EPIP - Social Impact Bonds 101
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Transcript of EPIP - Social Impact Bonds 101
SOCIAL IMPACT BONDS 101 Webinar February 26th, 2014 EPIP Host: Michael Barham Speakers: Robert Esposito and Shawn Pelsinger
EPIP • Emerging Practitioners in Philanthropy (EPIP) is a
national network of foundation professionals and social entrepreneurs who strive for excellence in the practice of philanthropy
• Our mission is to develop emerging leaders committed to building a just, equitable, and sustainable society.
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Housekeeping • You’ll all be on mute
• Calling in on the phone? Mute your computer, please.
• Use the question box for questions or technical difficulties
• Time for Q&A
• We’ll be recording this webinar
Today’s Speakers
• Robert Esposito, Jacobson Fellow in Law & Social Enterprise, NYU • Shawn Pelsinger, Jacobson Fellow in Law & Social Enterprise,
NYU
SOCIAL'IMPACT'BONDS'101'
Shawn'Pelsinger,'Esq.'&'Robert'T.'Esposito,'Esq.''
Overview'
! What'are'Social'Impact'Bonds?'
! Broader'Context'
! The'Peterborough'Project'! Growth'
! U.S.'Developments'
! Emerging'Trends'
! CriOques'
! Conclusion'
What'are'Social'Impact'Bonds?'
! “An$arrangement$between$one$or$more$
government$agencies$and$an$external$organiza6on$
where$the$government$specifies$an$outcome$(or$
outcomes)$and$promises$to$pay$the$external$
organiza6on$a$pre>agreed$sum$(or$sums)$if$it$is$
able$to$accomplish$the$outcome(s).”$
! >Center$for$American$Progress'
What'are'Social'Impact'Bonds?'
! Key'Features'! Limited'control'on'how'external'organizaOon'carries'out'task'
! Government'cooperaOon'with'external'organizaOon'! Agreed'upon'target'populaOon'and'success'metrics'
! Payments'conOngent'upon'hiUng'targets'
What'are'Social'Impact'Bonds?'
! Common'MisconcepOons'! All'SIBs'are'“PayWForWSuccess”'but'not'vice'versa;'
" SIBs'are'an'innovaOve'financing'soluOon'for'PayWForW'Success'projects'
! SIBs'are'not'bonds'in'the'tradiOonal'sense'" SIBs'retain'both'debt'and'equity'characterisOcs'
! SIBs'need'not'involve'mulOple'thirdWparty'collaborators'" However,'quite'common'for'thirdWparty'parOcipaOon'
What'are'Social'Impact'Bonds?'
Broader'Context'
! PayWforWSuccess'is'not'a'new'idea'
! World'Bank/InternaOonal'Development'AssociaOon'PerformanceWBased'Debt'BuyWDown'(+'Social'Impact'Performance'Guarantee)'
! Department'of'Labor'Workforce'InnovaOon'Fund'(matching'program)'! $24'million'to'state'level'agencies'in'NY/MA'
! Department'of'JusOce'Second'Chance'Act'($10'million)'
! Massachusefs'Social'InnovaOon'Financing'legislaOon'
The'Peterborough'Project'
! In'2010,'Social'Finance'organizes'first'SIB'! Broad'Goal:'to'“reduce'reWoffending'amongst'male'prisoners'
leaving'244'HMP'Peterborough'who'have'served'a'sentence'of'less'than'12'months”'
! Specific'Metric:'ReducOon'of'7.5%'of'exWprisoner'reWconvicOon.'! Investment:'£5'million'($8'million)'from'17'investors'to'fund'the'
“One*Service”'program'! IncenOve:'If'the'program'is'successful,'the'UK'government'will'pay'
Social'Finance,'capped'at'$12'million;'individual'returns'range'between'2.5%'and'13%'
! Measurement:'The'BriOsh'government'and'Social'Finance'agreed'that'independent'researchers'should'determine'whether'the'outcome'is'achieved.'
