WORLD GEOGRAPHY Nov. 25, 2014. Remaining schedule Unit 8 – Urban Geography Unit 9 – Industry and...
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Transcript of WORLD GEOGRAPHY Nov. 25, 2014. Remaining schedule Unit 8 – Urban Geography Unit 9 – Industry and...
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WORLD GEOGRAPHY
Nov. 25, 2014
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Remaining schedule
Unit 8 – Urban Geography
Unit 9 – Industry and Services
Unit 10 – Human Environment
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Last Tuesday
Kaclandia
KmulandYeungdae
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Questions
- What is this state’s major industry?
- How dependent is the new state on its former colonizer (France)
- Does Kaclandia have natural resources. If so, where are they located?
- What is Kaclandia’s population? What are its demographics (especially its labor force)?
- Does the new state plan on building new religious structures?
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Today
Unit 8 (Urban Geography)
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Some basic terms
City: A conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics
Urban: The buildup of the city and surrounding environs connected to the city (central city and suburbs)
Urbanization: Movement of people from rural to urban areas—can happen very quickly in the modern world
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Global Urban Population
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Australia
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Where are cities located and why?
Site• Absolute location• Static location, often
chosen for trade, defense, or religion
Situation• Relative location• A city’s place in the
region and the world around it
• Trade area: An adjacent region within which a city’s influence is dominant
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Trade Areas
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Rank-size rule• Characteristic of a model urban hierarchy • The population of the city or town is inversely proportional
to its rank in the hierarchy
For example:
largest city = 12 million
2nd largest = 6 million
3rd largest = 4 million
4th largest = 3 million
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Primate cityThe leading city of a country, disproportionately larger than the rest of the cities
Factors affecting primate cities:
- spread of colonialism
- strong centralized government
- economic factors
- rural-urban migration
- efficiency of modern transport
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Advantages of primate cities
- Economies of large scale can be achieved because these cities attract overseas investment and benefits that can benefit the entire country/state.
- Attractive places of migration.
- Resources, services, and infrastructure available on a large scale.
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Problems faced by primate cities
- housing shortages
- traffic congestion
- crime
- pollution
- increase in land value (unaffordable housing)
- imbalance in development
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Primate cities - examples
- France: Paris (popn. 9.6 million)
Marseilles, France’s next largest city (popn. 1.3 million)
- U.K.: London (popn. 7 million)
Next largest city (Birmingham) popn. 1 million.
- South Korea: Seoul (popn. 10 million)
20% of the country’s population.
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Countries without primate cities
- India: Most populous city = Mumbai (16 million)
second most populous: Kolkata (13 million)
- China, Canada, Australia, Brazil, U.S.
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Central Place Theory (Christaller)
- Predicts how and where central places in the urban hierarchy (hamlets, villages, towns, and cities) are functionally and spatially distributed
- Assumes that–Surface is flat with no physical barriers–Soil fertility is the same everywhere–Population and purchasing power are evenly distributed–Region has uniform transportation network –From any given place, a good or service could be sold
in all directions out to a certain distance
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Hexagonal Hinterlands
C = city
T = town
V = village
H = hamlet
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Georgia, N. Carolina, S. Carolina
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Organization of Cities and how Cities Function
Urban morphology: The layout of a city, its physical form and structure
Functional zonation: The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain functions (purposes)
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Zones of a city
Zones
- Central business district (CBD)
- Central City (the CBD + older housing zones)
- Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone outside of
the central city)
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Zones of a city
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Zones of a city
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Zones of a city
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Zones of a city
Modeling the North American city
- Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess)
- Sector model (Homer Hoyt)
- Multiple-nuclei model (Chauncy Harris and Edward
Ullman)
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Classical models of urban structure
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Edge citiesSuburban downtowns, often located near key freeway intersections, including
- Office complexes- Shopping centers- Hotels- Restaurants - Entertainment facilities- Sports complexes
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Urban Realms model
Each realm a separate economic, social, and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metropolitan framework
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Satellite cities
Seoul Capital Area
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Satellite cities
Example: Seoul Capital Area (Sudogwon)
- Central city is Seoul (“Seoul Special City”)
Satellite cities include:
- Incheon - Suwon - Ansan - Anyang - Goyang - Seongnam - Bucheon - Yongin
The Seoul Capital Area is the world’s second largest metropolitan area
popn. 25,000,000
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Cities of periphery and semi-periphery
Latin America
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Cities of periphery and semi-periphery• Griffin-Ford model
• Blend of Latin American traditions with globalization
• Disamenity sectors• Not connected to city services
• May be controlled by gangs and drug lords
• Industrial park• Gentrification area
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Example: Rio De Janeiro (Brazil)
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Industrial park
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Cities of periphery and semi-periphery
Subsaharan Africa
De Blij model
- Low levels of urbanization but rapid growth rates
- European colonial imprint
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Nairobi, Kenya
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Accra, Ghana
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Abidjan, Ivory Coast
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Cape Town, South Africa
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Satellite township: Cape Town
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Cities of periphery and semi-periphery
McGee model
- Colonial port and surrounding commercial zone as focal point
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Functional zonation – real-life example
Xiamen
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How people make cities
Role of powerful social and cultural forces
Periphery and semi-periphery:
- Sharp contrast between rich and poor
- Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of
zoning laws
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Making cities in the core (U.S.)
Redlining: Financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods
Blockbusting : Realtors purposefully selling a home at a low price to an African American and then soliciting white residents to sell their homes at low prices, to generate “white flight”
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Making cities in the core (U.S.)
Gentrification: Individuals buying and rehabilitating houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood
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Gentrification (Harlem, New York)
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Gentrification (Harlem, New York)
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Gentrification (Harlem, New York)
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Making cities in the core (U.S.)Commercialization: City government transforminga central city to attract residents and tourists, often in stark contrast to the rest of the central city
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Making cities in the core (U.S.)
Tear-downs: Houses that new owners buy with the intention of tearing them down to build much larger homes
McMansions: Large homes, often built to the outer limits of the lot
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Mcmansions
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Mcmansions
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Mcmansions
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Making cities in the core (U.S.)
Urban Sprawl: Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning
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Making cities in the core (U.S.)
Urban Sprawl:
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New Urbanism
Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs
Concerns:
- Privatization of public spaces
- Failure to address conditions that create social ills of
cities
- Countering urban sprawl
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New Urbanism
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Next Class
- Wrap up Unit 8
- Introduce Unit 9 (Industries and Services)