Section 2World War I

Main Idea

With the introduction of new types of warfare and new technologies,

World War I resulted in destruction on a scale never before imagined.

A New Kind of War

Content Statement/Learning Goal

Explain how militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism were causes of

WWI. **ESSAY** M.A.I.N.

Explain how advances in technology, communication and transportation

improved lives but also had negative consequences.

Explain how and why oppression and discrimination resulted in the Armenian

Genocide during WWI.

Section 2World War I Vocabulary

• Trench warfare: a form of combat in which soldiers

dug trenches, or deep ditches, to seek protection from

enemy fire and defend their positions.

WWI turns into a stalemate. War of attrition.

• Total war: a war that requires the use of all societies

resources. Example: women’s corsets used for steel

for ships, no meat Mondays

• Propaganda: information such as posters and

pamphlets created by governments in order to

influence public opinion.

• Genocide: the killing of an entire people.

Section 2World War I

New weapons-developed due to deadlock of

trench war. Want to break stalemate

WWI WAS DEFENSIVE WAR:

WAR OF ATTRITION

• Poison gas could blind, choke, or burn victims.

Mustard+ chlorine gas

• Two systems of trenches stretched hundreds of

miles, western Europe

• Millions of Allied and Central Powers soldiers in

trenches of Western Front

1.The World War I Battlefield

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I Trench Warfare

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Over the top

• Soldiers ordered out of trenches to attack enemy

• Sprinting across area known as “no-man’s-land” a deadly game

• “no-man’s land” spanned between 15 yards to 400 yards

between trenches

• Thousands on both sides died, cut down by enemy guns

2.Trench Warfare

Life in trenches

• Trench warfare was not a new idea, but had never been seen at

this scale in Europe in 1914

• Life in trenches was miserable

• Rainstorms produced deep puddles, mud

• Lice, rats, bad sanitation constant problems

• Removing dead bodies often impossible

Section 2World War I 3.New weapons

• Neither side able to make significant advances on enemy’s

trenches, so they developed new weapons to break stalemate

and win the war.

• Poison gas develops gas masks, mustard gas, chlorine gas;

flame throwers

• Other new weapons more effective than poison gas

• Rapid-fire machine guns in wide use

• Artillery and high-explosive shells, enormous destructive power

• Big Bertha-cannon that could launch 1500lbs artillery shell 9

miles. Made by Germans.

• Rifles soldiers carried could now fire over 1,000 yards with

accuracy. Civil War rifles could only fire 300 yards accuratley.

• Its American-born inventor Hiram Maxim had moved to Great

Britain in the 1880's to follow a friend's advice: "If you want to

make your fortune, invent something which will allow those fool

Europeans to kill each other more quickly." 1,000 yard rifle

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War IEffects of Mustard Gas

Section 2World War IEFFECTS OF MUSTARD GAS

Section 2World War I 4. Tanks and Aircraft4. Tanks and Aircraft: First time used in War: WWI

Used to break stalemate. Does not work.

• Tanks pioneered by British

– British 2,000; French 4,000; U.S. 80; Germany 24

– Could cross rough battlefield terrain

– Reliability was a problem

– Would not make a contribution until late in the war.

• Aircraft most useful : First time used in war.

– At beginning of war, mostly for observation

– Soon had machine guns, bombs attached

– Faster airplanes useful in attacking cities, battlefields

– Neither side gained an advantage. Trench warfare

continued.

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

• Sought to control public

opinion

• Censored newspaper reports

• Created propaganda,

information to influence

opinions, encourage volunteers

• Posters, pamphlets, articles

about enemy’s brutal actions

• Rationing: no meat Mondays

• Women’s corsets: got enough

steel to build 2 battleships

• Full length coats.

