Wireless Proj

7/31/2019 Wireless Proj

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Contents

History of Wireless Communications .............................................................................

Radio ............................................................................................................................

Electromagnetic Spectrum............................................................................................

Applications of Wireless technology ..............................................................................

Mobile telephones ...................................................................................................

Wireless data communications ......................................................................................

Wireless energy transfer ...............................................................................................

Computer interface devices ..........................................................................................

Wireless Networks: ........................................................................................................

Bluetooth ......................................................................................................................

Infrared Data Association ..............................................................................................

Wireless LAN .................................................................................................................

Wireless Network Components ......................................................................................

Access Point ..................................................................................................................

Wireless LAN performance: ...........................................................................................

PCI Adapter ................................................................................................................

Wireless mesh network .................................................................................................


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Network structure .........................................................................................................

Management .................................................................................................................

Uses: .............................................................................................................................

Low Cost: ......................................................................................................................

Low Complexity: ...........................................................................................................

Scalability:....................................................................................................................

Reliability: .....................................................................................................................

Flexibility ......................................................................................................................

Bi-directional: ................................................................................................................

Applications ..................................................................................................................

Operation ......................................................................................................................

Multi-radio mesh ...........................................................................................................

Connecting options of WAN ...........................................................................................

Mobile devices networks ...............................................................................................

Building a wireless Network ..........................................................................................

To keep your network private, you can use one of the following methods: ....................

Wireless Services ..........................................................................................................

Wireless Networks .........................................................................................................


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WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS 3

Wireless Network Connections ......................................................................................

Types of Network Connections ......................................................................................

Wireless - Local Area Network .......................................................................................

WAN - Wide Area Network .............................................................................................

PAN- Personal Area Networks ........................................................................................

MAN - Metropolitan Area Network .................................................................................

CAN - Campus Area Network .........................................................................................

SAN - Storage Area Network ..........................................................................................

Differences between LAN, WLAN, PAN and MAN ............................................................

LAN & WLAN Differences ...............................................................................................

Differences for all the Network Connections: .................................................................

Wireless Technology .....................................................................................................

Economic Models ..........................................................................................................

Underwriting spots vs. commercials ..............................................................................

Social Impact ................................................................................................................

Wi- Fi............................................................................................................................

1G .................................................................................................................................

2G .................................................................................................................................


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3G, 3.5G, 3.75G... oh, and 2.75G, too ............................................................................

Lies, damn lies, and 4G .................................................................................................

Wrap up ........................................................................................................................

History ..........................................................................................................................

What is Wireless Phone (Cell Phone)? ............................................................................

Early Pioneers of the Cell Phone ....................................................................................

Cell Phone Use in 2011 .................................................................................................

Conclusion ....................................................................................................................

References:...................................................................................................................


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History of Wireless Communications

The world's first wireless telephone conversation occurred in 1880, when Alexander Graham

Bell andCharles Sumner Tainterinvented and patented the photo phone, a telephone that

conducted audio conversations wirelessly over modulated light beams(which are narrow

projections ofelectromagnetic waves). In that distant era when utilities did not yet exist to

provide electricity, and lasers had not even been conceived of in science fiction, there were no

practical applications for their invention, which was highly limited by the availability of both

sunlight and good weather. Similar to free space optical communication, the photo phone also

required a clear line of sight between its transmitter and its receiver. It would be several decades

before the photophone's principles found their first practical applications in military

communications and later infiber-optic communications.

Radio

The term "wireless" came into public use to refer to a radio receiver ortransceiver(a dual purpose

receiver and transmitter device), establishing its usage in the field of wireless telegraphy early on;

now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and

wireless broadband Internet. It is also used in a general sense to refer to any type of operation that

is implemented without the use of wires, such as "wireless remote control" or "wireless energy

transfer", regardless of the specific technology (e.g.radio,infrared,ultrasonic) used. Guglielmo

Marconiand Karl Ferdinand Braun were awarded the 1909Nobel Prize for Physicsfor their

contribution to wireless telegraphy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_beamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_space_optical_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_beamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_space_optical_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physics


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Electromagnetic Spectrum

Light, colors, AM and FM radio and electronic devices make use of theelectromagnetic spectrum.

The frequencies of theradio spectrumthat are available for use for communication are treated as a

public resource and are regulated by national organizations such as the Federal Communications

Commission in the USA, orOfcom in the United Kingdom. This determines which frequency

ranges can be used for what purpose and by whom. In the absence of such control or alternative

arrangements such as a privatized electromagnetic spectrum, chaos might result if, for example,

airlines didn't have specific frequencies to work under and an amateur radiooperator were

interfering with the pilot's ability to land an aircraft. Wireless communication spans the spectrum

from 9 kHz to 300 GHz. Henreich Hertz was the discoverer of the electromagnetic wave, it gave a

platform for further inventions in wireless communication
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft


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Applications of Wireless technology

Mobile telephones

One of the best-known examples of wireless technology is the mobile phone, also known as a

cellular phone, with more than 4.6 billion mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide as of the end of

2010. These wireless phones use radio waves to enable their users to make phone calls from many

locations worldwide. They can be used within range of the mobile telephone site used to house the

equipment required to transmit and receive the radio signals from these instruments.

Wireless data communications

Wireless data communications are an essential component of mobile computing. The various

available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range and performance, and in some

circumstances, users must be able to employ multiple connection types and switch between them.

To simplify the experience for the user, connection manager software can be used, or a mobile

VPN deployed to handle the multiple connections as a secure, single virtual network. Supporting

technologies include:

Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network that enables portable computing devices to connect easily to

the Internet. Standardized as IEEE 802.11 a,b,g,n, Wi-Fi approaches speeds of some types of

wired Ethernet. Wi-Fi has become the de facto standard for access in private homes, within offices,

and at public hotspots. Some businesses charge customers a monthly fee for service, while others

have begun offering it for free in an effort to increase the sales of their goods.

Cellular data service offers coverage within a range of 10-15 miles from the nearest cell

site. Speeds have increased as technologies have evolved, from earlier technologies such as GSM,


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CDMA and GPRS, to 3G networks such as W-CDMA, EDGE or CDMA2000.

Mobile Satellite Communications may be used where other wireless connections are unavailable,

such as in largely rural areas or remote locations. Satellite communications are especially

important for transportation, aviation, maritime and military use.

Wireless energy transfer

Wireless energy transfer is a process whereby electrical energy is transmitted from a power source

to an electrical load that does not have a built-in power source, without the use of interconnecting

wires.

