World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 9 Christian Europe Emerges, 300 - 1200 C.E.
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Transcript of World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 9 Christian Europe Emerges, 300 - 1200 C.E.
World History:The Earth and its Peoples
Chapter 9
Christian Europe Emerges,
300 - 1200 C.E.
Objectives
• Understand the political and economic development of Western Europe during the medieval period and be able to undertake a critical analysis of the term “feudalism.”
• Be able to explain the development and the significance of Roman Catholic dogma, the hierarchical system of the Roman church, and the monastic movement.
• Be able to compare the medieval Western society, politics, culture, and religion with those of the Byzantine Empire.
• Understand the respective roles of the Varangians, Vladimer I, and the Byzantine Empire in the rise of the Kievan state.
• Be able to discuss the possible causes of the European recovery of 1000-1200.
• Be able to explain the causes of the Crusades and discuss their consequences in Europe and the Middle East.
Early Medieval Europe
Roman Decline - 5th century– legal framework disappears
• rise of Germanic traditions– family-based law
– political fragmentation• loss of allegiance• rise of local strongmen
– weak dependence on strong
Germanic Kingdoms– Franks, Visigoths, Lombards– Saxons and Angles
• competition for bishop of Rome– Latin - priests and monks
• Linguistic zones– Romance, Germanic, Slavic
Early Medieval Europe
Defending Medieval Europe– Arabs / Berbers in Spain - 711– Tours, France - 732
• Charles Martel - Carolingian• Charlemagne - 800
– Roman Emperor
– Vikings - 8th - 9th centuries• Scandinavian• coastal towns• Iceland, Greenland, Vinland
– William the Conqueror • Normandy Invasion - 1066
– Angles-Saxons
Early Medieval Europe
Economy• urban to village base• bartering replaces coin
currency• trade languishes• local self-sufficiency
– manors• primary agricultural centers• lords and serfs• work for protection• varied from region to region
• literacy replaced by ‘small traditions’
Early Medieval Society
Mounted Horsemen– stirrups; body armor– heavy, grain-fed horses– hereditary nobility
• fief• vassals
– knighthood limited to land revenue
• Noblewomen– own and inherit property
• administer husband’s estate– enmeshed in feudal obligations
• valued property– no choice in marriage
The Western Church
European Jurisdiction– West: Pope (papacy)– East: Patriarch of Constantinople
• Challenges– disagreement over regulations– clergy marriage– pagan worship– trained clergy
• Structure– patriarchates - 5
• Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria• appoint bishops; church rules
– penitentials• guide for penance of sins
The Western Church
Holy Trinity– Jesus, God, Holy Trinity
• Mary’s relationship• precise form of sacraments• iconic images
– heresy• schism• Monophysite doctrine - E
– divinity of Jesus Christ• Arianism - W
– Jesus as lesser divinity
– orthopraxy• correct practices
– orthodoxy• correct beliefs
Politics and Church
Holy Roman Empire - 962– confederation of German
princes– represent Christian interests
• Debate– investiture controversy
• who appoints bishops• popes versus emperors
– Emperor’s weapon• deposition
– Pope’s weapon• excommunication
• 3 legal traditions– Germanic custom (feudal law)– Christian (canon law)– Roman law
Monasticism
Monasticism– celibacy and obedience; poverty– living apart from society– devotion to prayer
• Most Important Impact– communal living and prayer
• monks or nuns• regular versus secular clergy• Rule of Benedict
• Separation of church / state• Features
– literacy and silence– reshaping of Roman society
Byzantine Empire
Roman Empire - 300 CE– continued pattern of Roman rule – caesaropapism
• the imperial with the papal• all-powerful Christian monarchs
– prevented breakup of empire
Legacy– Corpus Juris Civilis
• Justinian - 527 - 565 CE• basis for civil law in the West
– Architectural• Hagia Sophia
– Writing• Cyrillic
Byzantine Empire
Decline - 1200 CE– military weakness
• Sasanids, Huns, Goths– 300 years with Persia
• Muslims - 2/3 of empire– 7th century on
– Western Europe• schism between East and West
– formal disagreements over church doctrine
• sack of Constantinople - 1204
Society and Urban Life
Economic Transformation - 700– barter replaces money– decline in population / prosperity– local urban class disappears– family power rivals office holders
• technological development– decreased steadily over time
Women– increasingly confined to home– veils; socialized with family
1204 - 1453– loss in prestige to the West– loss of most valuable provinces
Kievan Russia
Kiev– Kiev and Novgorod– Black Sea trade with Byzantine
• Vladimir I– grand prince in 980– chose Orthodox Christianity
• grandness of Constantinople• Islam banned alcohol
– marriage of convenience
• Trade– key to political power
Western Europe Revives
1000-1200 CE• Technological Improvements
– draft harness• horse as primary draft animal• breeding of larger horses
– coulter blade plow
• shift from subsistence farming– money-based exchange
economy– doubling of population
• Italy and Flanders– manufacturing and trade– freedom for serfs in cities– independent of feudal lords– abundant coinage from trade
The Crusades
Crusades - 1100-1200 CE• Muslim control four centuries
– designed to recapture Jerusalem
• Christian pilgrims protected• Battle of Manzikert - 1071
– religiously motivated• Pope atonement of sins
– increase trade and land• Italian merchants; young
knights
• Council of Clermont - 1095– Pope Urban II– call for First Crusade