Workshop on research agenda motivation: –complex-product technologies, abstraction, economic...
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Transcript of Workshop on research agenda motivation: –complex-product technologies, abstraction, economic...
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• workshop on research agenda • motivation:
– complex-product technologies, abstraction, economic disruption
– need for interdisciplinary approach (EPIP)– limitations: avoid domain-specific issues of pharma,
biotech, cleantech, nuclear weapons, etc. – except for comparison
• emphasis on spontaneous interaction– no attribution w/o written permission
• structure….
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global
international
national institutions
market/industry
business practice
patents
knowledge
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global
international
national institutions
market/industry
business practice
patents
knowledge
SEPs
WTO
PTO, CAFC, ITC, juries
ICT, software, finance
trolls,portfolios,privateers
patents
prior art, disclosure
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global
international
national institutions
market/industry
business practice
patents
knowledge
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“The U.S. has had a 230-plus year love affair with innovation. It started with our Constitution, in which our Founding Fathers made patents an affirmative right the government is required to grant to anyone who meets the legal requirements.”
former Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property David Kappos, Stanford Technology Law Review, May 2013
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“The land of Intellectual Property Rights is manipulative, predatory and vicious. And here is the best part: it’s managed at the national level.”
Jim Balsillie, ex-RIM (Blackberry)
a public-private system
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non-traditional perspectives
• law and economics
• political economy
• applied transaction cost analysis
• institutional/policy design
• complex systems
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costs and benefits of knowledge
• technological knowledge– disclosure– prior art
• economic knowledge– needed for decisions on due diligence– managing risk and uncertainty
• mismatch of publication and innovation
– information needed to settle
• legal knowledge– validity and infringement– standards vs rules; jurisdictional limits– assertions vs litigations
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relative value
• reasonable royalties calculation driven by SEPs – FRAND not Georgia-Pacific laundry list– Microsoft v. Motorola
• “How many standards in a laptop?”
• How many patents in a standard?
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Fontana et al, Reassessing Patent Propensity, 2013
Out of 2802 winners of R&D 100 awards, less than 10% were patented.
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“In the last 5 years, Nokia has defended against over 150 patents in Europe. Many were dropped at an early stage. 71 were pursued to judgment. Of those 71, the courts have determined that only one was valid ‐ and even that was later revoked by the EPO.” -- Tim Frain, Nokia, April 2013
public comments by Nokia in context of industry concerns about Europe’s pending unified patent system (which promises to enhance the market for enforcement)
and these are European patents, which are reputedly of higher quality
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value of subsidies
• explicitly subsidized examination – $2113 for large companies– creates institutional disincentives to deny
• inability to conclusively deny (continuations)• ex parte examination • burden on examiners to reject• enhanced presumption of validity • no accountability for PTO errors• court system subsidized by public• R&D tax credit, profit-shifting, patent boxes.• American juries (bias against foreign litigants)• availability of ITC against imports
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value of subsidies (cont.)
• pleading standards, discovery rules• contingency representation • choice of venue• low standards allow aggressive portfolio use of FUD• innocent infringement • leverage of suing customers and end users • secondary factors of obviousness• functional claiming, indefiniteness (irresolvable
ambiguity)• one size fits all: IT to pharma cross-subsidy?
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motives for sovereign/state-supported funds
• commercialize technology– assemble and exploit “sleeping” patents
• defense against foreign aggression– in high-value markets (US, EU soon, China)
• return on investment– no different from SWFs– private aggregators (Intellectual Ventures, Acacia
Research, etc.) directly or via hedge funds and private equity