Wireless Communication Evolution V.5.pptx

7/28/2019 Wireless Communication Evolution V.5.pptx

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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

EVOLUTION (2G, 3G & 4G

NETWORKS)

Presented By: Liaqat Khan


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Presentation Overview

Wireless Communication

Generations

Standardization bodies

Wireless CommunicationEvolution

GSM

GPRS/EDGE

UMTS/WCDMA

HSPA

3GPP Releases Summary

CDMA2000

CDMA2000 Evolution

LTE

WiMax

LTE vs. WiMax

LTE-Advance vs. WiMax 2.0 Wireless Communication

Market update


Market in Pakistan Cellular and Broadband Market

in Pakistan


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Generations

Generation Requirement Comments

1 G No Official Requirement

Analog systemsDeployed in 1980s

2 G No Official Requirement

Digital systems

Deployed in 1990s. Major

Technologies: CdmaOne (IS-

95), GSM

3 GITUs IMT-2000 required 144

kbps mobile, 384 kbps

pedestrian, 2 Mbps indoors

Primary technologies

include CDMA2000, UMTS,

WiMAX.

4 GITUs IMT-Advance requires

more than 200 Mbps to 1

Gbps.

No commercially deployedtechnology meets

requirements today. IEEE

802.16m and LTE-Advanced

being designed to meet the

requirements


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Standardization Bodies

ITU (International Telecommunication

Union)

IMT-2000 (International Mobile

Telecommunication-2000)

3GPP (3rd

Generation Partnership Project). 3GPP2 (3rd Generation Partnership Project

2)

IEEE (Institute of Electrical & Electronics

Engineering)

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

ITU

IMT-2000

3GPP

3GPP2

IEEE

802.11 (WLAN) 802.16(WiMax)


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Evolution

CDMA200

0

384 Kbps

cdmaOne

IS 953GPP2

EVDO Rel. 0

2 Mbps

EVDO Rev. A

3.1 Mbps

EVDO Rev. B

9.1 to 46

Mbps

GPRS

171

Kbps

GSM3GPPUMTS

2 Mbps

HSDPA

14 Mbps

HSUPA

5.8

Mbps

HSPA+

28 to 42

Mbps

LTE

100 Mbps

UMB/ Rev.

c

288 Mbps

802.16e/Mobile

WiMax

46 Mbps

802.16d/Fixe

d WiMax

100 MbpsIEEE

802.16m/Mobile

WiMax

>350 Mbps

LTE-

Advance

1 Gbps

EDGE

384

Kbps

IS 95B

64 Kbps

GSM


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GSM(Global System for Mobile

Communication)

Research started at 1982 in Europe

Commercially deployed in 1991

2nd Generation Digital communication

More Capacity/ Voice Quality/Security/Roaming

SMS became a the most famous/killer application

Access Technique: FDMA/TDMA

Channel Bandwidth: 200 KHz Modulation: GMSK (1 bit per symbol)

Transmission: PCM


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GSM/GPRS Architecture


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GSM Nodes

MS (Mobile Station) Handset + SIM

GMSK Modulation/Demodulation

Channel coding/decoding

BTS(Base Transceiver Station)

Connect subscriber to the network Consist of TRX, Antennas, MW

3x Sectors to cover 360 degree

GMSK Modulation/Demodulation

Frequency hopping

Channel coding/decoding BSC (Base Station Controller)

Controls different BTSs

BTS / TRX Management and configuration

Radio Resource Management.

Handover

Communication with MSC


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GSM Nodes (Cont)

TCU (Trans-coder Unit) Located near the MSC but controlled by the BSC.

Multiplex/De-multiplexing of PCM circuits

Converts the 64 Kbps to 16 Kbps and vise-versa

MSC (Mobile Switching Center)

Switching between the mobile to mobile or fixed network users. Consist of 4x registers

EIR (Equipment Identity Register): Consist of the authorized numberwhich can access the network

HLR (Home Location Register): Consist of the static data of each mobilesubscriber. User subscription, services, current location etc.

VLR (Visitor location Register): Consist of the dynamic data of the userunder the coverage area

AUC (Authentication Center): Responsible for the policing actions in thenetwork. This has all the data that is required to protect the networkagainst false subscribers and protection of the calls of the regularsubscribers.


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GSM Nodes (Cont)

NOC (Network Operation Center)

Network monitoring and surveillance to ensure maximum network

availability.

ISO Network Management framework called FCAPS used for the NOC

Operations.

FCAPS (Fault, Configuration, Asset, Performance and SecurityManagement)

TMN (Telecommunication Management Network) was standardized by

ITU-T.

TMN defines an open system with standardized interfaces.

This standardization enables a platform-independent multivendorenvironment for management of all components of a telecommunication

network.


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GSM Interfaces

Um/Air Interface: Standard Interface between the MS

and the BTS.

Abis Interface: Propriety Interface between BTS and the

BSC.

Ater Interface: Propriety Interface between BSC and

TCU.

A Interface : Standard Interface between BSC/TCU and

MSC


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GSM Protocols (Cont)

Layer-1: (Physical Layer)

Air interface (FDMA/TDMA)

PCM (2.048 Mbps)

Layer-2:Air Interface: LAPDm protocol

LAPD protocols.

MTP: MTP-1, MTP-2, MTP-3 protocols used to route

and transport signaling messages


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GSM Protocols (Cont)

Layer-3: Divided in 3 x sub layer, RR(Radio Recourse),

MM (Mobility Management), CM (Connection

Management).

BTSM: Protocol used for the BTS O&M

SCCP: Protocol provides a connection-oriented (LU, CM) and aconnectionless (paging, flow control) transfer service for signaling

messages.