Computer interface devices

Answering the call of customers frustrated with cord clutter, many manufactures of computer

peripherals turned to wireless technology to satisfy their consumer base. Originally these units

used bulky, highly limited transceivers to mediate between a computer and a keyboard and mouse,

however more recent generations have used small, high quality devices, some even

incorporating Bluetooth. These systems have become so ubiquitous that some users have begun

complaining about a lack of wired peripherals. Wireless devices tend to have a slightly slower

response time than their wired counterparts, however the gap is decreasing. Concerns about the

security of wireless keyboards arose at the end of 2007, when it was revealed that Microsoft's

implementation of encryption in some of its 27 MHz models was highly insecure.


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Wireless Networks:

A wireless network uses radio waves, just like cell phones, televisions and radios do. In fact,

communication across a wireless network is a lot like two-way radio communication. Here's what

happens:

A computer's wireless adapter translates data into a radio signal and transmits it using an antenna.

A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. The router sends the information to the

Internet using a physical, wired Ethernet connection.The process also works in reverse, with the

router receiving information from the Internet, translating it into a radio signal and sending it to the

computer's wireless adapter.

The radios used for WiFi communication are very similar to the radios used for walkie-talkies, cell

phones and other devices. They can transmit and receive radio waves, and they can convert 1s and

0s into radio waves and convert the radio waves back into 1s and 0s. But WiFi radios have a few

notable differences from other radios:

They transmit at frequencies of 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz. This frequency is considerably higher than the

frequencies used for cell phones, walkie-talkies and televisions. The higher frequency allows the

signal to carry more data.

They use 802.11 networking standards, which come in several flavors: 802.11a transmits at 5 GHz

and can move up to 54 megabits of data per second. It also uses orthogonal frequency-division

multiplexing (OFDM), a more efficient coding technique that splits that radio signal into several

sub-signals before they reach a receiver. This greatly reduces interference. 802.11b is the slowest

and least expensive standard. For a while, its cost made it popular, but now it's becoming less

common as faster standards become less expensive. 802.11b transmits in the 2.4 GHz frequency


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band of the radio spectrum. It can handle up to 11 megabits of data per second, and it uses

complementary code keying (CCK) modulation to improve speeds. 802.11g transmits at 2.4 GHz

like 802.11b, but it's a lot faster -- it can handle up to 54 megabits of data per second. 802.11g is

faster because it uses the same OFDM coding as 802.11a. 802.11n is the newest standard that is

widely available. This standard significantly improves speed and range. For instance, although

802.11g theoretically moves 54 megabits of data per second, it only achieves real-world speeds of

about 24 megabits of data per second because of network congestion. 802.11n, however, reportedly

can achieve speeds as high as 140 megabits per second. The standard is currently in draft form --

the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) plans to formally ratify 802.11n by the

end of 2009.

Other 802.11 standards focus on specific applications of wireless networks, like wide area

networks (WANs) inside vehicles or technology that lets you move from one wireless network to

another seamlessly.

WiFi radios can transmit on any of three frequency bands. Or, they can "frequency hop" rapidly

between the different bands. Frequency hopping helps reduce interference and lets multiple devices

use the same wireless connection simultaneously.

As long as they all have wireless adapters, several devices can use one router to connect to the

Internet. This connection is convenient, virtually invisible and fairly reliable; however, if the router

fails or if too many people try to use high-bandwidth applications at the same time, users can

experience interference or lose their connections.

Different wireless Networks

Wireless PAN


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Wireless personal area networks (WPANs) interconnect devices within a relatively small area, that

is generally within a person's reach.[3] For example, both Bluetooth radio and invisible infrared

light provides a WPAN for interconnecting a headset to a laptop. ZigBee also supports WPAN

applications. Wi-Fi PANs are becoming commonplace (2010) as equipment designers start to

integrate Wi-Fi into a variety of consumer electronic devices. Intel "My WiFi" and Windows 7

"virtual Wi-Fi" capabilities have made Wi-Fi PANs simpler and easier to set up and configure.

A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a personal area network - a network for

interconnecting devices centered around an individual person's workspace - in which the

connections are wireless. Wireless PAN is based on the standard IEEE 802.15. The three kinds of

wireless technologies used for WPAN are Bluetooth, Infrared Data Association, and Wi-Fi.

A WPAN could serve to interconnect all the ordinary computing and communicating devices that

many people have on their desk or carry with them today - or it could serve a more specialized

purpose such as allowing the surgeon and other team members to communicate during an

operation.

A key concept in WPAN technology is known as "plugging in". In the ideal scenario, when any

two WPAN-equipped devices come into close proximity (within several meters of each other) or

within a few kilometers of a central server, they can communicate as if connected by a cable.

Another important feature is the ability of each device to lock out other devices selectively,

preventing needless interference or unauthorized access to information.

The technology for WPANs is in its infancy and is undergoing rapid development. Proposed

operating frequencies are around 2.4 GHz in digital modes. The objective is to facilitate seamless

operation among home or business devices and systems. Every device in a WPAN will be able to


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plug in to any other device in the same WPAN, provided they are within physical range of one

another. In addition, WPANs worldwide will be interconnected. Thus, for example, an archeologist

on site in Greece might use a PDA to directly access databases at the University of Minnesota in

Minneapolis, and to transmit findings to that database.

Bluetooth

Bluetooth uses short-range radio waves over distances up to approximately 10 metres. For

example, Bluetooth devices such as a keyboards, pointing devices, audio head sets, printers may

connect to Personal digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones, or computers wirelessly.

A Bluetooth PAN is also called a piconet (combination of the prefix "pico," meaning very small or

one trillionth, and network), and is composed of up to 8 active devices in a master-slave

relationship (a very large number of devices can be connected in "parked" mode). The first

Bluetooth device in the piconet is the master, and all other devices are slaves that communicate

with the master. A piconet typically has a range of 10 metres (33 ft), although ranges of up to 100

metres (330 ft) can be reached under ideal circumstances.

Recent innovations in Bluetooth antennas have allowed these devices to greatly exceed the range

for which they were originally designed. At DEF CON 12, a group of hackers known as "Flexilis"

successfully connected two Bluetooth devices more than half a mile (800 m) away. They used an

antenna with a scope and Yagi antenna, all attached to a rifle stock. A cable attached the antenna to

a Bluetooth card in a computer. They later named the antenna "The BlueSniper."[citation needed]


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Infrared Data Association

Infrared Data Association uses infrared light, which has a frequency below the human eye's

sensitivity. It is used, for instance, in cell phones, TV remotes and ps3 controllers. Typical WPAN

devices that use IrDA include printers, keyboards, and other serial data interfaces.[1]

WiFi

WiFi uses radio waves for connection over distances up to around 91 metres, usually in a local area

network (LAN) environment. Wifi can be used to connect local area networks, to connect

cellphones to the Internet to download music and other multimedia, to allow PC multimedia

content to be stream to the TV (Wireless Multimedia Adapter), and to connect video game

consoles to their networks

Wireless LAN

A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices over a short distance using a

wireless distribution method, usually providing a connection through an access point for Internet

access. The use of spread-spectrum or OFDM technologies may allow users to move around within

a local coverage area, and still remain connected to the network.

