World War I 1914-1918 Causes of the war Technology of the war Military techniques / Battles War at...
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Transcript of World War I 1914-1918 Causes of the war Technology of the war Military techniques / Battles War at...
World War I 1914-1918
Causes of the war Technology of the war Military techniques / Battles War at Home “Total War” US / Russia and the end of the
war
Traditional European Rules of War
1. A country must declare war before attacking another country.
2. Each side must wear uniforms or identify themselves to each other before attacking. Soldiers wearing an enemy uniform will be shot as a spy.
Traditional European Rules of War
3. Commanding officers should not be targeted
4. Civilians, Surrendering Soldiers and Medical Personnel will not be attacked.
Traditional European Rules of War
5. Hand to Hand combat is honorable, shooting from a distance is cowardly
6. Soldiers must be given the opportunity to surrender honorably.
Roots of War
Long Term Causes
Nationalism- Deep Devotion to One’s Nation Competition and Rivalry developed
between European nations for territory and markets(Example France and Germany- Alsace-Lorraine)
Long Term Causes
Militarism- Glorifying Military Power Keeping a large standing army
prepared for war Arms race for military technology
Long Term Causes
Imperialism- European competition for colonies Quest for colonies often almost led
to war Imperialism led to rivalry and
mistrust amongst European nations
Long Term Causes
Alliance System- Designed to keep peace in Europe,
instead pushed continent towards war
Many Alliances made in secret By 1907 two major alliances: Triple
Alliance and Triple Entente
The Two Sides
Triple AllianceGermany
Austria-HungaryItaly
Central PowersGermany
Austria-HungaryOttoman Empire
Triple EntenteEnglandFranceRussia
Allied PowersEngland, France,
Russia, United States, Italy, Serbia, Belgium, Switzerland
Leaders
Triple AllianceKaiser Wilhelm II
(Germany)
Franz Joseph I (Austria-Hungary)
Vittorio Orlando(Italy)
Triple EntenteDavid Lloyd George
(England)
Raymond Poincare
(France)
Czar Nicholas II (Russia)
Major Colonies
Triple Entente France- Vietnam,
Parts of Africa England- Africa,
Australia, Hong Kong, India, Canada, S. America
Triple Alliance Germany-
Africa, Parts of Asia
Short-Term Cause
June 28th 1914 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
July 23rd Austria Hungary Presents Serbia with an ultimatum
July 28th Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
July 29th Russia Mobilizes its troops August 1, 1914 Germany mobilizes troops.
Summer of 1914
Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions
August 2nd Germany declares war on Russia Germany invades Poland and Luxemburg, invasion of France starts
August 3: Germany declares war on France August 4: Germany declares war on Belgium
and invades it, August 4:England declares war on Germany August 5: Austria declares war on Russia and
Great Britain
Summer of 1914
Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions
Who Declared War on Who?
Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia Russia Declares War on Austria Hungary Germany Declares War on Russia Germany Declares War on France England Declares War on Germany and
Austria Hungary
By the end of 1914, not only Europe was at war, but also all of Europe’s colonies in Asia, Africa and South America.
Modern Warfare
The German plan against France was to rush into the country as fast as possible
The Machine Gun stopped this plan
The Schlieffen Plan
Trench Warfare
Both sides dug long trenches that faced each other. The trenches ran for miles.
From time to time, one side would attempt to cross the “No-Man’s Land” the area in between the trenches.
“Stalemate” caused both the Central Powers and Allied Powers to be stuck in war for 4 total years
Trench warfare made WWI extend from a few months of fighting to four years of fighting
French Soldiers Attacking a German Trench
A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War
The Great War Western Front
Germans, Austria-Hungarians vs. French, British and later Americans
Germany develops the Schlieffen Plan
Battle of the Marne (1914- German Defeat)
Trench Warfare on the Western Front
Western Front: Battles Battle of Verdun
Ten months long French and German armies. Estimated 540,000 French and 430,000 German casualties No strategic advantages were gained for either side.
