PowerPoint Presentation

World War IThe lamps are going out all over Europe. We shall not see them lit in our lifetime.

Social ChangesRise of CommunismWorld War IICold WarCollapse of EmpiresRise of Authoritarian Regimes, inc HitlerMiddle Eastern CrisesCreation of new NationsWhat is the significance of World War I?

Take the total number of students in this class

What is 16% of that number?What is 51% of that number?What is 6% of that number?Work this Out

16% Killed in Action

51% Wounded in Action

6% missing or POWs

Contemplate the effect if this was the casualty rate inSHSThe Town of SharonMassachusettsThe United StatesWorld War I Statistics

Mobilized 65, 038, 810

Wounded 21,219,452

Missing or POWs 7, 750,9445

Dead 8, 556, 315Casualties

Great Britain

Height of its Power

Highly Industrialized

Enormously proud of its excellent Navy

The Dreadnought

FranceOnce a major European powerSmarting from defeat in Franco-Prussian WarLost territory in Alsace LorraineHolder of territory in northern AfricaProtectorate of Morocco

GermanyPretty well chuffed with itselfNewly unified under Kleindeutsch modelBismarck still Chancellor and interested in keeping the peaceKaiser Wilhelm I an old man and Kaiser Wilhelm II soon to step upWell industrialized

ItalyNewly unified as wellNo colonies however nicely positioned on MediterraneanNot industrialized like its northern European cousins

Austria-Hungary

Austria-HungaryMajorly divided along ethnic linesMagyar (Hungarian/Slavic contingent)Rivals with Russia over Balkans and Slavic regions

The Balkans

Balkans close up

RussiaDefeated by OttomansW help of France and Great Britain in Crimean WarDefeated by Japan in Russo-Japanese WarFeudalistic society with Czar at head

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Militarism

Standing Armies 1914

Improved GunsTanksPoison GasAirplanes SubmarinesWeaponry

Alliances

Nationalist movements had helped create ItalyGermanys loyalty to German-speaking peopleLoss of Alsace-Lorraine by FranceBalkan recent historyAustria annexing Bosnia HerzegovinaSerbian historyDecline of OttomansPan-slavism in Central Europe Russia v Austria

Nationalism

Imperialism

What would you add here as background?Write 3 bullet points using some combination of 5Ws + HImperialism

TheSpark

AssassinationArchduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28th, 1914.

Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist group called the Black Hand who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia.

Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinands death and declared war on Serbia. Domino EffectGermany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary.

Russia pledged their support for Serbia.

Germany declares war on Russia. Domino EffectFrance pledges their support for Russia. Germany declares war on France. Germany invades Belgium on the way to France. Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany.

Allied PowersCentral PowersWorld War I

Whos to Blame?

The Schlieffen Plan

Plan to avoid two-front warRussia thought to mobilize slowly7/8 of German army to invade France, over in 6 weeksUse RR to move to Eastern Front to attack Russia

Belgium refused Germanys request to use as a staging areaGermany invaded anywayBritain attacks Germany for violating Belgiums neutralityBelgium tied up Germany for a month: B not weakRussians mobilize fasterFrance uses RRs to move their own troops around

Failure of Schlieffen Plan

August 4 German invasion of BelgiumAugust 26-30 Germans greatest victory at Eastern Front at Battle of TannenbergSeptember 5-10 First Battle of the Marne halts German invasion in FranceSeptember 15 First trenches are dugKey events of 1914

Trench Systems stretched 500 miles across France from Belgian coast to SwitzerlandAllies halt Central Powers, both dig inNo flanks to attackNo side gains more than 10 miles in 2 yearsMass assault/war of attritionCaused stalemateNo mans landTrench Warfare

Link to Video about Trench Warfare40

SubmarinesNew aspect of Total WarTargeting neutral merchant ships

Germans announce submarine blockadePart physical, part psychological weapon

Draws Allied resources away from offensive operationsCivilian control of production

Sinking of ships with US passengers is major factor in USs eventual entry into the war

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Naval battlesThe Naval War Battle of Jutland: Germany fails to break through English naval blockade Submarine War: Germany forced to use unrestricted submarine warfare to stop US supplies from reaching England, but offends US Convoy System: defeats submarine warfare Using warships to protect groups of merchant ships

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Aviation

Red BaronUsed initially for reconnaissance/spotting Wireless communication critical development in spotting

Arial combat originally a counter-reconnaissance function

Troops on the ground dont like the planes overhead.

By the end of the war, planes were being used to drop bombs on railways, intersections, factories, etc

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Looking for the Red Baron

Jenny JN-4

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Jaeger

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The Western Front 1916

The Eastern FrontBattle of Tannenburg August 1914: Germany v Russia

Russia leaves war, beginning of Russian Revolution

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk1918:Lenin signs treaty w GermanyRussia loses landWestern distrust of RussiaAllies invade Russia: war supplies and try to stop communism

Link to video on map49

LusitaniaZimmerman Telegram

PropagandaEconomic InterestsKeeping the world safe for democracy: President Woodrow WilsonWhy did the US enter

Zimmerman Telegram Link50

Europe at War

Womenand theWarEffort

Financing the War

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Spies

Mata Hari Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle German Spy!

PropagandaOn all Sides

US Declares War on GermanyBy 1918 2 million Americans joined Allies on Western FrontGermans launched huge offenseAllies push back, moving Germans across France and GermanyGermany sought an armistice with AlliesWar ended on Nov 11, 1918 at 11 AM

Campaign to Victory

The Three Promises

The Middle East in 1914

Promise to the French:Sykes-Picot Agreement 1916

Promise to the Arabs

Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915....Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca....

Hussein ibn Ali,Sharif of Mecca

The Arab Revolt: 1916-1918

The Allied Advance Against the Ottoman Turks

Br. GeneralEdmund Allenby

The British & Arab Armies MeetBritish Forces

Lawrence & Faisals Forces

T. E. Lawrence [1888-1935]

Lawrence of Arabia,The Legend Begins

British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917Sir Arthur James BalfourBr. Foreign Secretary

His Majestys Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine

Promised National home in Palestine:

Goal of gaining support of Jews in Central Europe & US

Strategic locationBritish Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917

How did the Balfour Agreement set the stage for the future?