MODULE 14

Era of Social Change

SECTION 1: KENNEDY AND THE

COLD WAR• History of JFK

– Wealthy family• Father instilled passion in his sons

– Political History• Navy in WW2

• Elected to House of Rep 1946– Helped by his wealthy father

– No major accomplishments as HOR

• Elected Senator in 1952

– The Democratic nominee for president in 1960 was a young Massachusetts senator named John Kennedy

• Roman Catholic

• Youngest ever at 43yrs

• He promised to “get America moving again” – NEW FRONTIER

• Followed Containment Policy

• Used Flexible Response

– Kennedy had a well-organized campaign and was handsome and charismatic

Senator Kennedy,

1958

Kennedy in Camelot• The public was infatuated with the Kennedys

– Jack’s personality, Jackie’s sense of fashion, their

two young children

– Referred to as “Camelot” because they almost

seemed like America’s royal family

THE KENNEDY MYSTIQUE

• The first family fascinated the American public

• Celebrities more than politiciansArtists/photographers• JFK could read 1,600 words/Min

• Inspired education

• Jackie, too, captivated the nation with her eye for fashion and culture

• Family was considered as “Royalty”

REPUBLICAN OPPONENT:

RICHARD NIXON

• Richard Nixon

– Vice-President under

Eisenhower

• Republican

• Better known

• More experience

– The candidates agreed on

many domestic and foreign

policy issues

Nixon hoped to ride the

coattails of the popular

President

TELEVISED DEBATE AFFECTS

VOTE• On September 26, 1960, Kennedy and Nixon took part in the

first televised debate between presidential candidates

– Kennedy

• Young, eager, confident

– Nixon

• Uneasy, looked ill

– Radio listeners – Nixon won

– TV viewers – Kennedy won

JFK: CONFIDENT, AT EASE

DURING DEBATES

• http://www.history.com/topics/us-

presidents/kennedy-nixon-debates

JFK, NIXON REACT

DIFFERENTLY TO CIVIL RIGHTS• 1950’s

– Sit-ins

– Bus Boycotts

– Martin Luther King

• Nixon– Took no public stance on Civil

Rights

• JKF– MLK arrested for peaceful

march• Called MLK’s wife

• Negotiated with the judge to sent MLK free

King Kennedy

KENNEDY WINS CLOSE ELECTION

4. Kennedy’s Civil Rights views helped him

win votes in the south and

Midwest

CLOSEST ELECTION SINCE 1884• Kennedy won the election by fewer

than 119,000 votes

JFKRMN

“ASK NOT . . .”

• http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/john-f-kennedy/videos/inaugural-address-john-f-kennedy

Delivered Friday, January 20, 1961

MOD 12.5

Mounting Tensions in 1960’s

• By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:

• 1. Describe the new military policy of the Kennedy

administration

• 2. Summarize the crises that developed over Cuba

New Military Policy

• Kennedy & Cold War

– Emphasis on technology & third world countries

– Flexible Response

• Broad range of options to respond to nuclear threat

– Move away from massive retaliation

– Reduce threat of nuclear war

• Green Berets – special forces

• Vietnam

– US supported French colonization 1940’s – 50’s

– Domino Theory – one country falls to communism

others in the area would fall as well

• Kennedy supports Ngo Dinh Diem in S. Vietnam

Domino Theory

• Belief that if one country fell to Communism, then eventually the rest of the world would become communist.

