World War I (WW I)—QUIZ

• Study Questions:• Identify and briefly describe the 4 Causes

of WW I• Identify the specific event that started

WW I•How does this event relate to a

cause.

Open notes quiz—5 minutes

• Why was the assassination of Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand the spark which lit the powder keg which was WW I?

• OR• Why did the assassination of Arch Duke

Francis Ferdinand lead to WWI?

Causes of WW I

• NATIONALISM• IMPERIALISM• SECRET/ENTANGLING ALLIANCES• MILITARISM• ASSASSINATION OF ARCH DUKE FRNCIS

FERDINAND (PROXIMATE CAUSE)

On 28 June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were shot dead in Sarajevo, by Gavrilo Princip, one of a group of six Bosnian Serb assassins coordinated by Danilo Ilić. The political objective of the assassination was to break off Austria-Hungary's south-Slav provinces so they could be combined into a Greater Serbia or a Yugoslavia. The assassins' motives were consistent with the movement that later became known as Young Bosnia. Serbian military officers stood behind the attack.

ALLIANCES IN EUROPE--1914

• TRIPLE ALLIANCE (CENTRAL POWERS)–GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY,

TURKEY• TRIPLE ENTENTE (ALLIES)–GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, RUSSIA

EARLY MILITARY OPERATIONS 1914-1915

• FRONTS–Eastern Front (Russia)–Western Front (e. France)

• NAVAL OPERATIONS–British: Blockade Germany’s Ports–Germany: Submarine warfare

The German Plan: “The Schilieffen Plan”

Woodrow Wilson

• 28th prez.• Progressive Democrat• President of Princeton U• Excessive moralist• Paranoid• Demanded total support• Honest & Principled

WW I…continuedSummarize Activity:1. Describe the character of

fighting in WW I. (374) 2. Why did Americans question

Neutrality? (377) 3. How did the British blockade

effect America? (378) 4. How did German U-boats effect

America? (378) 5. How did America react to the

Zimmerman note? (379)

6. How did America raise an Army? (382)

7. How did mass production help win the war?

8. How did the Convoy system protect shipping? (383)

9. How did New Weapons effect the war? (384)

Americas Policy of International Affairs

• 1914: America proclaims itself a “Neutral Trading Partner”….Why?

• Traditionally Merica avoided involvement in European Affairs unless………?

• The War Promises to be a GREAT economic Opportunity. Prove it………..

U.S. Trade with Europe 1914-1916

U.S. TRADE 1914 $• Central Powers: $169 mil.

• Allies: $800 mil.

• Total: $969 mil.

U.S. TRADE 1916 $• Central Powers: $1 mil.

• Allies: $3 bil.

• Total: $3.1 bil.

Who would you support?

• ALLIES: $3.1 Billion• OR• CENTRAL POWERS: $1 Million• Due to the British Blockade, America is

economically tied to the Allies!

Something else to consider…so what?

How will America deal with German Submarine Warfare?

• Background/review: Why did the Germans use Submarines?

• Navy not powerful enough to compete with the British!

• Submarines are cheaper—produces fear

Anyone want to go on a trip?

Sinking of the Lusitania

• The ocean liner Lusitania was sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Old Head of Kinsale, Ireland on May 7, 1915. The ship sank in just 18 minutes, and 1,198 of the 1,959 passengers and crew aboard perished.

• Why?

Why did the Germans feel justified?

• The Lusitania was carrying war supplies• The Lusitania was instructed to act in an

offensive manner if a Submarine confronted it.• The British were flying an American flag!• Nonetheless, 1,198 people are killed including

128 American Citizens.

American & German Reaction-1915

• America demands an end to Submarine Warfare.

• Germany agrees---Why??• Germany wants to keep America out of the

war.• It was an easy promise to keep!– Germany didn’t have many Subs

Why did America decide to enter the war?

• Germany announces “Unrestricted Submarine Warfare.” January, 1917. Why?

• The German fleet is much bigger.• American trade with the Allies is greatly

hurting Germany• American reaction: Break diplomatic ties with

Germany.

• The Zimmerman Telegram, March 1917• Zimmerman, the German Foreign Secretary,

sent a telegram to Mexico encouraging them to declare war on America. Why?