InternaOonal'Growth'
InternaOonal'Growth'
InternaOonal'Growth'
U.S.'Developments'–'Rikers'Island''
! In'August'2012,'Goldman'Sachs’'Urban'Investment'Group'and'New'York'City'announced'first'U.S.'SIB'
! Step'1:'Bloomberg'Philanthropies'will'make'a'$7.2M'grant,'funded'annually'over'4'years,'to'MDRC'
! Step'2:'GS'will'make'a'$9.6M'senior'mulOple'draw'term'loan'to'MDRC'paid'out'quarterly'over'4'years'
! Step:'3'MDRC'will'provide'funding'of'$9.6M'paid'out'over'4'years'to'Osborne,'in'order'to'support'the'direct'costs'associated'with'the'program'
! Step'4:'Vera'will'measure'the'impact'of'the'program'at'12'and'24'month'intervals'post'release'
! Step'5:'NYC'will'realize'a'stream'of'savings'from'the'decrease'in'recidivism'and'will'make'up'to'two'Success'Payments'to'MDRC'capped'at'$11.7M.''These'payments'will'be'based'on'the'threshold'decreases'in'recidivism'as'measured'by'Vera'
! Step'6:'Auer'3'years,'MDRC'will'repay'GS'$2.4M'from'the'Success'Payments'or'from'the'guarantee'fund'
! Step'7:'MDRC'will'repay'GS'the'Success'Payments'and,'if'necessary,'an'amount'from'the'guarantee'fund'needed'to'repay'the'GS'principal'
U.S.'Developments'–'Rikers'Island''
U.S.'Developments'–'Rikers'Island''
Emerging'Trends:'A'FoundaOon'PerspecOve'
! Rikers'Island'SIB'–'Bloomberg'Philanthropies'provided'75%'guarantee'($7.5'million)'
! BofAML/NY'State'SIB'–Rockefeller'FoundaOon'provided'a'10%'guarantee'($1.32'million)''
! Utah'SIB'–'No'guarantee,'but'philanthropist'J.B.'Pritzker'contributed'$2.4'million'subordinated'loan,'reducing'GS'risk'
! Massachuse<s'SIB'–'No'guarantee'! California'SIBs'–'The'Nonprofit'Finance'Fund,'with'funding'from'The'James'Irvine'FoundaOon,'announced'$2.5'million'to'incubate'SIBs'in'California'
Emerging'Trends:'Investor'PerspecOve'
Mul>ple'Private'Investors'
! Peterborough:'17'investors,'sourced'through'private'relaOonships,'consisOng'mostly'of'private'foundaOons'and'individuals.'
! New'York'State:'40'investors,'consisOng'mostly'of'private'foundaOons'and'highWnetWworth'individuals'
! Australia'(restricted'to'wholesale'investors'–'income'>'AU$250,000'or'AU$2.5m'net'worth):'
! The'Newpin'SBB'was'launched'first'and'raised'AU$7m'from'59'investors.''
! The'Benevolent'Society'SBB'raised'AU$10m'in'two'tranches.'The'$2.5m'(no'guarantee'with'up'to'30%'return)'tranche'involves'17'investors'and'the'$7.5m'(capital'guaranteed'with'up'to'10%'return)'tranche'involves'40'investors'including'NRMA'Motoring'&'Services,'Australian'Ethical'Investments'and'Commonwealth'Bank'of'Australia.'
! Perth,'Scotland:'Investors'have'contributed'between'£5000'and'£50,000'and'are'involved'in'the'intervenOon.'Unique'example'of'combined'investor'+'acOvist.'
Retail'Investors'
! Essex:'The'Allia'‘Future'for'Children'Bond’'was'the'first'opportunity'for'retail'investors'to'become'involved'in'a'SIB.'The'Future'for'Children'Bond'was'constructed'of'78%'loan'to'a'social'housing'provider,'20%'investment'in'the'Essex'SIB'and'2%'management'fees.'In'order'to'safeguard'against'illWinformed'investor'mistakes,'the'Bond'was'an'‘advised’'product,'which'meant'that'financial'advisors'had'to'apply'on'behalf'of'investors.'
Single'Funder'(some>mes'with'Guarantor)'
! Rikers:'Goldman'Sachs'funded,'Bloomberg'Philanthropies'guaranteed.'
State'Funded'(some>mes'with'Guarantor)'
! Utah:'StateWfunded,'J.B.'Pritzker'guaranteed.'
Service'Provider'Investor'
! London'Homelessness'SIB'and'the'Benevolent'Society'SBB'both'examples'of'service'provider'investors.'
! Massachusefs:'Roca'has'suggested'it'invest'in'the'MA'SIB,'in'addiOon'to'being'a'service'provider.'
