WORLD HISTORY/CULTURESWORLD HISTORY/CULTURES CHAPTER 15 - Reaction & CHAPTER 15 - Reaction &

NationalismNationalism SECTION 1- THE UNIFICATION OF SECTION 1- THE UNIFICATION OF

ITALYITALY

Terms/NamesTerms/Names nationalismnationalism- pride in one’s own nation; - pride in one’s own nation;

desire for independence.desire for independence. nation-statenation-state- political state whose - political state whose

people share same language & culture.people share same language & culture. guerrilla warfare-guerrilla warfare- method of fighting method of fighting

in which small groups strike in which small groups strike unexpectedly.unexpectedly.

GiuseppeGiuseppe Mazzini- Mazzini- Native of Genoa. Native of Genoa. Active leader in fight for Active leader in fight for independence. 1831- founded secret independence. 1831- founded secret society society Young ItalyYoung Italy. Goal- make Italy . Goal- make Italy an independent sovereign nation. an independent sovereign nation. Leader of Italian nationalist movement.Leader of Italian nationalist movement.

Terms/Names con’tTerms/Names con’t

Charles AlbertCharles Albert-- King of kingdom of Sardinia. King of kingdom of Sardinia. Joined fight to expel Austrians in Lombardy & Joined fight to expel Austrians in Lombardy & Venetia.Venetia.

Victor Emmanuel IIVictor Emmanuel II-- King Charles Albert’s King Charles Albert’s son. 1849- becomes king of Sardinia. son. 1849- becomes king of Sardinia. Supported unity movement.Supported unity movement.

Count Camillo di CarvourCount Camillo di Carvour-- Helped king Victor Helped king Victor Emmanuel II with unity movement. 1854- Emmanuel II with unity movement. 1854- dominated Sardinia’s council of ministers. dominated Sardinia’s council of ministers. Goals- promote industrial growth, reduce Goals- promote industrial growth, reduce influence of Catholic Church & advance influence of Catholic Church & advance Sardinia’s national interests in foreign affairs.Sardinia’s national interests in foreign affairs.

GiuseppeGiuseppe Garibaldi Garibaldi-- Military commander & Military commander & adventurer. Leader of Italian nationalists. adventurer. Leader of Italian nationalists. Expert in guerrilla warfare. 1848- took part in Expert in guerrilla warfare. 1848- took part in Mazzini’s Roman Republic. 1849- Roman Mazzini’s Roman Republic. 1849- Roman Republic fell & Garibaldi fled to U.S. Returns Republic fell & Garibaldi fled to U.S. Returns to Italy in 1860.to Italy in 1860.

NationalismNationalism Economic growth, success of Economic growth, success of

American Revolution and the American Revolution and the Napoleonic wars prompts Napoleonic wars prompts unificationunification in Italy.in Italy.

Desire for independence- Desire for independence- nationalismnationalism.. Prior to 1860’s, Italy made up of Prior to 1860’s, Italy made up of

many many independent statesindependent states.. Some had foreign rulers. A French Some had foreign rulers. A French

Bourbon monarch ruled the Bourbon monarch ruled the kingdomkingdom of of TwoTwo SiciliesSicilies, Austria controlled , Austria controlled LombardyLombardy and and VenetiaVenetia and the pope and the pope controlled the controlled the papal statespapal states..

Cultural & economic differences Cultural & economic differences among independent Italian states.among independent Italian states.

Beginnings of UnificationBeginnings of Unification Italian unity movement also called Italian unity movement also called

RisorigementoRisorigemento (resurgence/revival). (resurgence/revival). Giuseppe Mazzini, native of Giuseppe Mazzini, native of GenoaGenoa. Leader . Leader

in fight for independence. Founded secret in fight for independence. Founded secret society, society, Young ItalyYoung Italy in 1831. Important to in 1831. Important to Mazzini is the Mazzini is the nation-statenation-state. A unified . A unified country would be best for all. country would be best for all.

January 1848: January 1848: NationalistsNationalists, inspired by , inspired by Mazzini, have a republican revolt in Mazzini, have a republican revolt in SicilySicily. . More revolts occur in Italian Peninsula due More revolts occur in Italian Peninsula due to revolts in France & Austria.to revolts in France & Austria.

King King Charles AlbertCharles Albert of the Kingdom of of the Kingdom of SardiniaSardinia, joins fight against Austrians when , joins fight against Austrians when fighting breaks out in fighting breaks out in Lombardy & VenetiaLombardy & Venetia. .

Beginnings of Unification con’tBeginnings of Unification con’t Nationalists have troops from Naples, Tuscany Nationalists have troops from Naples, Tuscany

and Papal States sent to fight Austrians.and Papal States sent to fight Austrians. April 1848: Italian forces almost defeat April 1848: Italian forces almost defeat

Austrians. Austrians. Pope Pius IXPope Pius IX withdraws his troops withdraws his troops as he opposed war with another Catholic as he opposed war with another Catholic country. Naples withdraws. Withdrawals cause country. Naples withdraws. Withdrawals cause defeat of defeat of Charles Albert’sCharles Albert’s army and army and AustriaAustria regains control over regains control over LombardyLombardy and and VenetiaVenetia..

