Workshop practice 2nd sem.

• Welding shop • Fitting shop • Sheet metal shop • Electric shop • Carpentry shop • Smithy shop • Plumbing shop • Electronic shop

Welding

• Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing fusion, which is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal. In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is typically added to the joint to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint that is usually stronger than the base material. Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce a weld. Welding also requires a form of shield to protect the filler metals or melted metals from being contaminated or oxidized.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrication_(metal)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welded_sculpturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(science)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_weldinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weld_poolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation

Types of flames

• Neutral Carburzing

Oxidizing

Mapp

http://weldguru.com/welding-flames/http://weldguru.com/welding-flames/http://weldguru.com/welding-flames/http://weldguru.com/welding-flames/http://weldguru.com/welding-flames/

Welding positions

• Positions Horizontal

Flat

Vertical

Overhead

Pipe

http://weldguru.com/welding-positions/http://weldguru.com/welding-positions/http://weldguru.com/welding-positions/http://weldguru.com/welding-positions/http://weldguru.com/welding-positions/http://weldguru.com/welding-positions/

Safety precaution of welding

• a. To prevent injury to personnel, extreme caution should be exercised when using any types of welding equipment. Injury can result from fire, explosions, electric shock, or harmful agents. Both the general and specific safety precautions listed below must be strictly observed by workers who weld or cut metals.

• b. Do not permit unauthorized persons to use welding or cutting equipment. • c. Do not weld in a building with wooden floors, unless the floors are protected from hot metal by

means of fire resistant fabric, sand, or other fireproof material. Be sure that hot sparks or hot metal will not fall on the operator or on any welding equipment components.

• d. Remove all flammable material, such as cotton, oil, gasoline, etc., from the vicinity of welding. • e. Before welding or cutting, warm those in close proximity who are not protected to wear proper

clothing or goggles.

• f. Remove any assembled parts from the component being welded that may become warped or otherwise damaged by the welding process.

• g. Do not leave hot rejected electrode stubs, steel scrap, or tools on the floor or around the welding equipment. Accidents and/or fires may occur.

• h. Keep a suitable fire extinguisher nearby at all times. Ensure the fire extinguisher is in operable condition.

• i. Mark all hot metal after welding operations are completed. Soapstone is commonly used for this purpose.

Butt joint by gas welding

Fitting shop

Vernier caliper

• A close-up of a caliper's measurement scales. Assuming the caliper has no "zero error" (that is, it registers 0.00 mm when fully closed) the image shows a reading of 3.58 mm ± 0.02 mm. This is found by adding 3.00 mm (left red mark) read off from the fixed main (upper) scale to 0.58 mm (right red mark) obtained from the sliding vernier (lower) scale. The main scale reading is determined by the rightmost tick on the main scale that is to the left of the zero tick on the vernier scale. The vernier reading is found by locating the closest aligned lines between the two scales. The 0.02 mm inscription indicates the caliper's precision and is just the width that corresponds to the smallest interval on the vernier scale.

• A vernier scale is a visual aid that allows the user to measure more preciselythan could be done unaided when reading a uniformly divided straight or circular measurement scale. It is a scale that indicates where the measurement lies in between two of the graduations on the main scale. Verniers are common on sextants used in navigation, scientific instrumentsused to conduct experiments, machinists' (or jewelers') measuring tools (all sorts, but especially calipers and micrometers) used to work materials to fine tolerances, on theodolites used in surveying, and in absolute encoders to measure linear or rotational displacements

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_instrumenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_instrumenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_tolerancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_encoder

Vernier caliper

micrometer

• A micrometer (/ aɪˈkrɒ ɪtər/ my-KROM-i-tər), sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating a calibrated screw widely used for precise measurement of components[1] in mechanical engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades, along with other metrologicalinstruments such as dial, vernier, and digital calipers[2]. Micrometers are usually, but not always, in the form of calipers (opposing ends joined by a frame). The spindle is a very accurately machined screw and the object to be measured is placed between the spindle and the anvil. The spindle is moved by turning the ratchet knob or thimble until the object to be measured is lightly touched by both the spindle and the anvil.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machininghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliper

Hand hacksaw

• A hacksaw is a fine-toothed saw, originally and mainly made for cutting metal. The equivalent saw for cutting wood is usually called bow saw.