Emerging''Trends:'EIBs'and'HIBs'
! Environmental'Impact'Bonds'–'Proponents'argue'that'moneOzaOon'of'future'cost'savings'is'already'a'staple'of'environmental'finance'! PotenOal'applicaOons'to'reduced'CO2/GHG'emissions,'water'quality,'reduced'use'of'fossil'fuels'
! Health'Impact'Bonds'–'Fresno,'California'pilot'program'to'provide'prevenOve'care'for'children'with'moderate'to'severe'asthma''
Emerging''Trends:'Development'Impact'Bonds'
! “The'Development'Impact'Bond'is'almost'exactly'the'same'as'the'Social'Impact'Bond,'the'hofest'idea'in'socialWservice'provision'(an'oxymoron'if'ever'there'was'one)'of'the'last'few'years.'One'difference'is'who'repays'investors'if'the'program'succeeds.'With'a'social'impact'bond,'the'government'does.'With'a'development'bond,'payment'would'fall'to'internaOonal'donors'such'as'foundaOons'or'government'agencies'such'as'Britain’s'Department'for'InternaOonal'Development'or'the'U.S.'Agency'for'InternaOonal'Development.”'! >The$New$York$Times,$June$19,$2013'
CriOques:'Negligible'Savings'
! In'addiOon'to'the'fiscal'imprudence'of'accruing'debt'for'social'services,'states'are'generally'restricted'from'creaOng'liabiliOes'in'their'operaOng'budgets'without'providing'matching'funds.'Thus,'it'should'be'no'surprise'that'Massachusefs,'like'the'UK'naOonal'government,'is'preWfunding'its'pilot'SIB'program.'In'New'York'City,'Bloomberg’s'personal'foundaOon'is'providing'a'grant'on'behalf'of'the'government'to'cover'the'payments.'
CriOques:'Lack'of'Scalability'
! RAND'Europe'found'that'first'SIB'pilot'program'in'Peterborough,'UK'was'“too'small'to'deliver'substanOal'‘cashable’'savings”'for'the'government''
! Even'for'a'relaOvely'large'reentry'pilot'program'in'Maryland,'a'10'percent'reducOon'of'recidivism'would'at'best'produce'a'6'percent'discount'to'the'cost'of'operaOng'the'pilot'program—using'highly'opOmisOc'assumpOons.'If'the'costs'do'not'stack'up'in'criminal'jusOce,'it'seems'unlikely'they'would'materialize'in'other'types'of'programs.'
CriOques:'Future'of'FoundaOon'Involvement?'
! FoundaOons'iniOal'involvement'as'guarantors'
! As'SIBs'gain'momentum,'need'for'guarantors'has'decreased'dramaOcally'
! Have'foundaOons'just'“primped'the'pump”'for'the'private'sector?'
! Will'growth'of'SIBs'provide'a'new'investment'opportunity'for'foundaOons?'
CriOques:'Role'of'Banks'in'ProfiOng'from'Public'Service'
! Prof.'Mark'Ronsenman,'outspoken'criOc'of'SIBs,'argues'that'SIBs'are'undesirable'because'they'allow'banks'to'profit'from'public'services'! Advocates'for'a'“Wall'Street'Sales'Tax”'to'fund'programs'instead'
! Are'SIBs'ethical'investments?'! If'government'permits'private'prisons'to'profit'from'incarceraOon,'why'not'permit'banks'and'impact'investors'to'moneOze'future'savings'and'profit'from'recidivism'reducOon?'
CriOques:'Unreliable'Metrics ''
! Financial'Industry'is'awash'with'metrics'to'measure'a'company’s'financial'performance'
! Metrics'for'measuring'social'impact'and'performance'are'less'developed'and'less'reliable'
! Without'accurate'metrics'or'industry'standards,'a'SIB’s'social'performance'may'be'distorted'
! Will'market'demands'create'reliable'social'performance'metrics?'
Conclusion'&'Resources'
! Center'for'American'Progress,'Social$Impact$Bonds:$A$Promising$New$Financing$Model$to$Accelerate$Social$Innova6on$and$Improve$Government$Performance'(Feb.'2011),''hfp://www.americanprogress.org/wpWcontent/uploads/issues/2011/02/pdf/social_impact_bonds.pdf'
! McKinsey'&'Company,'From$Poten6al$to$Ac6on:$Bringing$Social$Impact$Bonds$to$the$US'(May'2012),''hfp://mckinseyonsociety.com/downloads/reports/SocialWInnovaOon/McKinsey_Social_Impact_Bonds_Report.pdf'
! Social'Finance,'Founda6ons$for$Social$Impact$Bonds:$How$and$Why$Philanthropy$is$Catalyzing$the$Development$of$a$New$Market'(2014),'hfp://www.socialfinanceus.org/sites/socialfinanceus.org/files/Social%20Finance%20White%2'