Products using the IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards are marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name.

Fixed wireless technology implements point-to-point links between computers or networks at two

distant locations, often using dedicated microwave or modulated laser light beams over line of

sight paths. It is often used in cities to connect networks in two or more buildings without

installing a wired link.

Norman Abramson, a professor at the University of Hawaii, developed the worlds first wireless


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computer communication network, ALOHAnet, using low-cost ham-like radios. The system

included seven computers deployed over four islands to communicate with the central computer on

the Oahu Island without using phone lines.

"In 1979, F.R. Gfeller and U. Bapst published a paper in the IEEE Proceedings reporting an

experimental wireless local area network using diffused infrared communications. Shortly

thereafter, in 1980, P. Ferrert reported on an experimental application of a single code spread

spectrum radio for wireless terminal communications in the IEEE National Telecommunications

Conference. In 1984, a comparison between infrared and CDMA spread spectrum communications

for wireless office information networks was published by Kaveh Pahlavan in IEEE Computer

Networking Symposium which appeared later in the IEEE Communication Society Magazine. In

May 1985, the efforts of Marcus led the FCC to announce experimental ISM bands for commercial

application of spread spectrum technology. Later on, M. Kavehrad reported on an experimental

wireless PBX system using code division multiple access. These efforts prompted significant

industrial activities in the development of a new generation of wireless local area networks and it

updated several old discussions in the portable and mobile radio industry.

The first generation of wireless data modems was developed in the early 1980s by amateur radio

operators, who commonly referred to this as packet radio. They added a voice band data

communication modem, with data rates below 9600-bit/s, to an existing short distance radio

system, typically in the two meter amateur band. The second generation of wireless modems was

developed immediately after the FCC announcement in the experimental bands for non-military

use of the spread spectrum technology. These modems provided data rates on the order of

hundreds of kbit/s. The third generation of wireless modem then aimed at compatibility with the

existing LANs with data rates on the order of Mbit/s. Several companies developed the third


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generation products with data rates above 1 Mbit/s and a couple of products had already been

announced by the time of the first IEEE Workshop on Wireless LANs."

"The first of the IEEE Workshops on Wireless LAN was held in 1991. At that time early wireless

LAN products had just appeared in the market and the IEEE 802.11 committee had just started its

activities to develop a standard for wireless LANs. The focus of that first workshop was evaluation

of the alternative technologies. By 1996, the technology was relatively mature, a variety of

applications had been identified and addressed and technologies that enable these applications

were well understood. Chip sets aimed at wireless LAN implementations and applications, a key

enabling technology for rapid market growth, were emerging in the market. Wireless LANs were

being used in hospitals, stock exchanges, and other in building and campus settings for nomadic

access, point-to-point LAN bridges, ad-hoc networking, and even larger applications through

internetworking. The IEEE 802.11 standard and variants and alternatives, such as the wireless

LAN interoperability forum and the European HiperLAN specification had made rapid progress,

and the unlicensed PCS Unlicensed Personal Communications Services and the proposed

SUPERNet, later on renamed as U-NII, bands also presented new opportunities."

WLAN hardware was initially so expensive that it was only used as an alternative to cabled LAN

in places where cabling was difficult or impossible. Early development included industry-specific

solutions and proprietary protocols, but at the end of the 1990s these were replaced by standards,

primarily the various versions of IEEE 802.11 (in products using the Wi-Fi brand name). An

alternative ATM-like 5 GHz standardized technology, HiperLAN/2, has so far not succeeded in the

market, and with the release of the faster 54 Mbit/s 802.11a (5 GHz) and 802.11g (2.4 GHz)

standards, it is even more unlikely that it will ever succeed. Since 2002 there has been newer

standard added to 802.11; 802.11n which operates on both the 5Ghz and 2.4Ghz bands at 300


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Mbit/s, most newer routers including those manufactured by Apple Inc. can broadcast a wireless

network on both wireless bands, this is called dualband. A HomeRF group was formed in 1997 to

promote a technology aimed for residential use, but disbanded at the end of 2002

Wireless Network Components

Much like a traditional wired LAN, a WLAN is a grouping of computers and peripheraldevices

that share a common communications backbone. As is implied by the name, a WLANallows users

to connect to the LAN wirelessly via radio transmission. The following are the most common

components of a WLAN.

Access Point

The access point is a device that links a wireless network to a wired LAN. It increases the effective

range of a wireless network and provides additional network management andsecurity features.

Wireless networks of three or fewer PCs do not require an access point for ad hoc networking.

Access points are useful for larger networks, and they are particularly well-suited for adding

wireless capability to an existing wired network.The U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless Access Point

connects via an RJ-45 cable to a LAN and can support up to 20 wireless users at an effective range

of up to 1500 feet in open spaces. It also enables additional security features such as MAC address

authentication.

PC Card

A wireless PC card enables laptop users to connect wirelessly to the LAN. U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps

Wireless PC Cards allow for ad hoc networking of up to three computers at an effective range of


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up to 1000 feet in open spaces.

Router:

A router is a device used for sharing a single Internet connection across multiple computers.This is

ideal in the home or office where multiple computers and devices can be online at the same time

with only a single Internet connection. The U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless Cable/DSL Router

includes built-in wireless access point capabilities.Wireless networking users should keep the

following in mind:

One wireless PC card (U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless PC Card, model 2210) is needed for each

laptop and one wireless PCI adapter(U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless PCI Adapter,model 2215 or

2216) is needed for each desktop computer to be wirelessly networked.

An ad hoc network of up to three computers can be created with wireless PC cards or

PCIadapters. To connect more than three computers, include an access point or router(U.S.

Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless Access Point, model 2249, or U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless

Cable/DSL Router, model 8022) in the network design.

Ad hoc wireless networks using U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps wireless networking products have an

effective range of up to 300 feet in any direction, indoors or out, and even on different levels of a

building. As with any wireless product, ad hoc networks work best when closer together and in an

open environment.

Wireless networks that use either a U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless Access Point or a U.S.

Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless Cable/DSL Router have an effective range of up to 1500 feet, with the

same considerations as ad hoc networks.