• Most hacksaws are hand saws with a C-shaped frame that holds a blade under tension. Such hacksaws have a handle, usually a pistol grip, with pins for attaching a narrow disposable blade. The frames may also be adjustable to accommodate blades of different sizes. A screw or other mechanism is used to put the thin blade under tension.

• On hacksaws, as with most frame saws, the blade can be mounted with the teeth facing toward or away from the handle, resulting in cutting action on either the push or pull stroke. In normal use, cutting vertically downwards with work held in a bench vice, hacksaw blades are set to be facing forwards

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_sawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_sawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol_grip

Taps and drill

• Construction professionals know better than the general public that when it comes to building or installing anything, the type of fasteners and techniques used are important to the integrity of the structure. No matter what the project, it is ’t as si ple as drilli g a hole a d i serti g a screw. The type of material, the application and the necessary strength of the connection all factor in to the type of hole and fastener used.

• Unlike nails, screws and bolts use threads to make a strong connection with materials. However, some people may think the threads come from drilling, when in reality, they come from tapping.

Sheet metal

• heet metal is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. Sheet metal is one of the fundamental forms used in metalworking and it can be cut and bent into a variety of shapes. Countless everyday objects are fabricated from sheet metal. Thicknesses can vary significantly; extremely thin sheets are considered foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in) are considered plate.

• Sheet metal is available in flat pieces or coiled strips. The coils are formed by running a continuous sheet of metal through a roll slitter.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalworkinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foil_(metal)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_leafhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_steelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_slitting

Sheers, Punches and Other Metalworking Hand Tools Used to Cut Sheet Metal. These

hand-held snips, shears, and punches are used for cutting sheet metal to any shape or

size. ...

Cutting a Large Hole with Punch and Snips. ...

Beginning the Cut with a Punch. ...

Cutting with Hawk-Billed Snips.

Sheet metal operations

Electric Shop

The Facilities Operations Electric Shop performs

preventive and routine maintenance and repairs to all

interior and exterior electrical lighting and power

systems on campus including fire alarm systems and

generators. The Electric Shop also conducts power

shutdowns two times a year to ensure high voltage

equipment is in excellent condition to help prevent

unexpected power outages.

The Crew Supervisor is Alex Novak who can be reached

by contacting the Facilities & Administrative Services

Customer Support Center at extension 2353.

Safety precaution of electrical shop

• Turn off the power to equipment before inspecting it. Turn off circuit breakers or unplug the equipment. To turn off a safety switch, use your left hand (wear insulating gloves made of leather or heavy cotton or rubber), turn your face away from the box, and pull the handle down. Circuits may discharge violently when being turned on or off and the cover to the junction box may be blown open.

• Use only tools and equipment with non-conducting handles when working with electrical devices.

• All current transmitting parts of any electrical devices must be enclosed.

• When checking an operating circuit, keep one hand either in a pocket or behind your back to avoid making a closed circuit through the body.

• Maintain a work space clear of extraneous material such as books, papers, and clothes.

• Never change wiring with circuit plugged into power source.

• Never plug leads into power source unless they are connected to an established circuit.

• Avoid contacting circuits with wet hands or wet materials.

• Wet cells should be placed on a piece of non-conducting material.

• Check circuits for proper grounding with respect to the power source.

Tools of electrical shop

• Electrical Pro. Electrical Pro is a reference app to help increase the productivity of those in the field of electrical engineering. ...

• Thread Pitch. ... • Power Wizard. ... • Machine Screws Drill/Tap Inf. ... • Electrician Side Kick. ... • Resistor ID Pro Toolbox. ... • Electrical Tools Lite. ... • Real AWG Wire.

