World History Africa Unit - Manasquan Public Schools€¦ · In July 1966, Gen. Yakubu Gowon...
Transcript of World History Africa Unit - Manasquan Public Schools€¦ · In July 1966, Gen. Yakubu Gowon...
World History
Africa Unit
Mr. Van Pelt
Concepts and Terms
How do we find out about
ancient cultures? Recorded facts- HISTORY
Archeology- artifacts / fossils
Anthropology- study of people / groups of people
oral traditions- songs, poems, etc.
Ethnocentrism- feeling that one’s own culture is superior
Migration - Causes
1. Changes in environment
2. Economic Problems
3. Political or religious differences
4. Changes in technology
IMPERIALISM The policy of establishing colonies and
building empires for economic and political
goals.
By 1914: France, Britain, Germany, Portugal,
Spain, and Italy had divided Africa among
themselves.(52 present day countries).
Only Liberia and Ethiopia remained under
African rule.
How did the Europeans and Africans feel
about imperialism.
.
Colonialism System where one country rules or
extends its control over another
for its own economic benefit.
Nationalism
Loyalty to a national group or nation and the belief in its right to self-determination.
What US History issue does this remind us of?
Answer: States rights – Civil War, John Calhoun from South Carolina.
Nationalism in Africa
Between WWI and WWII (1914-1939):
The sentiment for nationalism grew.
Generation of young nationalists lead by Kwame Nkrumah(ehn-KROO-muh) headed the movement.
Nationalism From Our Perspective
Our Attitudes as Americans
Our Attitudes as Students of Manasquan
Our Attitudes as Residents of……….
Why does our sense of “nation”alism change with each category???
Africa Unit
Geography
Map of Africa
Relief Map of Africa
World Map
20 % of World’s Land Mass
AFRICAN CONTINENT
54 NATIONS
12.5% WORLD POP.
Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) – A15
GREAT RIFT VALLEY
NILE RIVER: World’s Longest – 4100 miles + flows NORTH
VARIETY OF REGIONS
RAIN FOREST -near equator
3 parts of the Continent
SAVANNAH -grasslands that support:
Subsistence Farming: done for own use.(60%)
Cash Crops: done for export.
DESERT - Sahara
The Need for Rain
SAHARA DESERT: World’s Largest
3.2 Million square miles
Destroyed livestock
Lead to mass starvation
The drought of these areas has contributed to the urbanization of Africa
URBANIZATION Movement of people from the country to the city
Opportunity / jobs
Urban populations will double every 10 yrs.
OVERCROWDING
CRIME
POLLUTION
GROWING LACK OF FOOD
Societies and
Empires of Africa – Ch. 11
AFRICAN SOCIETIES AXUM, MALI, TIMBUKTU, SWAHILI
Where would they be located today (what countries)?
What type of government did they have?
What was their economic system based on?
How would you describe their standard of living?
Where would they be located
today (what countries)?
Map of Africa
MALI
AXUM
TIMBUKTU
S
W
A
H
I
L
I
AXUM
Important due to location between Asia
and Mediterranean world.
Exported:
1. GOLD
2. IVORY
3. RHINOCEROS HORN
4. TORTOISE SHELL
5. SPICES
MALI
One of the most powerful of the 1200’s.
Under Mansa Musa became an Islamic empire.
Mosques: Muslim houses of worship.
Became known as a great center of learning.
TIMBUKTU
In 1468: city of Timbuktu was taken over by the Songhai empire.
SWAHILI
Between 1100’s and 1300’s:
People who built cities along the east coast and then traded extensively with with the middle East, India, and China.
Each city was independent to its own ruler.
Chapter 24. 1
Imperialism
IMPERIALISM
The policy of establishing colonies and
building empires for economic and political
goals.
By 1914: France, Britain, Germany,
Portugal, Spain, and Italy had divided
Africa among themselves.(52 present day
countries).
Racism and Social Darwinism
Europeans believed they were better than the
Africans (RACISM)
Social Darwinism: “Survival of the Fittest”
Europeans were superior in all areas over the
Africans = Wealth and Success
Berlin Conference 1884-1885 Result of the “Scramble for Africa”
1. Notify others of claim
2. Prove they could control area
Recall: By 1914 – Which 2 countries were the only
to remain free of European control?