Kennedy & CUBA

• Just 90 miles off the coast of Florida, Cuba presented

the first big test of JFK’s foreign policy

– Eisenhower administration drew up plans to invade Cuba

• CIA mission

– Dictator Fulgencio Batista dictator of Cuba (anti-

communist)– Could be controlled by USA

• (1959) Openly Communist, Cuba was led by

revolutionary leader Fidel Castro who welcomed aid

from the USSR

• US controlled 75% of the sugar crop

b. Castro promised to get rid of poverty

c. Castro wins and takes over U.S. companies land

d. U.S responds by imposing trade barriers on Cuba

• e. Cuba turns to USSR for aid

BAY OF PIGS• CIA Operation/ Eisenhower

– Train Cuban Exiles• Invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro

• Kennedy learned of the plan only nine days into his presidency

• JFK approved the mission

• Bay of Pigs was a disaster– 1,200 Cuban exiles invade Cuba

• 25,000 Castro Cuban supporters backed by USSR

– USA did not provide air support with invasion

• JFK faced political ramifications

https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/Bay-of-Pigs-

Invasion-A-Perfect-Failure-

Cuban Missile Crisis• USSR + Cuba

– Nikita Khrushchev – Soviet Premier• Promises to support Cuba

• Summer of 1962– USSR shipment of weapons to Cuba include

nukes

– U-2 Spy plane, 1962• Photographs of missiles in Cuba

• Joint Chiefs want to bomb Cuba– JFK and advisors use diplomatic measures

• US forces sent to Florida

– JFK addresses public• “Quarantine” Cuba

– Impose a naval blockade to prevent missiles from being delivered

13 Days – Quarantine Clip

13 DAYS

• When

more Soviet ships headed for the U.S. with weapons, JFK ordered a blockade

• The first break in the crisis occurred when the Soviets ships turned back

• Finally, Khrushchev agreed to remove the nuclear weapons from Cuba in exchange for a U.S. promise NOT to invade Cuba

For 13 days in October, 1962 the

world stood still as the threat of

nuclear war gripped the planet

EASING TENSIONS

• Impact of the Crisis– Kennedy seen as a leader

– Khrushchev lost prestige

– Reduce Nuclear Tensions• Move towards Détente – relax tensions between the

two powers

– Hotline – telephone communication between USA and USSR

– 1963 – Nuclear Test Ban Treaty • Ended above ground nuclear tests

• USA, Great Britain, USSR

• 36 other nations also signed

– Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty• Not to give or sell nuclear weapons to other countries

USSR promises to remove missiles

from Cuba and the US secretly

promises to remove missiles from

Turkey – leads to the Hotline

Berlin Wall• 1958 – Treaty – divided the city of Berlin

• 1961 Khrushchev and Kennedy meet in Vienna

• Khrushchev wanted the US to recognize formal division of Germany• Remove US troops from W. Berlin

• Khrushchev wanted to challenge the leadership of Kennedy

• Kennedy Increase military spending

• 1961 Russians build the Berlin Wall, separating East

(commie) and West Berlin

– Was built more for keeping in Communist citizens

from escaping than for keeping us out

– Skilled workers leaving E. Berlin – move to W. Berlin

RACE TO THE

MOON• Firsts- mostly Soviet • (Sputnik, Yuri Gagarin)

– “Communism is superior”– 1962

• American-Mercury- Alan Sheppard• 1961

– John Glen, first to orbit the earth.

• USA sends more satellites– Used for communication

• Kennedy urged congress to fund space program (NASA)– University science programs grow; new

industries, technologies arise

• launch facilities in Cape Canaveral, Florida and a mission control center in Houston, Texas

3. Space Race

a. Soviet Yuri Gagarin became the 1st human in

space

b. Kennedy had NASA focus on getting to the

moon 1st

c. July 20, 1969 – Neil Armstrong became the 1st

man on the moon

A MAN ON

THE MOON

• Finally, on July 20, 1969,

the U.S. would achieve its

goal

• An excited nation watched

as U.S. astronaut Neil

Armstrong took the first

steps on the moon

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v

=cwZb2mqId0A

Armstrong

“One small step for man, one

giant leap for mankind”

TRAGEDY IN DALLAS

• On a sunny day on November 22,1963, Air Force One

landed in Dallas with JFK and Jackie

– JFK received warm applause from the crowd that lined the

downtown streets of Dallas as he rode in the back seat of an

open-air limousine

JFK SHOT TO

DEATH• As the motorcade

approached the Texas

Book Depository,

shots rang out

• JFK was shot in the

neck and then the head

• His car was rushed to

a nearby hospital

where doctors

frantically tried to

revive him

• President Kennedy

was dead (11/22/63)

History Channel:

• JFK – part 1 - Introduction

• JFK – part 2 – Mourning

• JFK – part 3 – Conspiracy theories

LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON

BECOMES PRESIDENT

• New President

– Vice President Lyndon B.