Carpentry

• Carpentry may be designed as the process of making wooden articles and components such as roots, floors, partitions, doors and windows. Carpentry involves cutting, shaping and fastening wood and other materials together to produce a finished product. Preparation of joints is one of the important operations in wood work. Joinery denotes connecting the wooden parts using different points such as lap joints, mortise and T- joints, bridle joints, etc.

Carpentry Tools Carpentry tools are used to produce components to an exact size

. The types of carpentry tools are as follows.

1. Marking tools

2. Measuring tools 3. Holding tools

4. Cutting tools

5. Planning tools

6. Boring tools

7. Striking tools

8. Miscellaneous tools

Carpentry joint

Carpentry safety precautions

• Before starting any wood working machine in carpentry shop, it should be ensured that all the safety guards are in proper places and secured well.

• While working on a circular saw, one should not stand in a line with the plane of the rotating blade and always keep your fingers away from the reach of blade.

• While working on wood lathe machine, the job should be properly held. • The wooden pieces should not be fed to the sewing machines faster than

the cutting speed of the machine.

• One should not use defective or damaged carpentry tools and machines while carrying out work in carpentry shop.

• No carpentry tools should be thrown for saving time in handling. • Nails, screws should be properly kept in a box for proper house keeping. • Sufficient safety precautions need to be taken for preventing fire accidents

in the carpentry shop.

https://me-mechanicalengineering.com/lathe-machine-parts-operations/

Smithy shop

• blacksmith is a metalsmith who creates objects from wrought iron or steel by forging the metal, using tools to hammer, bend, and cut (cf. whitesmith). Blacksmiths produce objects such as gates, grilles, railings, light fixtures, furniture, sculpture, tools, agricultural implements, decorative and religious items, cooking utensils and weapons.

• While there are many people who work with metal such as farriers, wheelwrights, and armorers, the blacksmith had a general knowledge of how to make and repair many things, from the most complex of weapons and armor to simple things like nails or lengths of chain.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalsmithhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forginghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinsmithhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farriershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelwrighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armourer

Smithy tools

Conduit, Pipe, and Tubing

Reamers.

Drain Cleaning Equipment.

Flaring And Swaging Tools.

Pipe and Tube Cutters.

Pipe Extractors.

Pipe Freezing and Pipe Thawing

Units.

Pipe Inspection Equipment.

Pipe Inspection Equipment

Accessories.

Tools of plumbing

Types of thread

• There are six types of threads commonly used on hydraulic tube fittings:

• UN/UNF. • NPT/NPTF. • BSPP (BSP, Parallel) • BSPT (BSP, Tapered) • Metric Parallel. • Metric Tapered.

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://galind.co.il/en/wp-content/uploads/thread.jpg&imgrefurl=https://galind.co.il/en/?p=1&h=769&w=900&tbnid=6CCwQajNDHr91M:&tbnh=160&tbnw=187&usg=__QV6rlk03Ay3UqdAcxWyPnB5yoHg=&vet=1&docid=xTFqwfgPWEMOvM&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8047f5aTaAhWLMI8KHQXPB1AQ9QEIKjAA

Safety precautions

• Protect your eyes. Wear safety glasses when doing any plumbing work, especially

something that could potentially damage

your eyes. Work such as snaking a drain, using

a drill, or reciprocating saw, hammering, or

even working under a sink while looking up

can pose a safety hazard for your eyes

Electronics shop

–Type of wire and fuse. • This type of circuit is mostly used in the small current circuit

or for domestic wiring. The fuse case and thefuse carrier are

the two main parts of the rewirablefuse. The base of

the fuse is made up of porcelain, and it holds the wires which

may be made up of lead, tinned copper, aluminium or alloy of

tin-lead.

Types of solder

• Solder wires usually have a core inside the wire containing flux. Flux is designed to

improve electrical contact and mechanical

strength in solder joints. There are mainly

two types of flux cores. Acid core and rosin

core.