soldiers that

joined the Newfoundland Regiment only 68 survived.)► To this day July 1st is a day of mourning and

remembrance in Newfoundland and Labrador.► The Battle of Somme lasted The Battle of Somme lasted 141 days141 days..► By Nov. both sides were exhausted and stopped By Nov. both sides were exhausted and stopped

fighting.fighting.► In total about 200 000 Allied soldiers died, including In total about 200 000 Allied soldiers died, including

8000 Canadians.8000 Canadians.

Battle of Vimy Ridge Battle of Vimy Ridge (P. (P. 292)292)

► 1917 troops tried to ‘push through’ the 1917 troops tried to ‘push through’ the Western front.Western front.

► The Canadians were suppose to take over The Canadians were suppose to take over Vimy Ridge – a hill that Germans had built Vimy Ridge – a hill that Germans had built up to be well protected and well supplied.up to be well protected and well supplied.

► Canadians built a model of Vimy Ridge and Canadians built a model of Vimy Ridge and practiced their attack.practiced their attack.

► They bombarded the enemy for several They bombarded the enemy for several days then made a surprise attack.days then made a surprise attack.

► Canadians took over Vimy ridge, however Canadians took over Vimy ridge, however many were wounded and many died in many were wounded and many died in doing so.doing so.

Study Guide: World War IStudy Guide: World War I► Terms to Know:Terms to Know:

1. War1. War 10. Front line10. Front line

2. alliances2. alliances 11. No man’s land11. No man’s land

3. nationalism3. nationalism 12. Trench12. Trench

4. Arms race4. Arms race 13. Ace13. Ace

5. Black Hand5. Black Hand 14. dogfight14. dogfight

6. Assassination6. Assassination 15. conveys15. conveys

7. CFC 16. U-boats 7. CFC 16. U-boats

8. battalion8. battalion 17. Dr. John McCrae 17. Dr. John McCrae

9. Strategic locations9. Strategic locations 18.18. StalemateStalemate

Study Guide: World War IStudy Guide: World War I► Questions:Questions:1. When did World War I begin? End?1. When did World War I begin? End?2. List and explain 4 causes of WWI.2. List and explain 4 causes of WWI.3. Provide four dates and countries that initially declared war on 3. Provide four dates and countries that initially declared war on

each other.each other.4. How did Canada and Newfoundland contribute to WWI?4. How did Canada and Newfoundland contribute to WWI?5. What is a trench? Why were they made? Briefly describe the 5. What is a trench? Why were they made? Briefly describe the

living conditions of a trench.living conditions of a trench.6. What does ‘going over the top’ mean? What is no man’s land? 6. What does ‘going over the top’ mean? What is no man’s land?

Give three dangers soldiers faced on no man’s land.Give three dangers soldiers faced on no man’s land.7. How was aircraft used in WWI to fight? What was the Black 7. How was aircraft used in WWI to fight? What was the Black

Flight?Flight?8. What types of boats/ships were used in WWI? What is a U-boat?8. What types of boats/ships were used in WWI? What is a U-boat?9. List three battles fought in WWI.9. List three battles fought in WWI.10. Describe what happened at Ypres? What did the Germans use 10. Describe what happened at Ypres? What did the Germans use

in battle? Was it effective?in battle? Was it effective?11. Describe the Battle of Somme. What is meant by the ‘Big Push?’ 11. Describe the Battle of Somme. What is meant by the ‘Big Push?’

Did it work?Did it work?12. What is Vimy Ridge? How did the Canadian troops plan their 12. What is Vimy Ridge? How did the Canadian troops plan their

attack? attack? Did it work?Did it work?

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