WORK STUDY

INTRODUCTION

§ With increasing complexities of the technologicalworld, need to simplify the work system has beenincreasing day by day.

§ Work study is an area of knowledge that addressesthe problem of work simplification with the basicobjectives of

PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT,

EVOLUTION OF WORK STUDY

• F.W.TAYLOR: founder of modern method and time study.• Taylor began his time study work in 1881.• He established that each job should have a standard time, determined by time

studies.• In the timing process Taylor advocated dividing the work into small divisions of ´ effort known as elements.• Time was obtained for these element individually and their collective values

were used to determine the allowed time for the task.

WORK OF GILBERTH

• Gilbreth is considered as the founder of ‘modern motion study technique’.

• Which is defined as the study of body motions used in

performing an operation for the purpose of improving

the operation by :

Ø Eliminating unnecessary motionsØ Simplifying necessary motionsØ Then establishing the most favorable motion sequence for

maximum efficiency

IMPORTANCE:-

• Enhancing the production efficiency of the firm.• Technique to identify non-value operations.• Only accurate and systematic procedure oriented

technique.• Has got universal application.

DEFINITION

“Work study is defined as that body of knowledgeconcerned with the analysis of the work methods and theequipment used in performing a job, the design of anoptimum work method and the standardization ofproposed work methods.”

PREREQUISITES FOR CONDUCTING WORK STUDY

STEPS INVOLVED IN WORK STUDY

1. SELECTJob Or Process To Be Studied

2. RECORDAll the details concerning job using various Recording Techniques

3. EXAMINERecorded facts critically by asking questions like who, what, when, why

4. DEVELOPMost economical method

5. MEASUREThe amount of work involved and set standard time to do that job

6. DEFINENew method and standard time

7. INSTALLThe new method as a standard practice

8. MAINTAINNew method as agreed standards

PRINCIPLES OF WORK STUDY

1. Must come from the top level management.2. People made aware of the objectives and the need of the

exercising such study.3. Method study must precede work measurement .

OBJECTIVES

´ To analyze the present method of doing a job, systematically inorder to develop a new and better method.

´ To measure the work content of a job by measuring the timerequired to do the job for a qualified worker and hence toestablish standard time.

´ To increase the productivity by ensuring the best possible use ofhuman, machine and material resources and to achieve bestquality product/service at minimum possible cost.

´ To improve operational efficiency.´ To reduce waste through standardization of work elements of a

COMPONENTS / TECHNIQUES OF WORK STUDY

WORK STUDY

METHOD STUDY•Motion Study : Examine the

job and finding more efficient method to perform it

WORK MEASUREMENT• Time Study : Determine the

time necessary to perform a job and its elements

BENEFITS OF WORK STUDY

Ø Increased productivity and operational efficiency Ø Reduced manufacturing costsØ Improved work place layoutØ Better manpower planning and capacity planning

Ø Fair wages to employeesØ Better working conditions to employeesØ Improved work flowØ Reduced material handling costsØ Provides a standard of performance to measure labour efficiency

Ø Better industrial relations and employee moraleØ Basis for sound incentive scheme

ADVANTAGES OF METHOD STUDY• Work simplification

• Improved working method ( cheaper method)

• Better product quality

• Improved work place layout

• Improved equipment design

• Better working conditions

DISADVANTAGES OF METHOD STUDY• HIGH OPERATING COST

• HIGH WASTAGE & SCRAP

• EXCESSIVE MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKMEN

• EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION BOTTLENECKS

• EXCESSIVE REJECTIONS AND REWORK

• COMPLAINTS ABOUT QUALITY

Work Measurement

DEFINATION :-

´“The application of techniques designed to establish the time for a qualified worker to carry out a specified job at a defined level of performance”

OBJECTIVES OF WORK MEASUREMENT :-

´ 1. Comparing alternative methods´ 2. Assessing the correct initial manning (manpower requirement planning)´ 3. Planning and control´ 4. Realistic costing´ 5. Delivery date of planning´ 6. Cost reduction and cost control´ 7. Identifying substandard workers´ 8. Training new employees.

TECHNIQUES OF WORK MEASUREMENT :-

´ 1) Repetitive Work:- The type of work in which the main operation or group of operations repeat continuously during the time spent at the job. These apply to work cycle of extremely short duration.

´ 2) Non-repetitive Work:- It include some type of maintenance and construction work, where cycle itself is hardly ever repeated identically.

VARIOUS TECHNIQUES:-

1)Time Study

2) Synthesis

3) work Sampling

4) Analytical Estimation

5)Predetermined Motion and Time Study.

Time study

´ Time study is work measurement technique for recording the times and rates of working for the elements of a specified job carried out under specified under specified conditions

STEPS IN MAKING TIME STUDY:-

1)SELECT (SELECTING JOB FOR WORK STUDY)

2)OBTAIN & RECORD (DETAILS REGARDING METHODS,OPERATOR, JOB ANDWORKING CONDITION)

3)DEFINE (THE ELEMENT, BREAK THE JOB INTO CONVENIENT FOR TIMING)

4)MEASURE (TIME DURATION FOR EACH ELEMENT AND ASSESS THE RATING)

5)EXTEND (OBSERVED TIME INTO NORMAL TIME {BASIC TIME})

6)DETERMINED (RELAXATION AND PERSONAL ALLOWANCES)

7) COMPUTE (STANDARD TIME FOR THE OPERATION FOR DEFINED JOB OROPERATION.)

Types of element

´ A repetitive element – Is an element which occurs in every work cycle of the job.