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Sharing Internet access among multiple computers or laptops requires a router. TheU.S. Robotics

22 Mbps Wireless Cable/DSL Router is capable of supporting up to 253 clients (with additional

hardware) for wired and wireless Internet sharing

Wireless LAN performance:

Much the same way a cordless phone works better when it is close to its base, wirelesslynetworked

computers function best when located relatively close together and in open sight of each other. The

level of performance of an 802.11 WLAN is dependent on a number of important environmental

and product-specific factors. Access points will automatically negotiate the appropriate signaling

rate based upon environmental conditions, such as:

Distance between WLAN devices

(AP and NICs)

Transmission power levels

Building and home materials

Radio frequency interference

Signal propagation

Antenna type and location

PCI Adapter

Just as a wireless access PC card allows portable and laptop computers access to the LAN, a

wireless access PCI adapter allows desktop PC users access to the LAN. U.S. Robotics 22


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MbpsWireless PCI Adapters allow for ad hoc networking of up to three computers at an effective

range of up to 1000 feet in open spaces

Wireless mesh network

A wireless mesh network (WMN) is a communications network made up of radio nodes organized

in a mesh topology. Wireless mesh networks often consist of mesh clients, mesh routers and

gateways. The mesh clients are often laptops, cell phones and other wireless devices while the

mesh routers forward traffic to and from the gateways which may but need not connect to the

Internet. The coverage area of the radio nodes working as a single network is sometimes called a

mesh cloud. Access to this mesh cloud is dependent on the radio nodes working in harmony with

each other to create a radio network. A mesh network is reliable and offers redundancy. When one

node can no longer operate, the rest of the nodes can still communicate with each other, directly or

through one or more intermediate nodes. The animation below illustrates how wireless mesh

networks can self form and self heal. Wireless mesh networks can be implemented with various

wireless technology including 802.11, 802.15, 802.16, cellular technologies or combinations of

more than one type.

A wireless mesh network can be seen as a special type of wireless ad-hoc network. A wireless

mesh network often has a more planned configuration, and may be deployed to provide dynamic

and cost effective connectivity over a certain geographic area. An ad-hoc network, on the other

hand, is formed ad hoc when wireless devices come within communication range of each other.

The mesh routers may be mobile, and be moved according to specific demands arising in the

network. Often the mesh routers are not limited in terms of resources compared to other nodes in

the network and thus can be exploited to perform more resource intensive functions. In this way,


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the wireless mesh network differs from an ad-hoc network, since these nodes are often constrained

by resources.

A wireless mesh network is a wireless network made up of radio nodes organized in a mesh

topology. Each node forwards messages on behalf of the other nodes. Mesh networks can "self

heal", automatically re-routing around a node that has lost power.

Network structure

Architecture:

Wireless mesh architecture is a first step towards providing cost effective and dynamic high-

bandwidth networks over a specific coverage area. Wireless mesh architectures infrastructure is, in

effect, a router network minus the cabling between nodes. It's built of peer radio devices that don't

have to be cabled to a wired port like traditional WLAN access points (AP) do. Mesh architecture

sustains signal strength by breaking long distances into a series of shorter hops. Intermediate nodes

not only boost the signal, but cooperatively make forwarding decisions based on their knowledge

of the network, i.e. perform routing. Such an architecture may with careful design provide high

bandwidth, spectral efficiency, and economic advantage over the coverage area.

Wireless mesh networks have a relatively stable topology except for the occasional failure of nodes

or addition of new nodes. The path of traffic, being aggregated from a large number of end users,

changes infrequently. Practically all the traffic in an infrastructure mesh network is either

forwarded to or from a gateway, while in ad hoc networks or client mesh networks the traffic flows

between arbitrary pairs of nodes.[1]


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Management

This type of infrastructure can be decentralized (with no central server) or centrally managed (with

a central server),[2] both are relatively inexpensive, and very reliable and resilient, as each node

needs only transmit as far as the next node. Nodes act as routers to transmit data from nearby

nodes to peers that are too far away to reach in a single hop, resulting in a network that can span

larger distances. The topology of a mesh network is also reliable, as each node is connected to

several other nodes. If one node drops out of the network, due to hardware failure or any other

reason, its neighbors can quickly find another route using a routing protocol.

Uses:

Wireless mesh networks provide many benefits for lighting control, including flexibility,

reliability. and reduced installation costs. Some of the most important features of wireless mesh

networking include the following:

Low Cost: Installation and ongoing management costs are greatly reduced without the need to run

control wires from each device back to the network's central controller. Although wireless sensors

and control devices may have been more expensive than their wired counterparts in the past, the

inclusion of open-standard ZigBee radios is minimizing any cost differential.

Low Complexity: Wireless allows users to avoid the complexity of connecting wires from

hundreds (or thousands) of devices back to a single controller. In addition, wireless lighting control

solutions can provide tools to automate complex tasks such as commissioning.

Scalability: Wireless mesh solutions can support more devices over greater distances per

controller than wired ones, which makes wireless ideal for multi-room and multi-floor


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installations. The nature of mesh networks means that simply adding new devices can extend the

communication coverage of the network. And because devices are wireless, they can be placed in

areas that were previously difficult, costly, or even impossible to access.

Reliability: Both wired and wireless networks use mature technologies that offer great robustness

and reliability. Wireless mesh networks like ZigBee add reliability by offering multiple

communication routes for any message, rerouting messages if a device fails to ensure that all

messages are received, and automatically switching to a new channel if wireless interference is

detected.

Flexibility: Flexibility is one of the biggest benefits of wireless. Devices can be installed where

they will provide maximum benefit instead of where it is easiest to run control wires. Devices are

also grouped into "zones" using software rather than hard wiring, which allows changes to be made

at any time through simple software reconfiguration (no costly or disruptive rewiring required).

Bi-directional: Bi-directional communications enables the capture and delivery of critical energy

usage data. This allows measurement and verification of energy use, as well as advanced energy

management applications.

The ZigBee Alliance is a long-standing organization of leading manufacturers producing

interoperable wireless products using the open-standard ZigBee communications protocol. ZigBee

wireless communications (based on IEEE 802.15.4) use mesh networking, and are commonly used

around the world.

Applications

Mesh networks may involve either fixed or mobile devices. The solutions are as diverse as


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communication needs, for example in difficult environments such as emergency situations, tunnels,

oil rigs, battlefield surveillance, high speed mobile video applications on board public transport or

real time racing car telemetry. An important possible application for wireless mesh networks is

VoIP. By using a Quality of Service scheme, the wireless mesh may support local telephone calls

to be routed through the mesh.

Some current applications:

U.S. military forces are now using wireless mesh networking to connect their computers, mainly

ruggedized laptops, in field operations. Electric meters now being deployed on residences transfer

their readings from one to another and eventually to the central office for billing without the need

for human meter readers or the need to connect the meters with cables. The laptops in the One

Laptop per Child program use wireless mesh networking to enable students to exchange files and

get on the Internet even though they lack wired or cell phone or other physical connections in their

area. The 66-satellite Iridium constellation operates as a mesh network, with wireless links

between adjacent satellites. Calls between two satellite phones are routed through the mesh, from

one satellite to another across the constellation, without having to go through an earth station. This

makes for a smaller travel distance for the signal, reducing latency, and also allows for the

constellation to operate with far fewer earth stations that would be required for 66 traditional

communications satellites.The Commotion Wireless Project proposes building a 'device-as-

infrastrucure' distribution encrypted communications platform

Operation

The principle is similar to the way packets travel around the wired Internet data will hop from


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one device to another until it reaches its destination. Dynamic routing algorithms implemented in

each device allow this to happen. To implement such dynamic routing protocols, each device needs

to communicate routing information to other devices in the network. Each device then determines

what to do with the data it receives either pass it on to the next device or keep it, depending on

the protocol. The routing algorithm used should attempt to always ensure that the data takes the

most appropriate (fastest) route to its destination.