6.Government Actions

• Total war

• governments took

stronger control of

citizens’ lives

• Factories changed to

produce military

equipment

• Citizens conserved food

and other goods for

military use

Government Actions

5.War on the Home Front

Section 2World War I

WWI Propaganda Posters

Section 2World War I

WWI Propaganda Posters

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I 7.Women and the War

Women in War

• Millions of men at battle

• Work on home front done by women

– Some worked in factories, producing war supplies: more

likely in WWII

– Others served as nurses to wounded

• Contributions of women

– Transformed public views of women

– Helped women win right to vote

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I Armenian Genocide

• READ PAGE 390 AND List 4 Facts

• Use separate sheet of paper if necessary.

• Chapter 10: Eastern Question???

• Explain how and why oppression and

discrimination resulted in the Armenian

Genocide during WWI.

Section 2World War I

Armenian Massacre

• Different conflict elsewhere in

Ottoman Empire during Gallipoli

Campaign

• Russia launched attack in

Caucasus

Use of Force

• Ottoman leaders claimed

Armenians aided Russians

• Began forcibly removing Armenians

from Caucasus, spring 1915

Caucasus

• Mountain region between Black and

Caspian seas

• Home to ethnic Christian Armenians,

minority in Muslim Ottoman Empire.

Armenians prosperous

Violence, starvation

• 600,000 Armenians died in massacre

• Ottoman leaders accused of

genocide, destruction of racial,

political or cultural group

Armenian Massacre

Section 2World War I PAGE

390

Section 2World War I

While people on the home front supported their troops, the war in Western

Europe was going badly for the Allied Powers.

• Italy joined Allied Powers, May

1915

• Sent forces against Austria-

Hungary at border with Italy

• Series of back-and-forth

battles

• Little progress made:

Stalemate

The Italian Front

• Germans planned assault on

French fortress, Verdun

• Feb 1916-Dec 1916

• Believed French would defend

fortress at all costs

• Battle of Verdun meant to kill,

injure as many French soldiers as

possible

• 400,000 French casualties in 10

months of fighting, almost as

many for Germany

• Both sides weakened, stalemate

continues.

The Battle of Verdun

Battles on the Western Front

Section 2World War I

The Third Battle of Ypres (ee-pruh)

• Failed French offensive caused rebellion among French

soldiers, spring 1917

• British began offensive near Ypres, Belgium, site of German

attacks

• Third Battle of Ypres a disaster for British

• After 3 years of battle, front lines remained virtually unchanged

The Battle of the Somme

• British launched attack in Somme River in France area to pull

German troops away from Verdun

• Main assault during 1916, but no major breakthrough

• Both sides lost great number of troops; British suffered nearly

60,000 casualties on the first day of fighting

• Video Note:** Nearly all of the original British Army had been

wiped out after first three months of the war.**(America in 20th

Century)

Section 2World War I

Section 2World War I

Much of the early fighting took place in Europe, but the conflict quickly became

a true world war as fighting spread around the globe. Over 30 nations officially

took sides in the war.

• Ottoman Empire

joined Central

Powers, late 1914

• Controlled sea

passage,

Dardanelles

• Used by Allies to

ship supplies to

Russia

Gallipoli Campaign

• Allies landed force

on Gallipoli

Peninsula

• Attempted to

destroy guns, forts

on Dardanelles

• Gave up after

months of fighting,

200,000 deaths

Spring 1915

• Ottoman subjects in

Arabian Peninsula

rebelled later in war

• British sent T.E.

Lawrence to support

Arabs

• Allies don’t take

peninsula but Arabs

overthrew Ottoman

rule

Major Loss

War around the World

Section 2World War I War around the World

Other Fighting/ Advantage for Allies

• War also fought in Asia and Africa

• Japan declared war on Germany

– Part of military agreement with Great Britain

– Japanese captured German colonies in China

– British, French attacked German colonies in Africa

• Allied colonies scattered around world made contributions

to war

– Some colonists worked as laborers to keep armies supplied

– Others fought, died in battles in hope of winning independence

– Hopes were in vain