Battle of Somme English and French vs Germany Six months of fighting Five miles of advancement for Allies 1 million men killed
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPT1MKOP8TQ (Somme)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y79-PJt-YzE (40:50)
A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War
Eastern Front
Russians and Serbs vs. Germans and Austria-Hungarians
War more mobile but still a stalemate
Russia’s disadvantages Not Industrialized Short on Supplies
Russia’s advantage People
Eastern Front: Battles
Battle of Tannenberg: August 1914- First major eastern battle. Russia was badly defeated and pushed back. Russia lost millions of men against Germany,
undersupplied, under gunned
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yB-Ituc3MRQ
Other Fronts
Japan, Australia, India join Allies
Ottoman Turks, Bulgaria join Central Powers
Gallipoli Campaign in the Ottoman Empire
Battles occur in Africa and Asia for Colonial Possessions
Russia Exits the War
In March 1917, Nicholas II abdicates his throne,
The Russian Duma continues to fight. In October 1917: Lenin and the Bolsheviks
take command: The Soviet Union is created. March 1918: Soviets and Germans sign the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending the war in the East.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtRQ6lOGdec
Technology:Chemical Weapons
WWI was the first major war to use chemical weapons
Mustard Gas and Chlorine Gas were the two most popular weapons: They caused suffocation, blindness, and death
Soldiers would protect themselves using Gas Masks
New TechnologyGuns
The Machine Gun
It was used by both sides, hundreds of rounds a minute could be shot by one person.
Technology:Airpower
Both sides used aircraft for observation, limited bombing, and air battles
Airplanes were slow, clumsy, and unreliable,
The most famous German pilot was Baron von Richthofen (The Red Baron)
Manfred von Richthofen
Red Baron
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axSyUyfKUW4
Dog Fighting – Flying tactic in WWI
Technology:Tanks
Technology:Tanks
Technology:Flame Throwers
US claims Neutrality
I didn’t raise my boy to be a soldier
I brought him up to be my pride and joy
Who dares to place a musket on his shoulder,
To shoot some other mother’s darling boy?
Technology:The U-boat (Submarine)
Germany’s secret weapon during the war
Sank dozens of British ships, controlled the oceans.
Why would the British think the U-boat was breaking the rules of War ?
US Road to War
British Blockade
did not allow products to leave or enter Germany
German U-Boat Responsecounter to blockade, destroy all boats headed for British shores
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCrzaC4aLPg (U-boats)
May 7, 1915
Sinking of the LusitaniaBell RingerUS Road to War
19 15
120
1,1001,900
Explain how these numbers are related?
May 7th 1915
Sinking of the LusitaniaUS Road to War
1916 Presidential ElectionAnd the Winner is…
Woodrow Wilson
- Internationalist!
Because
“he kept us out of the war”
US Road to WarThe Last Straw
Zimmerman Note
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gedy8LwQTaw
US Declares War
Senate Declares War April 4th 1917 House of Representatives Declares War April
6th 1917 Wilson’s reasoning for War make the world
“Safe for Democracy” (Pg 291) Isolationist not happy! Interventionist Happy!
War on the Homefront World War I as a Total War
All Resources devoted to homefront
Gov’t took over factories to make Military goods
All had to work (Women took place of men in factories)
Rationing- limit consumption of resources/goods necessary for the war effort
Propaganda- one-sided information to keep support for the war
PropagandaUS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6k9XZB6O26w ( Over There)
PropagandaGreat Britain
PropagandaGermany
Go on soldier! And fulfill your duty! Christ, the good shepherd watches over his flock. Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name, Your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in Heaven.
Opportunities for Opportunities for African-Americans in WW1African-Americans in WW1
Opportunities for Opportunities for African-Americans in WW1African-Americans in WW1
“Great Migration.” 1916 – 1919 70,000
War industries work.
Enlistment in segregated units.(Jim Crow Laws in Service)
1917 – Selective Service Act1917 – Selective Service Act1917 – Selective Service Act1917 – Selective Service Act
24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the end of 1918.
4,800,000 men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw active combat).
400,000 African-Americansserved in segregated units.
15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts, messengers, and snipers in non-segregated units.
Conscientious objectors – people who moral or religious beliefs forbid them to fight in war
Council of National Council of National DefenseDefenseCouncil of National Council of National DefenseDefense
War Industries Board (WIB) – Bernard Baruch – influential wall street broker who reported to the President and regulated all war related industries.
Committee on Public Information (CPI) – George CreelEducate the public about the causes and nature of war* Used Propaganda to influence and persuade AmericansFood Administration – Herbert Hoover
Railroad Administration – William McAdoo
National War Labor Board – W. H.Taft & Frank P. Walsh
True Sons of FreedomTrue Sons of FreedomTrue Sons of FreedomTrue Sons of Freedomhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v =kk46pKnoSbQ (AA in WWI)
Appeal to WomenAppeal to Womenas Homemakersas Homemakers
RATIONING!RATIONING!