Multi-radio mesh

Multi-radio mesh refers to a unique pair of dedicated radios on each end of the link. This means

there is a unique frequency used for each wireless hop and thus a dedicated CSMA collision

domain. This is a true mesh link where you can achieve maximum performance without bandwidth

degradation in the mesh and without adding latency. Thus voice and video applications work just

as they would on a wired Ethernet network. In true 802.11 networks, there is no concept of a mesh.

There are only Access Points (AP's) and Stations. A multi-radio wireless mesh node will dedicate

one of the radios to act as a station, and connect to a neighbor node AP radio.

Wireless MAN

Wireless metropolitan area networks are a type of wireless network that connects several wireless

LANs.Fast communications of network within the vicinity of a metropolitan area is called

WMAN, that put up an entire city or other related geographic area and can span up to 50km.

WMAN designed for a larger geographical area than a LAN. The standard of MAN is DQDB

which cover up to 30 miles with the speed of 34 Mbit/s to 155 Mbit/s.1t is more common in

schools, colleges, and public services support a high-speed network backbone. WMAN is a

certified name by the IEEE 802.16 that functioning on Broadband for its wireless metropolitan.


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WMAN have air interface and a single-carrier scheme intended to activate in the 10-66 GHz

spectrum, supports incessantly unreliable transfer levels at many certified frequencies. WMAN

opens the door for the creation and Provide high-speed Internet access to business subscribers.It

can handle thousands of user stations with prevents collisions and support legacy voice systems,

voice over IP, TCP/IP. WMAN offer different applications with different QoS requirements.The

technology of WMAN consist of ATM, FDDI, and SMDS. WiMAX is a term used for Wireless

metropolitan area network and plinth on the IEEE 802.16.

is a contiguous cluster of Wi-Fi hotspots. Most cities set up downtown hotzones to promote

themselves as business and high-tech centers. In some cities, public agencies, companies,

hospitals, universities and community groups are knitting together hotspots into a network to

provide broadband service to their members. The ambitions of these city projects are modest, but if

they become popular, they encourage cities to expand the public access wireless network.

A few cities deploy a wireless network over a larger area, for example, a disadvantaged

neighborhood. The purpose is to provide broadband service to a people whom the cable and DSL

providers have abandoned. An example is Manchester's EastServe which is deployed over a large

neighborhood composed primarily of council houses and people on welfare. The ambitions of

cities in building out these types of wireless broadband networks are modest and limited in scope.

However, if they prove to be successful in revitalizing entire communities, they give cities another

reason to invest in additional wireless broadband infrastructure.

Municipalities are building wireless networks - some city-wide, others in downtown areas only -

for the following reasons:

To promote the city as a high-tech, business center


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To provide affordable access to disadvantaged neighborhoods

To provide access where there is no viable alternative (cable or DSL)

To generate revenue for the city

The most ambitious type of wireless metropolitan area network is one which covers an entire city.

There are already several successful city-wide networks operating in Finland, albeit in very small

cities such as Vantaa and Porvoo. Truly large-scale wireless metropolitan area networks over

mega-cities such as New York or Paris do not exist. There are many reasons for this. Cities do not

see why they, instead of private parties, should build the network. Moreover, the costs are

astronomical. Nevertheless, with the launch of several hardware products that make metro-wide

wireless networks much cheaper and easier to deploy, some cities, such as New York, see the

deployment of a wireless broadband network as a means for lowering the city government's

massive telecommunications costs and fulfilling social/economic goals.

Wireless WAN

Wireless wide area networks are wireless networks that typically cover large areas, such as

between neighboring towns and cities, or city and suburb. These networks can be used to connect

branch offices of business or as a public internet access system. The wireless connections between

access points are usually point to point microwave links using parabolic dishes on the 2.4 GHz

band, rather than omnidirectional antennas used with smaller networks. A typical system contains

base station gateways, access points and wireless bridging relays. Other configurations are mesh

systems where each access point acts as a relay also. When combined with renewable energy

systems such as photo-voltaic solar panels or wind systems they can be stand alone system.As the


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term implies, a WAN spans a large physical distance. The Internet is the largest WAN, spanning

the Earth.A WAN is a geographically-dispersed collection of LANs. A network device called a

router connects LANs to a WAN. In IP networking, the router maintains both a LAN address and a

WAN address. A WAN differs from a LAN in several important ways. Most WANs (like the

Internet) are not owned by any one organization but rather exist under collective or distributed

ownership and management. WANs tend to use technology like ATM, Frame Relay and X.25 for

connectivity over the longer distances.If you are at home reading this then you are most likely

connected to the Internet. Whether it is by a wireless signal or physical Ethernet connection, you

are a part of a network. Your home network all computers, routers, modems, etc is called a

local area network (LAN).A wide area network (WAN) is a large telecommunications network that

consists of a collection of LANs and other networks. WANs generally span a wide geographical

area, and can be used to connect cities, states, or even countries.Although they appear like an up-

scaled version of a LAN, WANs are actually structured and operated quite differently. This wide

area network tutorial serves to explain how WANs are designed/constructed and why their use is

beneficial.

Connecting options of WAN

Leased Lines:

WANs are often built using leased lines. These leased lines involve a direct point-to-point

connection between two sites. Point-to-point WAN service may involve either analog dial-up lines

or dedicated leased digital private lines.


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Analog Line :

A modem is used to connect the computer to the telephone line. Analog lines may be part of a

public-switched telephone network and are suitable for batch data transmissions.

Dedicated line:

digital phone lines that permit uninterrupted, secure transmission at fixed costs.

At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the

WAN on the other. Leased lines can get pretty expensive in the long run.

Circuit Switching:

Instead of using leased lines, WANs can be built using circuit switching. In telecommunications,

a circuit switching network is one that establishes a circuit (or channel) between nodes and

terminals before the users may communicate, as if the nodes were physically connected with an

electrical circuit.

In other words, a dedicated circuit path is created between end points. The best example of this is a

dialup connection. Circuit switching is more difficult to setup, but it does have the advantage of

being less expensive.

Packet Switching

Packet switching is a method that groups all transmitted data together into bits called packets.

