Work Study Time Study

8/11/2019 Work Study Time Study

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Work Study

Work Study is the systematicexamination of the methodsof carrying out activities such

as to improve the effective useof resources and to set upstandards of performance forthe activities carried out


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Components of Work Study


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Method Study Method study is the process of subjectingwork to systematic, critical scrutiny to make it more

effective and/or more efficient.

It was originally designed for the analysisand improvement of repetitive manual work but itcan be used for all types of activity at all levels ofan organisation.

It is one of the keys to achieving productivityimprovement.


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Time Study

A process for measuring the required time forperforming a given task, by a given method,by a trained worker, working in a normalpace.

Why needed?For methods improvement

For determining time standards


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Methods for Creating Time Standards

Direct time studyCyclic workNon cyclic work

Work samplingSynthetic data

Predetermined times


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Direct Time Study - Tools


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Direct Time Study

Methods improvementSelection of the examined workersExplanation (union, managers, workers)Collecting and recording informationTask division into elements


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Methodology

Who to choose?Select an Average Worker (What is average?)Experienced operator

Normal paceConsistency (well defined, understood by all)No undue strain for entire day (speed/effort)Pace that should be performed, not average of current rate

Rating accuracyWorker acceptance

Can you suggest a better method?


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Preparation for Timing

Identify the TASK/ CYCLE to be studied before time study Analyze the Complete Task

MethodLayout of workplace

Equipment usedEnvironmental conditionsMachine speeds and feedsInspection equipment

Communications with foreman, workers

Documents for process, task instructionsEstablish relationship

Elemental analysisBreak task into elements


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Fundamental definitions

What is an ELEMENT?Element is a component of job or task thatare logical divisions with easily identifiablestarting and end points, and are repeatedon a regular basis

What is a CYCLE?

Cycle is the completion of the activities(elements) required to perform the jobunder study.


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Element Analysis

Every element must have an easilyidentifiable starting and ending point(breakpoints)

No discontinuities between elementsElements times: 0.04min (short), 0.25min(reasonable)

Relative frequency must be included


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Determining Number of Cycles

Time measurementMeasuring time ofeach elementThe number ofobservation of eachelement depends onthe significance leveland required level of

accuracy

Primary time study(normally 5 to 10

observation)

Examination of therequired number of

observations (N)

Continue study up to Nobservations

Re-checking the requirednumber of observations (n)

N>=n

End the time study

N=n

No

Yes


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Recommended number ofcycles/observations


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Maytag Company Approach


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Rules for Performing Time Study

Dont comment to the worker during the task Stand (dont sit) beside the worker Write every event (even though it may seems not

important)Have a good position to observeStop the study if the worker seems to be underpressure and it affects his/her work


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Time Study On Cyclic Work

Rating evaluation may be written once in acouple of cyclesElements times: 0.04min (short), 0.25min(reasonable)Denoting non-cyclic elementsThe breakpoint between elements should beclear (touch, push, etc.).


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Types of Elements

Manual/machine (determines the taskduration)Cyclic/non cyclicFixed time/ variable time (i.e. loading time asa function of weight)

Avoidable/unavoidable unproductiveelements (sometimes hard to identify)


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Time Study on Non Cyclic Work

Use continuous timingDivide the task into relatively large elementsWrite the evaluated performance rate at theend of each elementMultiply the observed time with the rate andsummarize the data


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Do we expect the average worker to work in normal rating ?


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Rating Evaluation Methods

Subjective judgmentPractice by watching moviesFor a study with long elements, rate eachseparatelyMethods:

Speed rating

Westinghouse


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Performance Rating Table (Westinghouse)


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Criteria for Successful SpeedRating Evaluation

Experience in the class of work performedSelection of an operator who givesperformances between 85 and 115Use of the average value of three or moreindependent studies


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Elements of Allowances

NormalTime

Extra Allowances

UnavoidableDelays

Special AllowancesConstant Allowances

BasicFatigue

PersonalNeed

VariableFatigue

AvoidableDelays

StandardTime

Total Allowances Allowances + =


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Standard Data Systems

Elemental times, based on previous timestudies , which have been proven to beaccurate and reliable .

Tabulated element standards that allow themeasurement of a specific job without theuse of timing devices.


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Construction Cost Estimating

Given we have the plans for a

new building, how much labor isneeded and what will it be usedfor?


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Punch Press Standard Data(40 strip)

Given we have a new part to run

through the punch press, whatwill be the standard time forthe part?


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Advantages Over Direct Time Study

More consistent standards resultsDuplicate time studies on similar operationsare eliminatedStandards are established more rapidlyLess experienced analysts can calculatestandards (use the formula not develop it)

Accurate labor costs and production timescan be estimated before production begins


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To Illustrate the development ofstandard data

Model

Element 119 130 220 310 311 322 329

10 0.24 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.22 0.23

20 0.38 0.35 0.35 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.37

30 12.06 10.44 8.71 6.58 10.83 6.34 7.25

40 3.66 4.81 0.00 2.79 5.84 4.55 4.10

50 0.00 1.63 1.91 1.69 1.80 1.45 0.00

60 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.14 0.13


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Possible Drivers

Model NT 3/4/5 D1 D2

119 15.72 18.00 27.25

130 16.88 23.50 33.50

220 10.62 2.50 1.50310 11.06 3.00 7.25

311 18.47 25.00 44.00

322 12.34 12.00 18.25

329 11.35 3.00 8.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00

Dimensions (D1 and D2 - inches)

T i m e

3 0 / 4 0 / 5 0 ( H r s

/ 1 0 0 0 )

D1

D2


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Correlation

2

222

2

12

1

2121

X X n X X n

X X X X nr


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Linear Regression

Y = b 0 + b 1 XY

X

221

22

2

0

X X n

Y X XY nb

X X n

XY X Y X b


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Standard Times for Machining Operations

How long will it taketo drill a 1-inch holethrough two inches

of malleable castiron?

Work Study Time Study

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