´

An occasional element - does not occur in each work cycle of the job, but which may occur at regular or irregular intervals. e.g. machine setting.

´ a constant element - the basic time remains constant whenever it is performed. e.g. switch the machine on.

´ A variable element - is an element for which the basic time varies in relation to some characteristics of the product, equipment or process, e.g. dimensions, weight, quality etc. e.g. push trolley of parts to next shop.

Types of element

´ manual element - is an element performed by a worker.

´ machine element - is automatically performed by a power-driven machine (or process).

´ governing element - occupies a longer time than any of the other elements which are being performed concurrently. e.g. boil kettle of water, while setting out teapot and cups.

´ foreign element - is observed during a study which, after analysis, is not found to be necessary part of the job. e.g. degreasing a part that has still to be machined further.

allowances

´ Relaxation allowances

´ Variable allowances

´ Interference allowances

´ Contingency allowances

´ Policy allowances

Personal Allowance

Constant Fatigue

Allowance

Variable Fatigue

Allowance

Fatigue Allowance

Total Allowance

Normal Time

Standard TimePolicy

AllowanceIf applicable

ContingenceAllowance

RelaxationAllowance

VARIOUS ALLOWANCES TO BUILD STANDARD TIME

EXAMPLE on how to calculate standard time:

WORK MEASUREMENT

• STANDARD TIME IS USED IN:• COSTING THE LABOR COMPONENT OF PRODUCTS

• TRACKING EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE

• SCHEDULING & PLANNING REQUIRED RESOURCES

SETTING STANDARD TIMES

• STEP 1: CHOOSE THE SPECIFIC JOB TO BE STUDIED

• STEP 2: TELL THE WORKER WHOSE JOB YOU WILL BE STUDYING

• STEP 3: BREAK THE JOB INTO EASILY RECOGNIZABLE UNITS

• STEP 4: CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF CYCLES YOU MUST OBSERVE

• STEP 5: TIME EACH ELEMENT, RECORD DATA & RATE THE

WORKER’S PERFORMANCE

• STEP 6: COMPUTE THE NORMAL TIME

• STEP 7: COMPUTE THE STANDARD TIME

Example :-

WORK SAMPLING:-

Work sampling was originally developed by L.H.C. Tippett in Britain in 1934 for the British Cotton Industry Research Board.

DEFINATION:-

A technique in which a statistically competent number of instantaneous observations are taken, over a period time, of a group of machines,processes or workers.

Work Sampling has three main applications:-

1) Activity and delay Sampling:- To measure the activities and delays of workers and machines.

2) Performance Sampling:- To measure working time and non working time of a person on a manual work and to establish a performance index or performance level for a person during his working time.

3) Work Measurement:- Under certain circumstances, to measure manual task that is to established a time standard for an operation.

Job design – process by which managers decide individual job tasks and authority

Job redesign – process by which managers reconsider what employees are expected to do

The well-being of organizations and people relates to how well management designs jobs

What is job design

Definition of job design

Def: Job Design is the process of deciding on the content of a job in terms of its duties and responsibilities; on the methods to be used in carrying out the job, in terms of techniques, systems and procedures and on the relationships that should exist between the job holder and the superiors, subordinates and colleagues.

Goals of Job design

1. Major Concern2. Purpose of Job Design3. Affect on Employee4. Impact

Design factor

´ Layout of equipment and seating´ Instrument display design´ Compatibility´ Control design characteristics

Environmental factors

´Temperature and hummidity´Vibration´noise

Visual Environment

´ Lighting´ Ventilation´ Behavioural dimensions of job design´ Job rotation´ Job enlargement´ Job enrichment

Job Rotation: Job Enlargement:Job Enrichment:

´ Job Rotation: Refers to the movement of an employee from one Job to another.

´ Please note: Jobs themselves are not actually Changed, only employees are Rotated among various jobs.

´ Job Enlargement: When a job is enlarged the tasks being performed are either enlarged or several short tasks are given to on worker, thus the scope of the Job is increased because there are many tasks to be performed by the same worker.

´ Job Enrichment::Job enrichment as is currently practiced all over the work is a direct outgrowth of Herzberg’s Two factor theory of motivation.

Approaches to Job Design

´ Engineering Approach:

´ Human Approach:

´ Job Characteristics Approach:

Engineering Approach:

´ The work of every workman is fully planned out by the management at least on day in advance and each man receives in most cases complete written instructions, describing in detail the task which he/she has to accomplish-FW TAYLOR.

´Problem with this approach: Repetition-Mechanical pacing-no end product-little socal interaction-no input

Human Approach:

´ The Human relations approach recognized the need to design jobs which are interesting and rewarding.

´ Herzberg’s research popularized the notion of enhancing need satisfaction through what is called job enrichment.

´ Factors involved:

´ Motivators like achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement and growth and Hygienic factors.

´ According to Herzberg. The Employee is dissatisfied with the job if required maintenance factors to the required degree are not introduced into the job.

Job Characteristics Approach

´ Theory by Hackman and Oldham states that employees will work hard when they are rewarded for the work they do and when the work gives them satisfaction.

´ Hence integration of motivation, satisfaction and performance with job design.´ According to this approach Job can be described in terms of five core job

dimensions:1. Skill Variety2. Task Identity3. Task significance4. Autonomy 5. Feedback

Job Design Process:

´ Job Design Process has to start from what activity needs to be done in order to achieve organizational goals.

´ It requires use of techniques like work-study, process planning, organizational methods and organizational analysis and also technical aspects