Devices transport packets via a shared single point-to-point/point-to-multipoint link across a

carrier network. Sequences of packets are then delivered over a shared network.Similar to circuit

switching, packet switching is relatively inexpensive, but because packets are buffered and queued,


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packet switching is characterized by a fee per unit of information, whereas circuit switching is

characterized by a fee per time unit of connection time (even when no data is transferred).

Cell Relay

Cell relay is similar to packet switching but it uses fixed length cells instead of variable length

packets. Data is divided into these cells and then transported across virtual circuits.This method is

best for simultaneous voice and data but can cause considerable overhead.

Differences between LAN & WAN

the difference between LAN and WAN, is the speed of the network. The maximum speed of a

LAN can be 1000 megabits per second, while the speed of a WAN

can go up to 150 megabits per second. This means the speed of a WAN, is one-tenth of the speed

of a LAN. A WAN is usually slower because it has lower bandwidth.

Computers in a LAN can share a printer, if they are all in the same LAN. On the other hand, a

WAN cannot share a printer, so a computer in one country cannot use a printer in another country.

A LAN does not need a dedicated computer to direct traffic to and from the Internet, unlike a

WAN that needsa special-purpose computer, whose only purpose is to send and receive data from

the Internet.

Another LAN vs. WAN comparison is the cost of the network. A WAN is more expensive than a

LAN. It is easier to expand a LAN than a WAN. The equipment needed for a LAN is a network

interface card (NIC), a switch and a hub. On the other hand, the equipment needed to connect a

WAN to the Internet is a modem and a router. The modem may be a cable modem or a DSL

modem that is connected to a wall jack, while the router should be configured so that itcan handle


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the packets traveling between the WAN and the Internet.

In LAN vs. WAN, there is a difference in the networking standard used. A LAN uses the Ethernet

standard, while a WAN uses the T1 standard. Before Ethernet,the protocols used for LAN were

Attached Resource Computer Network (ARCNET) and Token Ring. The protocols used for WAN

are Frame Relay and Asynchronous.

Transfer Mode (ATM). Another protocol for WAN is Packet over SONET/SDH (PoS), where

SONET stands for Synchronous Optical Networking and SDH stands for Synchronous Digital

Hierarchy. The first WAN protocol was X.25, while an advanced WAN protocol is Multiprotocol

Label Switching (MPLS). The hardware in a LAN is connected with 10Base-T cable connectors,

while a WAN is connected via leased lines or satellites.

Here is an explanation of LANs and WANs. A LAN is easy to set up, as you need to slip the NIC

into the PCI slot (for desktop computers) or PCMCIA slot(for laptop computers). You also need to

install the driver for the NIC. The NIC can be connected to the network using the RJ45 port.

On the other hand, a WAN is very difficult to set up. There is often an appliance to optimize the

WAN. There is also a device to cache WAN data, so workers in the branch office can quickly

access documents. The router also has Quality of Service (QoS) built in, so that it gives priority to

certain kinds of traffic.

There are various topologies available in LAN and WAN networking. The most common

topologies in LAN and WAN networks are ring and star. The ring topology is a network in which

every node (every computer) is connected to exactly two other nodes. The star topology is a

network in which all the nodes(called leaf nodes or peripheral nodes) are connected to a central

node.


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Mobile devices networks

Mobile telecommunications

With the development of smartphones, cellular telephone networks routinely carry data in addition

to telephone conversations:

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM): The GSM network is divided into three major

systems: the switching system, the base station system, and the operation and support system. The

cell phone connects to the base system station which then connects to the operation and support

station; it then connects to the switching station where the call is transferred to where it needs to

go. GSM is the most common standard and is used for a majority of cell phones.

Personal Communications Service (PCS): PCS is a radio band that can be used by mobile phones

in North America and South Asia. Sprint happened to be the first service to set up a PCS.

D-AMPS: Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service, an upgraded version of AMPS, is being

phased out due to advancement in technology. The newer GSM networks are replacing the older

system.

Building a wireless Network

If you already have several computers networked in your home, you can create a wireless network

with a wireless access point. If you have several computers that are not networked, or if you want

to replace your Ethernet network, you'll need a wireless router. This is a single unit that contains:

A port to connect to your cable or DSL modem

A router


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An Ethernet hub

A firewall

A wireless access point: A wireless router allows you to use wireless signals or Ethernet cables to

connect your computers to one another, to a printer and to the Internet. Most routers provide

coverage for about 100 feet (30.5 meters) in all directions, although walls and doors can block the

signal. If your home is very large, you can buy inexpensive range extenders or repeaters to increase

your router's range.

As with wireless adapters, many routers can use more than one 802.11 standard. 802.11b routers

are slightly less expensive, but because the standard is older, they're slower than 802.11a, 802.11g

and 802.11n routers. Most people select the 802.11g option for its speed and reliability.

Once you plug in your router, it should start working at its default settings. Most routers let you

use a Web interface to change your settings. You can select:

The name of the network, known as its service set identifier (SSID) -- The default setting is usually

the manufacturer's name.

The channel that the router uses -- Most routers use channel 6 by default. If you live in an

apartment and your neighbors are also using channel 6, you may experience interference.

Switching to a different channel should eliminate the problem.

Your router's security options -- Many routers use a standard, publicly available sign-on, so it's a

good idea to set your own username and password.

Security is an important part of a home wireless network, as well as public WiFi hotspots. If you


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set your router to create an open hotspot, anyone who has a wireless card will be able to use your

signal. Most people would rather keep strangers out of their network, though. Doing so requires

you to take a few security precautions.

It's also important to make sure your security precautions are current. The Wired Equivalency

Privacy (WEP) security measure was once the standard for WAN security. The idea behind WEP

was to create a wireless security platform that would make any wireless network as secure as a

traditional wired network. But hackers discovered vulnerabilities in the WEP approach, and today

it's easy to find applications and programs that can compromise a WAN running WEP security.

To keep your network private, you can use one of the following methods:

WiFi Protected Access (WPA) is a step up from WEP and is now part of the 802.11i wireless

network security protocol. It uses temporal key integrity protocol (TKIP) encryption. As with

WEP, WPA security involves signing on with a password. Most public hotspots are either open or

use WPA or 128-bit WEP technology, though some still use the vulnerable WEP approach.

Media Access Control (MAC) address filtering is a little different from WEP or WPA. It doesn't

use a password to authenticate users -- it uses a computer's physical hardware. Each computer has

its own unique MAC address. MAC address filtering allows only machines with specific MAC

addresses to access the network. You must specify which addresses are allowed when you set up

your router. This method is very secure, but if you buy a new computer or if visitors to your home

want to use your network, you'll need to add the new machines' MAC addresses to the list of

approved addresses. The system isn't foolproof. A clever hacker can spoof a MAC address -- that

is, copy a known MAC address to fool the network that the computer he or she is using belongs on


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the network.

