World War II (1931-1945)Lesson 5 The Home Front

Learning Objectives

• Examine how the need to support the war effort changed American lives.• Analyze the effects of the war on civil liberties for Japanese Americans and others.• Explain how World War II increased opportunities for women and minorities.• Describe how World War II caused migration within the United States and the effects

of that migration.

World War II (1931-1945)Lesson 5 The Home Front

• war bond• rationing• Office of War Information (OWI)• internment• 442nd Regimental Combat Team• A. Philip Randolph• Executive Order 8802• Demographics• bracero program

Patriotism on the Home Front

• Patriotism post Pearl Harbor– Americans looked for ways to contribute to

the War Effort• Joined the Military, Red Cross, Joined the workforce

(Women)– 5 million Americans enlisted to fight in the war

– The Selective Service - draft • Fight a two front war - Europe and Japan

– GI’s – enlisted person in the Military (Government Issued)

– Minority Groups in the military = help towards civil rights and equality

– Women Join the Fight• Women’s Army Corps – (WAC) – women filled important roles in the

military– Clerk, truck drivers, lab technicians, electricians

• Coast Guard, Nurses

Domestic Industrialization

• War Time Production• Lend-Lease Act

– War Production Board – oversee the conversion of peacetime industry to war industry. (WPB)• Factories converted (Airplanes, Tanks, Bombs, Weapons)

– I-X Center

– Collect scrap iron, tin cans, paper, rags and cooking fat for recycling

– Office of War Mobilization – supervised allocation of resources• Scarce materials, regulate production of civilian goods,

negotiate labor relations.

– “Production Miracle”• American Production

– Helps end Great Depression

– Helps to achieve victory in WWII

» Stalin – “Without American production, war would have been lost.”

• War on the Homefront– War Bonds – citizens lend money to the American Government

• Buy bond, invest in the war

– Rationing• Office of Price Administration – control wages and set prices for consumer

goods

• Rationing –– Coupon Books limited amount of goods people could buy.

– Food – Sugar, Meat, butter, milk, canned goods

– Carpooling , Victory Gardens

– National War Labor Board – resolve strikes, working conditions and wages. • Women and African Americans join the workforce (Rosie the Riveter )

– Office of War Information• Propaganda/Media to support war effort

Patriotism on the Home Front

American Morale

• Office of War Information– worked with radio, print and print industries

• Support the war effort

– Movie stars and singers volunteer to sell war bonds.

– Depict the Germans and Japanese as brutal

» USSR – depicted as a helpful ally.

– USO – United Service Organization • Volunteers server to boost morale of soldiers

– Citizens get involved • Joined the work force (women, African Americans, Retired)

• War Bonds

• Red Cross

• Blood Drives

• Scrap Collections (Iron, Tires, cooking fat)

Patriotism on the Home Front

GDP, Gross Domestic Product, is the yearly value of the goods and services created by a nation. Compare Explain the relationship among the three graphs shown here.

Restricting Axis “Aliens”• Certain Groups faced discrimination during WWII

• American public became fearful

– Axis Aliens – required to register with the government, submit to fingerprinting, and list organizational affiliations• 11,000 German + Italian immigrants held in camps

• Japanese were required to vacate the west coast– German

– Japanese

– Italian

– Jewish Refugees –• US Government feared that Jewish refugees were “Nazi Spies”

• German transatlantic liner St. Louis – US Gov’t sent boat back to Europe

• 2016+2017 – Syrian Refugees.

INTERNMENT OF JAPANESE AMERICANS

• When the war began, 120,000 Japanese Americans lived in the U.S. – mostly on the West Coast

• In 1942, FDR ordered Japanese Americans into 10 relocation centers– Executive Order 9066

• Created “war zones” where anyone could be removed for any reason

– 100,000 Asian Americans uprooted from their homes.

• Internment Camps –– Temporary imprisonment members of a specific

ethnicity • Japanese Americans + Asian Americans.

Japanese Americans felt the sting

of discrimination during WWII

Location of

the 10

Internment

camps

In the late 1980s, President Reagan signed into law a bill that provided $20,000 to every Japanese American sent to a relocation camp

The checks were sent out in 1990 along with a note from President Bush saying, “We can never fully right the wrongs of the past . . . we now recognize that serious wrongs were done to Japanese Americans during WWII.”

Korematsu v. United States 1944Fred Korematsu and his family were ordered to relocate.Fred failed to submit the relocation. Arrested for violating military order.

Court upheld Korematsu's conviction. "Pressing public necessity,“

In Korematsu's case, the Court accepted the U.S. military's argument that the loyalties of some Japanese Americans resided not with the United States but with their ancestral country, and that because separating "the disloyal from the loyal" was a logistical impossibility, the internment order had to apply to all Japanese Americans within the restricted area.

Japanese Internment During World War II

All German, Italian, and Japanese citizens in the United States had to register with the U.S. government. Identify Supporting Details Why was this notice printed in four languages?

Increased Opportunities in Employment

• War Time production – fill the needs of the military– Helped to end the Great Depression

• Women + African Americans join workforce

– Women• Rosie the Riveter

– 6.5 Million Women joined the workforce

– Factory Jobs

– Broke the traditional work women held

– Weakened common practice that women quit their job

– Paid less + hostility

– Day care centers – both parents working

– Knowledge and confidence – impacted future generations.

• African Americans– Still treated as second class citizens

– Segregated employment practices

• Battle racism at home and favism abroad

– Phillip Randolph • Called for equal opportunity to work

– Executive Order 8802• Fair hiring practices in any government funded job

• Fair Employment Practices Committee – enforced executive order 8802

– Civil Rights Organization grow• NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

• CORE – Congress of Racial Equality– Non-violent protest to fight segregation

Increased Opportunities in Employment

Increased Opportunities in Employment

Describe trends in women working during and immediately after World War II.

Migration During World War II

• Wartime causes migration – Change in Demographic patterns

• Rural to Urban• North and west

– Industrial Jobs– Chicago, New York, Detroit

– Native Americans• Reservations – worked in defense industries

– Agricultural industry • Farmers had to produce more food.

– Many farmers transitioned to work in factories

• New machinery + fertilizers

• Mexican Americans• Bracero Program

– Mexican workers to work on American Farms

– Racial discrimination• Zoot Suit Riots –• American Sailor attack “zooters”