Johnson

– Sworn in on Air force 1

A somber LBJ takes the oath

of office aboard Air Force One

with the Jackie next to him

JFK LAID TO REST

• All work stopped for

Kennedy’s funeral as America

mourned its fallen leader

• The Warren Commission

investigated the assassination

and determined that Oswald

had indeed acted aloneThree-year old John Kennedy

Jr. salutes his father’s coffin

during the funeral

MOD 14.2

Johnson & Great Society

THE GREAT SOCIETY

• A fourth-generation Texan,

Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ)

– 36th president of USA

• Experienced Politian

• Worked in Congress since 1932

• Admired FDR

– Promised to keep the Kennedy

Administration goals

– GREAT SOCIETY

• Wanted to make the AMERICAN

DREAM come true for everyone

• Great Domestic Politician

• Vietnam will eventually tarnish his

name and legacy

• Great Society Speech

JOHNSON’S DOMESTIC

AGENDA• Used political influence to push

through legislation• More liberal bills than FDR

– Most of the bills were Kennedy’s ideas, LBJ had the political skills to pass the laws

– War on Poverty

– Education

– Civil Rights

– Voting Rights

– Health Care

– Immigration

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964

• Civil Rights Bill• Introduced by Kennedy in 1963

• Johnson introduces the bill to

the House• Passes house easily

• Filibuster in the Senate- 3 months

– In July of 1964, LBJ pushed the

Civil Rights Act through Congress

– The Act prohibited discrimination

based on race, color, religion or

national origin, and granted the

federal government new powers

to enforce the law

LBJ signs the Civil Rights Act as Martin Luther King watches

VOTING RIGHTS ACT 1965

• Part of the Civil Rights Act was

to insure voting rights for all

Americans

– Banned Literacy Tests

– Ends disenfranchisement of

African Americans

• The act insured consistent

election practices

"By the way, what's the big

word?"

THE WAR ON POVERTY

• LBJ launches War on Poverty

– “hand up, not a handout”

• 1964

– Economic Opportunity Act

• The Act provided $1 billion in aid to the inner city

• Jobs Corps

– Domestic peace corps

• VISTA – Volunteers in serves to America

• Head Start– Provide education for preschoolers

• Community Action Program– Encouraged poor to contribute to public work programs

LBJ WINS BY A

LANDSLIDE• LBJ vs Goldwater

– Goldwater• Senator from Arizona

• Little gov’t involvement in Economy

• Against civil rights

• “War Hawk”– Pro war

– LBJ• Many voted for LBJ as a vote against Goldwater

• Opposed to sending more troops into Vietnam

• LBJ wins!

– 43 million voters vs 27 million• Now Johnson launched his reform

program in earnest

Education & Health CareThe Elementary and Secondary Education Act

• provided $1 billion to help public schools buy textbooks and library materials– This Act represented the first major federal

aid package for education ever

• Medicare – provided hospital insurance and low-cost

medical care to the elderly

• Medicaid– provided health benefits to the poor

Housing &

IMMIGRATION REFORM• Reform Immigration

– National Origins Acts of 1920• Restricted immigrants based on nationalism

• Discriminatory

• Immigration Act of 1965

– No quota system

• No discrimination against immigrants

based on origin.

• Housing and Urban

Development

– Low-rent public housing

• Low-income afford housing

THE ENVIRONMENT

• LBJ also actively sought to improve the environment

• The Water Quality Act of 1965 required states to

clean up their rivers and lakes

• LBJ also ordered the government to clean up

corporate polluters of the environment

CONSUMER PROTECTION

• Safety Laws– Motor vehicle safety act

• Federal standards for producing cars

– Wholesome Meat Act of 1967

• Federal control over labeling and packing of foods and other supplies

• Americans feel safer in the supermarket and on the roads

WARREN COURT AND

SUSPECT’S RIGHTS

• Mapp v. Ohio (1961) the Supreme Court ruled that illegally seized evidence could not be used in court– In Escobedo v. Illinois the court ruled that the

accused has the right to have an attorney present when questioned by police

• Miranda v. Arizona the court ruled that all suspects must be read their rights before questioning– Miranda Rights