Wireless communications are being driven by the need for providing network access to mobile or

nomadic computing devices. The need for wireless access to a network is evident in current work

environments. The wireless technologies are an active area of research and applications. These

technologies of wireless networking may save you from physical hassle connecting computer

hardware but with consideration of standards, installation and security. Combine wireless anything

with the daily activities and challenges of your business and understand the difficulties that have to

be faced every day. In this paper, different wireless technologies like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi etc are

discussed .They have become the focus of great attention by both businessmen and consumer users

with advent of low cost, efficient and high speed data transmission.

Future wireless networks are projected to integrate not only the services (to provide multimedia),

but also encompass an integration of technologies.

The technology integration has two aspects, namely, the integration of the same technology from

different parts of the world, and secondly, the integration of different technologies in the same

country. Future generations of wireless communication systems, such as fourth generation (4G)

mobile communication systems, broadband wireless access networks are expected to provide a

wide variety of services (e.g. multimedia, broadcasting, etc.) through reliable high data rate

wireless channels. The high data rate wireless channel can be obtained with wide signal bandwidth

in high frequency bands such as microwave ka-band and millimeter wave. Recently smart antennas

have been proposed as a promising solution that can significantly increase the data rate and

improve the quality of wireless transmission which is limited by interference, local scattering, and

multipath propagation.


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Wireless Telecommunications is the transfer of information between two or more points that are

not physically connected. Distances can be short, such as a few meters for television remote

control, or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications.

It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two-way radios, cellular

telephones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and Wireless networking. Other examples of

wireless technology include GPS units, Garage door openers or garage doors, wireless Computer

mice, keyboards and headset (audio), headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast

television and cordless telephones.

Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather

than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or the entire communication path. Some

monitoring devices, such as intrusion alarms, employ acoustic waves at frequencies above the

range of human hearing; these are also sometimes classified as wireless.

The first wireless transmitters went on the air in the early 20th century using radiotelegraphy

(Morse code). Later, as modulation made it possible to transmit voices and music via wireless, the

medium came to be called "radio." With the advent of television, fax, data communication, and the

effective use of a larger portion of the spectrum, the term "wireless" has been resurrected.

Wireless operations permit services, such as long range communications, that are impossible or

impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the

telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems (e.g. radio transmitters and

receivers, remote controls, computer networks, network terminals, etc.) which use some form of

energy (e.g. radio frequency (RF),acoustic energy, etc.) to transfer information without the use of

wires. Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long distances.


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Wireless Services

Common examples of wireless equipment include:

Telemetry control and traffic control systems

Infrared and ultrasonic remote control devices

Modulated laser light systems for point to point communications

Professional LMR (Land Mobile Radio) and SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio) typically

used by business, industrial and Public Safety entities.

ConsumerTwo way radio including FRSFamily Radio Service, GMRS (General Mobile

Radio Service) and Citizens band ("CB") radios.

The Amateur Radio Service (Ham radio).

Consumer and professional Marine VHF radios.

Air band andradio navigation equipment used by aviators and air traffic control
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_way_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_way_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Radio_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Radio_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_way_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Radio_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control


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Cellular telephones and pagers: provide connectivity for portable and mobile applications,

both personal and business.

Global Positioning System (GPS): allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats and

ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth.

Cordless computer peripherals: the cordless mouse is a common example; keyboards and

printers can also be linked to a computer via wireless using technology such as Wireless

USB or Bluetooth

Cordless telephone sets: these are limited-range devices, not to be confused with cell

phones.

Satellite television: Is broadcast from satellites in geostationary orbit. Typical services

use direct broadcast satellite to provide multiple television channels to viewers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordless_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordless_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television


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Wireless technology is rapidly evolving, and is playing an increasing role in the lives of people

throughout the world. In addition, ever-larger numbers of people are relying on the technology

directly or indirectly. (It has been suggested that wireless is overused in some situations, creating a

social nuisance.) More specialized and exotic examples of wireless communications and control

include:

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) -- a digital mobile telephone system

used in Europe and other parts of the world; the de facto wireless telephone standard in

Europe

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) -- a packet-based wireless communication service

that provides continuous connection to the Internet for mobile phone and computer users

Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE) -- a faster version of the Global System for

Mobile (GSM) wireless service

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) -- a broadband, packet-based

system offering a consistent set of services to mobile computer and phone users no matter

where they are located in the world

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) -- a set of communication protocols to standardize

the way that wireless devices, such as cellular telephones and radio transceivers, can be

used for Internet access

I-Mode -- the world's first "smart phone" for Web browsing, first introduced in Japan;

provides color and video over telephone sets.
http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GSMhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GPRShttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/EDGEhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/UMTShttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/WAPhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/i-Modehttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GSMhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GPRShttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/EDGEhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/UMTShttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/WAPhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/i-Mode


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Wireless can be divided into:

Fixed wireless -- the operation of wireless devices or systems in homes and offices, and in

particular, equipment connected to the Internet via specialized modems

Mobile wireless -- the use of wireless devices or systems aboard motorized, moving

vehicles; examples include the automotive cell phone andPCS (personal communications

services)

Portable wireless -- the operation of autonomous, battery-powered wireless devices or

systems outside the office, home, or vehicle; examples include handheld cell phones and

PCS units

IR wireless -- the use of devices that convey data via IR (infrared) radiation; employed in

certain limited-range communications and control systems

Wireless Networks

Wireless networking (i.e. the various types of unlicensed 2.4 GHz WiFi devices) is used to

meet many needs. Perhaps the most common use is to connect laptop users who travel from

location to location. Another common use is for mobile networks that connect via satellite.

A wireless transmission method is a logical choice to network a LAN segment that must

frequently change locations. The following situations justify the use of wireless

technology:

To span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling,

To provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure,

To link portable or temporary workstations,
http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/fixed-wirelesshttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/PCShttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/PCShttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/IR-wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkinghttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/fixed-wirelesshttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/PCShttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/IR-wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networking


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To overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially impractical, or

To remotely connect mobile users or networks.

Modes

Wireless communications can be via:

radio frequency communication,

microwave communication, for example long-range line-of-sight via highly directional

antennas, or short-range communication,

Infrared (IR) short-range communication, for example from consumer IRdevices such

as remote controlsor via Infrared Data Association (IrDA).

Applications may involvepoint-to-point communication,point-to-multipoint

communication,broadcasting,cellular networks and otherwireless networks.

Cordless

The term "wireless" should not be confused with the term "cordless", which is generally

used to refer to powered electrical or electronic devices that are able to operate from a

portable power source (e.g. a battery pack) without any cable or cord to limit the mobility

of the cordless device through a connection to the mains power supply.