Liberia and Ethiopia
More on Imperialism
Imperialist Management
- Page 753 (Ch. 24.1)
Indirect Control
Direct Control
Protectorate
Sphere of Influence
Impact of Colonial Rule
Positive:
Reduced local warfare
Improved sanitation, schools, and hospitals
Economic growth
Impact of Colonial Rule
Negative:
Africans lose control of lands
New diseases
Population losses in resistance efforts
THE DIVIDING OF THE CONTINENT – boundary lines
split traditional groups or combined rivals
PLACES TO VISIT
NIGERIA
SOUTH AFRICA
KENYA
Let’s Go To…..
Nigeria
The People
250 Ethnic Groups
4 Largest
1. Hausa- North
2. Fulani- North
3. Ibo- Southeast
4. Yoruba- Southwest
Ethnocentrism is very strong in Nigeria
Religion
Christianity
IBOS
Islam
Muslim
Yorubas
Hausas
Fulanis
History
1000 A.D.
Hausa established trading ties with the Mediterranean World
Were powerful until Fulani defeated them in the 19th century making Northern Nigeria part of vast Islamic Empire.
History
1600 A.D.
The Yoruba settled in present-day Lagos.
During the slave trade, Slaves were sent to: Brazil, Caribbean, and North America.
Europeans discovered at this time the valuable resources Nigeria contained.
History
Traders and Missionaries soon arrived.
By mid 1800’s, British seized Lagos and began takeover of Nigeria.
Britain claimed Nigeria in 1914
After decades of resistance, they got their independence in 1960.
Civil War After independence, tension grew between the various groups.
Fearful of northern domination the Ibo seized control in Jan.1966.
In July 1966, Gen. Yakubu Gowon divided Nigeria into 12 states.
In 1967, Ibo leader Lt. Gen. E.O. Ojukwu, took over the East region.
Civil War
In 1967, Ibo leader Lt. Gen. E.O. Ojukwu, took over the East region.
Declared it the Republic of Biafra
The civil war that resulted lasted 30 months with Gowon’s federal troops prevailing, thus preserving the unity.
Today
1970’s - Discovery of oil lead to economic boom.
With this, many Nigerians moved to the cities to search for jobs.
What is this called?
Agriculture fell, food had to be imported
Today
1980’s - With oversupply of oil:
Prices dropped-revenues fell+ high government spending=
Economic Problems
1983 - government overthrown by Major Gen. Buhari
Focus was to save economy by going back to agricultural economy.
Today
1985 - Buhari overthrown and Ibrahim Babangida made president
Babangida slashed currency value,imposed economic reform, promised return to democracy
Economy improved
1991 elections held for governors and legislators
Ways of Life
75% live in rural area
Compounds: enclosed area containing a home residence
Most raise various crops
People leaving rural areas and going to: Lagos, Kano, and Ibadan
Lagos suffering from the urbanization(Recall Ch.1)
Map of South Africa
Early Years
6000 B.C.
Early Inhabitants:
San: Hunters
Khoikhoi: Nomadic Herders
Bantu: Iron makers
Europeans
1652: Dutch East India company established supply base at Cape of Good Hope.
Settlers began to arrive: Cape Colony
Settlers known as Afrikaners or Boers
In 1806, Dutch lost control to British
Boers
Resented the British because they abolished slavery: Financial ruin to Boers
Threatened Boer way of life
1836: Traveled NE: “The Great Trek”
Met w/ Resistance from African groups, but were successful in establishing republics of Transvaal and The Orange Free State
Anglo-Boer War
Result of:
Discovery of diamonds and gold in the Transvaal
British rushed to stake their claim
1899: war erupted between the two
Placed African groups between warring whites(British and Dutch)
Ended in 1902 with the British prevailing
Anglo-Boer War
In 1910:
Britain combined the Orange Free State and Transvaal into the Union of South Africa
Self-governed country with in British Empire
APARTHEID
Afrikaners believed in superiority of white race.