• Baker v. Carr– “one person, one vote

• Reynolds v. Sims– One person one vote to state legislature

IMPACT OF GREAT SOCIETY

• The Great Society and the Warren Court changed the United States– No president in Post-WWII era extended the power and

reach of the federal government more than LBJ

• The War on Poverty helped, the Civil Rights initiative made a difference and the massive tax cuts spurred the economy– Great Society doesn’t last very long… Vietnam War

MODULE 14.3

Culture & Counterculture

Counterculture

• Counterculture

– Turn back on traditional America

• white, middle class college youths who were disillusioned

with the war in Vietnam and injustices in the 1960s

Counterculture

• Why/How it started– Kids of the 40’s+50’s were becoming adults

– Roots of the Counterculture• Beat Movement 1950’s – rejected materialism and emphasized personal

experience

• Civil Rights – introduces social and political protest

• Vietnam War/college enrollment– Rejected materialism -> personal beliefs became important

– 60’s – most educated generation

– War abroad = war at home

• “Free Speech Movement”– Students for Democratic Society

» End racism, poverty and violence

– WHO?• Middle Class

• White/College Educated– Baby boom of 1950’s

GENERATION GAP

• Older Generation– “silent generation”

• Lived through the Great Depression

• Listened to same old music as parents (big band)

• Valued loyalty/authority

• New Generation– “Boomer Generation”

• Lived through 1950’s

• Listen to “Rock N’ Roll”

• Activist for Peace –Antiwar

• Distrust authority

“Sex Drugs and Rock N’ Roll

• Beatles – 1964 – Appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show

• 70 million watched the show– Music becomes the vehicle for a movement

» Protest and Change

» Bob Dylan, Grateful Dead, Jimi Hendrix

• Art– Andy Warhol – realistic paintings of grocery

items• Questions traditional art

Counterculture• Hippie Culture or the Age of Aquarius

• Rock ‘n Roll» Tie dyed t-shirts, torn jeans, military clothes, love beads

–Communes –» Small communities where people share

resources

» “Sexual Revolution”

» More open/Free compared to parents

• Drugs

– Routinely use drugs (LSD) “expand their minds”» Haight-Ashbury – San Francisco district (Hippie Capitol)

» Timothy Leary – former Harvard Researcher

» Drugs could free the mind

» “tune in, turn on and drop out”

Positive and Negatives• Positives

– Plants the seeds for the “Rights Revolution”• Utopian lifestyle

– More authentic way of living

– Live off the land

» “environmental movement”

• Negatives

– Drug addictions increased dramatically• Leads to death of youth and many famous musicians

» Jimi Hendrix

– Values decreased

– People became more self centered.

The Conservative Response

• In the late 1960’s, many believed that the

country was losing its sense of right and wrong.

– Richard Nixon

• Conservatives attacked the counterculture

– “revolutionary terrorism”

• Social anarchy

• Delayed gratification

• Abandon rational thought

MODULE 14.4

Environmental Activism

Environmental Concerns in the

1970s

Three Mile

Island

AlaskanPipeline

Clean AirAct

EnvironmentalProtection

Agency (EPA)

EarthDay

EnvironmentalConcerns

1970s

Environmental Concerns –

1970s • April 22,1970 – first Earth Day –

environmental – awareness activity

– 1970 – Nixon brings 15 existing fed. pollution

programs into the

• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

– Agency to enforce environmental standards

• Clean Air Act• Regulate pollution

– Endangered Species Act• Protect wildlife and plants

– Clean Water Act

• Regulate water

• Prevent dumping of chemicals

56

Alaskan Pipeline

• The 800-mile-long Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS)

• one of the largest pipeline systems in the world.

• It stretches from Prudhoe Bay on Alaska’s North Slope, through rugged and beautiful terrain, to Valdez, the northernmost ice-free port in North America.

• Since pipeline startup in 1977, Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, the operator of TAPS, has successfully transported over 15 billion barrels of oil.

Environmental Concerns –

1970s • Nuclear power v. Foreign Oil

• Three Mile Island (Penn) malfunctions

and low level radiation escapes

– Radiation escapes

– 100,000 residents are evacuated but no one

dies

– Government stalls creation of powerplants

• Nuclear Regulatory Commission

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