Page 295Page 295Thinking Critically Thinking Critically Questions 1-2Questions 1-2
Appeal to WomenAppeal to Womenas Homemakersas Homemakers
RATIONING!RATIONING!
Page 295Page 295Thinking Critically Thinking Critically Questions 1-2Questions 1-2
Munitions WorkMunitions WorkMunitions WorkMunitions Work
The Girls They Left Behind Do The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!Their Bit!The Girls They Left Behind Do The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!Their Bit!
Women Used In Women Used In RecruitmentRecruitmentWomen Used In Women Used In RecruitmentRecruitment
Hello, Big Boy!Hello, Big Boy!Hello, Big Boy!Hello, Big Boy!
Even Grandma Buys Liberty Even Grandma Buys Liberty BondsBondsEven Grandma Buys Liberty Even Grandma Buys Liberty BondsBonds
The Red Cross - The Red Cross - Greatest Greatest Mother in the WorldMother in the World
The Red Cross - The Red Cross - Greatest Greatest Mother in the WorldMother in the World
YWCA – The YWCA – The Blue TriangleBlue TriangleYWCA – The YWCA – The Blue TriangleBlue Triangle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMCOzuE1Lvo (Women in WWI)
Read page 300
Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans
Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans
Espionage ActEspionage Act – 1917 - forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military. - ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mail. - fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison.
Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans
Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans
Sedition ActSedition Act – 1918 - it was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war.
Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans
Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans
3Schenck v. USSchenck v. US – 1919 - in ordinary times the mailing of the leaflets would have been protected by the 1st Amendment. - BUT, every act of speech must be judged acc. to the circumstances in which it was spoken. -The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. [Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes] - If an act of speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.
Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans
Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans
Abrams v. USAbrams v. US – 1919 - majority ruling --> cited Holmes’ “Clear and present danger” doctrine. - Holmes & Brandeis dissented:
The best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market, denying that a “silly leaflet” published by an “unknown man” constituted such a danger.
Woodrow Wilson
War Address, 1917
“We have no quarrel with the German people. We have no feeling toward them but one of sympathy and friendship. It was not upon their impulse that their government acted in entering this war. It was not with their previous knowledge or approval.
It was a war determined upon as wars used to be determined upon in the old, unhappy days when peopleswere nowhere consulted by their rulers and wars wereprovoked and waged in the interest of dynasties or of little groups of ambitious men who were accustomed to use their fellow men as pawns and tools.
We are glad, now that we see the facts with no veil of false pretense about them, to fight thus for
the ultimate peace of the world and for the liberation of its peoples, the German peoples included
for the rights of nations great and small and the privilege of men everywhere to chose their way of life and of obedience. The world must be made safe for democracy.
Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty.
We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make.
We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind.
Wilson, War, and Peace
Convoy - a group of merchant vessels sailing together, with or without naval escort, for mutual security and protection (Why?)
Defining America’s War Goals
Receiving Mixed Messages
The Allies Struggle
Russia exhausted on Eastern front + war + revolutions
Vladimir Lenin – radical communist who overthrew Czar Nicholas II and gained control of Russia
October 1917: Lenin and the Bolsheviks take command: The Soviet Union is created.
March 1918: Soviets and Germans sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending the war in the East.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQUAW_CdBds
American enters the Front Germany sends troops from Eastern to Western front March of 1918 Germany begins a massive attack on
France John J. Pershing – commander of American forces in
Europe Early 1918 – Americans met Germans on Western
Front Allies fighting together
= Britain+ France + Italy + Americans
“I shall always believe we could and ought to have kept out of this war,” House majority leader Claude Kitchin, a Democrat from North Carolina.