1910: South African constitution supported this notion
1912: African National Congress formed (ANC): laws were still passed to separate races and restrict non-whites
APARTHEID
1948: Afrikaner Nationalist Party won control of the government
Leader: D.F. Malan – “Pure White Race” – Apartheid becomes policy
Four Racial Categories: Africans, Whites, Coloreds(mixed descent), and Asians
APARTHEID Blacks could not vote, travel freely, and
required to carry passbooks(pass laws)
Pass laws also restricted work and living choices
1913: Native Land Act – prevention from buying land outside “reserves”.
1950: Groups Area Act – divided 14% of South Africa land into 10 “homelands”
Goal was to have each homeland become an independent nation.
APARTHEID Townships: places outside of cities set
aside for Blacks.
Resistances:
Sharpeville(1960)- Led to the deaths of 69 blacks. Protest of pass laws
1961- ANC formed the “Spear of the Nation” led by Nelson Mandela
Soweto(1976)- student protest to Afrikaans as language in schools
Hundreds killed after unarmed students were shot and killed
APARTHEID During the 1980’s, South Africa went
through a time of change marked by reform, revolt, repression, and resistance
1986: Due to the efforts of Archbishop Desmond Tutu, western nations banned imports and loans with South Africa
Result: Ended pass laws and blacks were allowed advisory role in government
APARTHEID
1989: Frederik de Klerk became president and announced apartheid must go.
March 17, 1992: White voters ended apartheid
Let’s Go To…..
Kenya
Map of Kenya
MAP OF KENYA
Kenya
42 black ethnic groups
Kikuyu: Country’s largest
After a short British colonial rule, gained its’ independence in 1963.
Ranks as Africa’s most prosperous and well-educated country
Foreign Rule
1000’s: Arab traders
Formation of the Swahili cities
SWAHILI
Between 1100’s and 1300’s:
People who built cities along the east coast and then traded extensively with with the middle East, India, and China.
Each city was independent to its own ruler.
Foreign Rule
1500 to Late 1600’s
Portuguese: wanted a port on way to India
Arabs up until the British invasion in 1895
They were seeking a railway with Uganda which had great wealth
Foreign Rule
British used Africans as laborers to build this railroad
They had no choice because they had to pay the taxes levied on them
Nationalism
1929: Kikuyu leader Jomo Kenyatta went to Great Britain to argue on Kenya’s behalf
1946: He assumed leadership of Kenya African Union(KAU)
GOALS: Gain access to their original land in the highlands
Nationalism Mau Mau movement: goal was to
gain back ancestral Kikuyu lands, unity among Kenyans, and new government to improve welfare of Africans
Resistance continued until 1956
Finally in 1963, gained independence under leadership of Kenyatta
Today 50% are Christians
40% more traditional African
Capital: Nairobi
80% live in rural areas(crops and livestock)
Since 1963, has changed great deal
Result: Unemployment, High rates of population growth, abuses of human rights by government
Challenges to Development
Africa
DEVELOPMENT
Aim: Improve quality of life for all
Difficulty stems from colonial period:
Present day boundaries have not changed so various ethnic groups make up one nation at times.
Many of these groups are divided making hard to create sense of identity
Economy(70’s-80’s) Goal was to export to generate necessary
income.
Some looked to the World Bank for funding and technical assistance.
Development was not achieved due to lack of funds, spare parts, or trained people for new systems.
Also, there was a lack of research done prior to a project being put into effect.
Economy(70’s-80’s)
Combination of declining world economy and oil shortages and oil abundance= Export values not = to import values.
By the 1990’s, Africa was in a state of debt with 12 years in a row of a declining standard of living.
Drought and Famine
In last 30 years, all but 5 nations south of the Sahara have suffered severe food shortages.
Drought and famine caused by lack of rainfall and: intense agricultural use, overgrazing, civil wars, population surges, and poor development programs
Population 2.9% increase a year is the world’s
highest of any continent
Projected at that rate, the population will be 1.5 BILLION by 2025!!!
Even with over 7 million people affected with diseases like AIDS, Africa grows between 18-25 Million a year
Imagine: 3 New York Cities a Year
Dealing With Challenges
1. Focus on Educational reform since 1960’s as they were denied education during colonial period.
2. Aids awareness and family planning
3. Self-Reliance will develop out of educational goals being met