Some cordless devices, such as cordless telephones, are also wireless in the sense that

information is transferred from the cordless telephone to the telephone's base unit via some

type of wireless communications. This has caused somedisparity in the usage of the term

"cordless", for example inDigital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_IRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordlesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disparityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disparityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_IRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordlesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disparityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunications


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Wireless Network Connections

A wireless network technology is used to connect two or more devices and it provides a connection

called an access point. The main task of access point is to transmit wireless signals which are

found in computers and computers adjust the signals in them. Therefore wireless networks are

normally linked to the wires; same as access point also work to associates to the accessible

resources on the wired network, alike an internet connection.

Computers must be prepared with their wireless network adapters to associate an access point.

These are usually found right into the systems, but if it is not found into them then notebook can b

created wireless- capable which can be used through an add-on adapter inserted into empty slots or

port or any kind of card slots etc.

Wireless Network is defined as a network which connects more computers to a wireless access

point and will be able to send and receive data. We can expect that the proximate to the access

point, becomes stronger the signal and the speed of the connection higher. The environment in

which wireless network is operated is also effects on its range and speed. And it interferes in its

progress.


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Types of Network Connections

There are different types of network connections:

1. Wide Area Networks

2. Wireless Local Area Networks

3. Personal Area Networks

4. Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks

5. Campus Area Network

6. Storage Area Network


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Wireless - Local Area Network

A LAN, local area networks based on wireless network technology mostly referred as Wi-Fi.

Unlike LAN, in WLAN no wires are used, but radio signals are the medium for communication.

Wireless network cards are required to be installed in the systems for accessing any wireless

network around. Mostly wireless cards connect to wireless routers for communication among

computers or accessing WAN, internet.


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A LAN (local area network) is a group of computers and network devices connected together,

usually within the same building. By definition, the connections must be high speed and relatively

inexpensive (e.g., token ring or Ethernet). Most Indiana University Bloomington departments are

on LANs.

A LAN connection is a high-speed connection to a LAN. On the IUB campus, most connections

are either Ethernet (10Mbps) or Fast Ethernet (100Mbps), and a few locations have Gigabit

Ethernet (1000Mbps) connections.

LAN connects networking devices with in short spam of area, i.e. small offices, home, internet

cafes etc. LAN uses TCP/IP network protocol for communication between computers. It is often

but not always implemented as a single IP subnet. Since LAN is operated in short area so It can be

control and administrate by single person or organization.

Early LAN (Local Area Network) networks were formed using coaxial cable, coax is an electric

cable and it is used to carry radio signals. LAN (Local Area Network)setup is developed by

connecting two or more than two computers with each other using a physical connection in order

to share files and data overtime. The basic application of this cable is to connect the radio

transmitters with their antennas. However it is also used for developing internet connections and

for distributing cable channels. Most common type of developing LAN (Local Area Network)

network is the Ethernet.

WAN - Wide Area Network

A WAN (wide area network), in comparison to a MAN, is not restricted to a geographical

location, although it might be confined within the bounds of a state or country. A WAN connects
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several LANs, and may be limited to an enterprise (a corporation or an organization) or accessible

to the public. The technology is high speed and relatively expensive. The Internet is an example of

a worldwide public WAN

As word Wide implies, WAN, wide area network cover large distance for

communication between computers. The Internet itself is the biggest example of Wide area

network, WAN, which is covering the entire earth. WAN is distributed collection of

geographically LANs. A network connecting device router connects LANs to WANs. WAN used

network protocols like ATM, X.25, and Frame Relay for long distance connectivity.

PAN- Personal Area Networks

These are networks that provide wireless connectivity over distances of up to 10m or so. At first

this seems ridiculously small, but this range allows a computer to be connected wirelessly to a

nearby printer, or a cell phone's hands-free headset to be connected wirelessly to the cell phone.

The most talked about (and most hyped) technology is called Bluetooth.

PAN technologies add value to other wireless technologies, although they wouldn't be the primary

driver for a wireless business solution. For example, a wireless LAN in a hospital may allow a

doctor to see a patient's chart on a handheld device. If the doctor's handheld was also Bluetooth

enabled, he could walk to within range of the nearest Bluetooth enabled printer and print the chart.

MAN - Metropolitan Area Network

This kind of network is not mostly used but it has its own importance for some government bodies


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and organizations on larger scale. MAN, metropolitan area network falls in middle of LAN and

WAN, It covers large span of physical area than LAN but smaller than WAN, such as a city.

Most widely used technologies to develop a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) network are

FDDI (fiber distribution data interface), ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and SMDS

(switched multi megabit data service).ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is the most frequently

used of all. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is a digital data transfer technology.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) usually falls between LAN and WAN. It is generally applied

to connect geographically dispersed LANs. Therefore the goal of MAN is to develop a

communication link between two independent LAN nodes. A MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

is usually established using optical fiber. The network is established using routers and switches. A

switch is a port which is active in handling the filtration of data usually coming in the form of

frames. Any switch acts as a dual port, at one end it is handling filtration of data and at the other

end managing connections.

CAN - Campus Area Network

Networking spanning with multiple LANs but smaller than a Metropolitan area network, MAN.

This kind of network mostly used in relatively large universities or local business offices and

buildings.

SAN - Storage Area Network

SAN technology is used for data storage and it has no use for most of the organization but data

oriented organizations. Storage area network connects servers to data storage devices by using


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Fiber channel technology. SAN, system area networks are also known as cluster area network and

it connects high performance computers with high speed connections in cluster configuration.

Differences between LAN, WLAN, PAN and MAN

LAN (Local area network)

LAN stands for Local Area Network.

Used Guided Media

A communication network linking a number of stations in same local area.

LAN generally provides a high-speed 100 Kbps to 100 Mbps.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

A MAN (metropolitan area network) is a larger network that usually spans several buildings in the

same city or town. The IUB network is an example of a MAN.

MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network.

Use may be guided or may be unguided media.

This network shares the characteristics of packet broadcasting networks.

A MAN is optimized for a large geographical area than LAN.

WAN

WAN stands for Wide Area Network.

Used Unguided media


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A communication network distinguished from a Local Area Network

Its long distance communications, which may or may not be provided by public packet

network

PAN

PAN Personal area networks

The wearable and portable computer devices communicate with each other

It covers limited area

A wireless PAN consists of a dynamic group of less than 255 devices that communicate

within about a 33-foot range

LAN & WLAN Differences

Maintenance costs:

Because it covers a relatively small geographical area, LAN is easier to maintain at relatively low

costs.

Maintaining WAN is difficult because of its wider geographical coverage and higher maintenance

costs.

Fault Tolerance:

LANs tend to have less problems associated with them, as there are a smaller amount of systems to

deal with.


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WANs tend to be less fault toleran

Wireless Proj

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