Ending the War (1918)The Tide Turns
German troops fatigued US had 140,000 “fresh” troops 2nd Battle of the Marne (June 1918) Central Powers Crumble
Revolutions in Austria Hungary Ottoman Empire surrenders German soldiers mutiny, German public turns
against Kaiser Wilhelm II
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UamKIlTsKgA
Ending the War (1918)
Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates on November 9th 1918
11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918 Germany agrees to a cease-fire
Cost of 338 billion dollars
The Somme American Cemetary, France
The Somme American Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died
Casualties of War
Ending the WarThe Paris Peace Conference
Meeting of the “Big Four” at the Paris Peace Conference (Prime Ministers David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Vittorio Orlando of
Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, and President Woodrow Wilson)
Wilson Proposes his “14 points” “Big Four” create Treaty of Versailles
War Guilt Clause Break up of German, Austrian, Russian and
Ottoman Empire Reparations Legacy of bitterness and betrayal
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfnEy8FuElc
Effects of World War I
Before World War I feeling of optimism and progress of Human Kind
After the War feelings of pessimism Return to isolationist ideas New forms of Art, Literature, Philosophy and
Science Roaring 20’s – changing of American culture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y59wErqg4Xg (crash course wrap up)
Homework – Decision Point Page 308
Read pages 307-309 Read and complete Decision Point pg 308 Questions – You Decide 1-3 Write Question and Answer
Bell Ringer - Map Skills12/15/14
Complete Map Skills On page 307 Questions 2-3 Write questions and answer
A Just or Unjust Peace
The Versailles Treaty
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pxb3j6Ps44c (American legacy of WWI) -1:05
Key clauses of the Versailles Treaty
War guilt and Reparations – Money paid to countries harmed by war to repair nations
Dismemberment of Russian, German and Austro- Hungarian Empires
League of Nations
1. Abolition of secret treaties 2. Freedom of the seas 3. Free Trade 4. Disarmament 5. Adjustment of colonial claims (decolonization and national self-determination) 6. Russia to be assured independent development; foreign powers to withdraw from Russian territory 7. Restoration of Belgium to prewar independence 8. Province of Alsace-Lorraine returned to France from Germany 9. Italian borders redrawn on lines of nationality 10. Autonomous development for the people of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire 11. Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and other Balkan states to be de-occupied and granted integrity, with Serbia given access to the Adriatic Sea 12. The Turkish people of the former Ottoman Empire to comprise an independent nation; autonomous development for national groups within the former Empire13. Establishment of an independent Poland with access to the sea
14. Establishment of a multilateral international association of nations to enforce the peace (League of Nations)
Wilson’s Fourteen Points – January 1918Wilson’s Fourteen Points – January 1918
America Becomes an Imperial Power
Fourteen Points - January 8, 1918
Freedom of the seas
Free trade
Disarmament
Self-determination
League of Nations https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5mkjDawFBI
Balance of Power View
A Starting Point
Self-Determination – right of the people of their own nation to determine their own type of government
Applying the American experience to the world
Britain had tutored colonies/now tutoring Philippines
Enlarging Monroe Doctrine/Roosevelt Corollary Assimilation of immigrants White men should be in charge
Internationalists’ View
“There must be, not a balance of power, but a community of power; not organized rivalries, but an organized common peace.”Wilson, Peace Without Victory, 1917
Competing Visions of US role in the world
Wilson’s internationalist vision
Balance of power/unilateral advocates
Isolationists
Moderates – like bits of them all
Need for Unilateral Action
The United States should render service of being a force for good in the world “of her own free will.”
Alliances, military intervention, moral suasion
Isolationists
Avoid “The Insidious Wiles of Foreign Influence”
and Entangling Alliances“Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence … the [attention] of a free people ought to be constantly awake; since history and experience prove, that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of Republican Government.”-- Farewell Address, September 17, 1796
Wilson’s Answer
By rejecting alliances in favor of collective security, meets Washington’s objectives
“This project of the League of Nations is a great policy of disentanglement.”
Article X of the League Covenant
The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all the members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.
Room for Compromise?
Language respecting Congressional authority, national sovereignty
“Strangling his own child”Why doesn’t Wilson Compromise?
Initial consideration Strategy President vs.
Congress in setting foreign policy
Impaired mentally Isolation from political
realities
Impact of WWI on US Foreign Policy
Disarmament and Dollars in 1920s. Outlawing War Neutrality Laws in 1930s. Ideological foundation for 20th century US
Foreign Policy
1. National self-determination: national sovereignty and democratic self-government
2. Free trade: spreading capitalism
3. Collective Security
4. US leadership needed to build a better world
5. Good for US = Good for the world
Wilsonianism: Its Lasting Legacy On US Foreign Policy Goals
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pg5LWHQYIrY (BBC WWI Wrap up)