Nov 1848: Nationalists make Pope flee Rome. Nov 1848: Nationalists make Pope flee Rome. City now a City now a republicrepublic and and MazziniMazzini called to head called to head government. Catholic governments of Naples, government. Catholic governments of Naples, Spain & France upset and pope restored to Spain & France upset and pope restored to power in Rome. Italians lose faith in Mazzini power in Rome. Italians lose faith in Mazzini and turn to Charles Albert and and turn to Charles Albert and SardiniaSardinia for for Italian unificationItalian unification..

Count CavourCount Cavour 1849, helped King of Sardinia 1849, helped King of Sardinia Victor Victor

Emmanuel IIEmmanuel II, son of Charles Albert, , son of Charles Albert, with unity.with unity.

1854: sent an army supporting France 1854: sent an army supporting France & Britain in Crimean War & Sardinia & Britain in Crimean War & Sardinia admitted to admitted to CongressCongress of of Vienna.Vienna.

1858: Met with Napoleon III. France 1858: Met with Napoleon III. France would aid Sardinia if at war & would aid Sardinia if at war & Sardinia promised Savoy and Nice Sardinia promised Savoy and Nice were given to France if Austria were given to France if Austria defeated.defeated.

Victor Emmanuel II

Count Cavour

Count Cavour con’tCount Cavour con’t

April 1859 April 1859 NationalistsNationalists revolt in Lombardy & revolt in Lombardy & Austria declares war on Sardinia. French Austria declares war on Sardinia. French forces aid Sardinia.forces aid Sardinia.

JJune 1859: Austrians defeated. French suffered une 1859: Austrians defeated. French suffered losses and withdrew forces. Napoleon III signs losses and withdrew forces. Napoleon III signs treaty with Austria’s Emperor Francis Joseph. treaty with Austria’s Emperor Francis Joseph. Sardinia given Sardinia given LombardyLombardy & Austria kept & Austria kept control ofcontrol of

Venetia.Venetia. 1859-1860: Fighting continues & rulers 1859-1860: Fighting continues & rulers

overthrown in Tuscany, Parma, Modena & overthrown in Tuscany, Parma, Modena & papal province of Romagna. These territories papal province of Romagna. These territories demand to unite with Sardinia. In order to demand to unite with Sardinia. In order to unite, Carvour gives France unite, Carvour gives France SavoySavoy & & NiceNice. . Kingdom of Sardinia accepts territories.Kingdom of Sardinia accepts territories.

Garibaldi & Southern ItalyGaribaldi & Southern Italy Italian nationalists in the Kingdom Italian nationalists in the Kingdom

of of Two SiciliesTwo Sicilies led by Garibaldi. led by Garibaldi. Expert in Expert in guerrilla warfareguerrilla warfare, ,

Garibaldi in 1848, took part in Garibaldi in 1848, took part in Mazzini’s Roman Republic. Republic Mazzini’s Roman Republic. Republic fell in 1849 & Garibaldi fled fell in 1849 & Garibaldi fled homeland to U. S.homeland to U. S.

1860: Garibaldi returns, takes 1860: Garibaldi returns, takes troops & gains control of Sicily and troops & gains control of Sicily and Naples. King of Two Sicilies fled. Naples. King of Two Sicilies fled. Garibaldi’s army know as the Garibaldi’s army know as the Red Red ShirtsShirts..

Garibaldi’s Troops: Which one would you want to be if you had Garibaldi’s Troops: Which one would you want to be if you had to pick one?to pick one?

Garibaldi & Southern Italy con’tGaribaldi & Southern Italy con’t Cavour prevents further victories for Cavour prevents further victories for

Garibaldi. Sept 1860, Carvour sent Garibaldi. Sept 1860, Carvour sent Sardinia forces and defeats papal Sardinia forces and defeats papal forces. Cavour kept control for forces. Cavour kept control for unification.unification.

Southern Italy supports union with Southern Italy supports union with Sardinia & Garibaldi surrenders Sardinia & Garibaldi surrenders Naples & Sicily.Naples & Sicily.

1861: Italy united except for Rome & 1861: Italy united except for Rome & Venetia. Venetia. Victor Emmanuel IIVictor Emmanuel II king of king of constitutional monarchy of Italy.constitutional monarchy of Italy.

New NationNew Nation Country divided culturally & economically. Country divided culturally & economically.

South South poorpoor and and agriculturalagricultural. North more . North more industrializedindustrialized.. Due to differences, civil wars Due to differences, civil wars occur.occur.

Italian government creates unified military Italian government creates unified military force & national education system. force & national education system. Railroads built.Railroads built.

1866: Italy became allies with Prussia 1866: Italy became allies with Prussia warring against Austria. Although Italy warring against Austria. Although Italy defeated by Austria, Prussia gives Venetia defeated by Austria, Prussia gives Venetia to Italy.to Italy.

RomeRome becomes national capital when French becomes national capital when French troops withdrew protecting papal city in troops withdrew protecting papal city in 1871. Capital moved from Florence to Rome 1871. Capital moved from Florence to Rome and Italy politically unified.and Italy politically unified.

Wrap Up:Wrap Up:

Look back at each slide and quickly Look back at each slide and quickly create and write down what you create and write down what you consider are the 6 Key questions to consider are the 6 Key questions to ask from this section. (You may have ask from this section. (You may have a multi-part answer which includes a multi-part answer which includes more than one term/name….)more than one term/name….)

Example: “What nation occupied Example: “What nation occupied Rome until 1871?” ……?Rome until 1871?” ……?

Vlas:Vlas:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDR71qy05vE v=FDR71qy05vE