• Mexico is promised parts of the American Southwest!

• The Russian Revolution—May 1917 Why?• Russia/The new USSR is out of the war…so

what?.........• The Eastern Front is gone, & Germany can focus on

the Western Front.• The Russians are now Communists!• Woodrow Wilson, like many Americans, hates

Communism and sees this as divine inspiration for America to enter the War!

What does America hope to accomplish?

• America declares War—January 1918• Prez. Woodrow Wilson justifies Americas

purpose with his famous “Fourteen Points” Speech.

• What were the 14 points?

14 points

• End to Secret Diplomacy• Freedom of the Seas• Self Determination• League of Nations

Wilsons Fourteen Points eloquently justified Americas involvement in WW I:“we are accepting this challenge of purpose….the world must be made safe for Democracy”

Wilson was passionate about The League of Nations—It was time for America to step up! Or was it?

Doughboys go “over there”

• Summer 1918– American troops provide “a shot in the arm.”– America brings enthusiasm, and supplies!– The Allies regain control!

• November 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm Abdicates– Democratic Government established• “November Criminals”

The end is in sight!

• November 11, 1918 Armistice signed!– Ends fighting, yet does not bring peace!

• Now comes the difficult process of creating peace! Does Wilson have the answer?

• Total Death Toll: 8.5 million• Wounded: 21 million

CountryTotal

Mobilized Forces

Killed Wounded Prisoners and Missing

Total Casualties

Casualties as % of Forces

ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS

Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3

British Empire 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8

France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 73.3

Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1

United States 4,355,000 116,516 204,002 4,500 323,018 7.1

Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2

Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4

TOTAL 42,188,810 5,142,631 12,800,706 4,121,090 22,062,427 52.3

Allied Causalities—WW I (only the top 7)

CountryTotal

Mobilized Forces

Killed Wounded Prisoners and Missing

Total Casualties

Casualties as % of Forces

Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9

Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0

Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2

Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2

TOTAL 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4

GRAND TOTAL 65,038,810 8,528,831 21,189,154 7,750,919 37,466,904 57.5

Central Power Causalities and the Total Death Toll

What is the Significance of such a high death toll?

• With the unprecedented amount of death and destruction, a Just Treaty will be hard to reach.

• Vengeance and Reparations rule the day

The Treaty of Versailles: The Treaty to end all Wars?

• Woodrow Wilson hopes so, yet• The Allies and Wilson make some strategic

mistakes and compromises which ensures the Treaty will Fail:

Allied Mistakes

• Germany is not allowed to negotiate or participate– The War Guilt Clause

• Allied powers are consumed with Vengeance & Reparations

• The Allies essentially “Kill the Golden Goose” and guarantees a dysfunctional Germany– Note: Rise of Hitler

Result of the War Guilt Clause and Reparations

Wilsons Mistakes

• Wilson Demands American involvement • Wilson makes the Treaty a patrician or political

issue. • Wilson goes to Versailles without any

Congressional representation! • Wilson makes a critical compromise by valuing

the League of Nations as the most important component of the treaty!

Why did America Oppose the Treaty?

• League of Nations– America does not want to be involved– Return to Isolationism– The War was not Fun…..death, $, loss of

innocence• Ethnic Groups– Many oppose the War Guilt Clause

• Congress– See previous slide

The end of Wilson and the Treaty

• Wilson goes on “whistle stop” tour to get America behind the 14 points and Treaty.

• Wilson has stroke in September, 1919• Treaty fails to pass Senate…America never

signs it!!• America withdraws from the world

stage…..until……..??????

WW I—questions….

• 1. what is a conscientious objector (386)• 2. what is an armistice?• 3. what was the “final toll” (387)• 4. What was the purpose of the War Industries Board

(389).• 5. What is propaganda (390)• 6. Why was there Anti-immigrant hysteria? (391)• 7. How many people died from the Spanish Flu

Epidemic? (395)

WHAT IS PROPAGANDA?

• 1. Easily identified villain• 2. Use of half-truths• 3. Simple solution• 4. Call to Action

Propaganda political cartoon

• Make one…..based on a contemporary issue