BSSAP: To exchange the messages b/w the BSS and MSC. 2x

protocols are defined for BSSAP: DTAP & BSSMAP.

DTAP: Protocol used to exchange messages b/w MS and MSC

like MM and CM. (transparent to BSS)

BSSMAP: Protocol used for the RR management.

MAP: MAP messages used TCAP Protocol used to exchange the

messages b/w MSCs, MSC to HLR/VLR


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GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)

Introduced to support the packet data in GSM

Major changes in network architecture were introduced.

New network nodes

New network interfaces

Modification in the MS to support GPRS

Access Technique: FDMA/TDMA

Channel Bandwidth: 200 KHz

Provide the data rate approx: 171.2 Kbps Modulation: GMSK (1 bit per symbol)


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GPRS Node

PCU (Packet Control Unit)

Integrated with BSC and part of the BSS

Handles the packet related channels, signaling and interfaces

with SGSN.

SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node)

Integrated with PCU and part of NSS.

Handles the authentication ,mobility and session management

PDP (Packet data protocol) context activation

GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)

Connect the GPRS network to external data network (Internet)


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GPRS Interfaces

Pb Interface: Propriety Interface between BSC

and PCU. In built-in PCU no need for this

interface.

Gb Interface: Standard interface betweenPCU/BSC and SGSN.

Gn Interface: Standard interface between SGSN

and GGSN


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GPRS Protocols


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GPRS Protocols (Cont)

Layer-1:

Air Interface

PCM (2.048 Mbps)

Layer-2:

Data link: Divided into 2 x layers, Media Access Control (MAC)/ Radio

Link Control (RLC) and Logical Link Control (LLC)

MAC: Control the MS attempts on radio channel. (Multiplexing,

Scheduling, Prioritizing)

RLC: Establish a reliable connection b/w MS and BSS (Segmentation,

reassembling)

LLC: Establish a reliable connection b/w MS and SGSN (flow control,

error detection, re-transmission)

NS (Network Service): Protocol used for the Frame Relay

implementation.

BSSGP (BSS GPRS Application Protocol): Exchange QoS and Routing


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GPRS Protocols (Cont)

Layer-3:

GMM/SM: GPRS Mobility and Session Management:

GPRS Attach/Detach, PDP context activation, routing

area updates and security procedures.


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EDGE(Enhance Data for GSM Evolution)

Mainly a Air interface enhancement

New MS, TRX, BSC/PCU EDGE supported introduced.

Modulation: 8PSK (3 bits per symbol)

Provide the data rate approx: 384 Kbps


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GPRS/EDGE Coding Schemes


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UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)

UMTS also known as Wideband Code Division

Multiplexing (WCDMA)

3G technology, successor of GSM, standardized by

3GPP Introduce new access technique: CDMA (Complete

access technology upgrade from TDMA)

Channel Bandwidth: 5 MHz

Provide data rate approx 2 Mbps

Modulation: QPSK (2 bits per symbol)

Transmission: PCM/ATM/IP


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UMTS Architecture


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UMTS Nodes

Node-B:

Base station for UMTs network

Channel coding, spreading, modulation, power control

RNC (Radio Network Controller):

Controls the Node-B

Radio Resource Management.

Connects with the other RNCs for the soft handover

Communication with the MSC (CS) and SGSN (PS)

MSC:

Performs the same function as in GSM

Can support both A-interface (GSM) and Iu-interface (UMTS)


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UMTS Interfaces

Iub Interface: Interface between Node-B and

RNC.

Iu (CS) Interface: Interface between RNC and

MSC Iu (PS) Interface: Interface between RNC and

SGSN

Iur Interface: Interface between RNCs for softhandover


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UMTS Protocols


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UMTS Protocols (Cont)

Physical layer may be ATM or IP.

AAL5 (ATM Adaptation Layer 5): Used to transport signaling,

management and routing protocol within ATM

SSCOP (Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol):

Used to transfer the user data in sequence, error control, flowcontrol.

SCCP: Protocol provides a connection-oriented and a

connectionless transfer service for signaling messages.

NBAP (Node-B Application Part): Used for control andconfiguration messages between Iub interface and channel

management

RANAP (Radio Access Network Application Part): Used for

the control information exchange in Iu interface. MM, CM and

SM


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HSPA(High Speed Packet Access)

Combination of HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)and HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access).

Used dedicated radio channels in DL and UL to support highdata rates for WCDMA.

HSDPA introduced in Rel. 5 of 3GPP to increase the downlinkspeed.

HSDPA provide data rate approx: 14 Mbps

Modulation: QPSK (2 bits per symbol) and 16-QAM (4 bits persymbol).

HSUPA introduced in Rel.6 of 3GPP to increase the uplinkspeed.

HSUPA provide data rate approx: 5.6 Mbps

Modulation : QPSK and 16-QAM

Further enhancements of HSPA (+) used 64-QAM (6 bits per

symbol) and with MIMO support up to 42 Mbps in DL and 11.5Mbps in UL


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3GPP Releases Summary

Releas

e 4 First steps toward using IP transport in the core network. Bearerindependent Core network. (CS + ATM + IP supported)

Releas

e 99First deployable version of UMTS. Enhancements to GSM data

(EDGE).

Releas

e 5First phase of Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA

14 Mbps )

Releas

e 6 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA 5.6 Mbps).


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3GPP Releases Summary (Cont)

Releas

e 7HSPA + (21 Mbps DL, 11.5 Mbps UL) with MIMO (Multiple Input

Multiple Output)

Release 8

Long Term Evolution (LTE 100 Mbps DL, 50 Mbps UL), SAE

(System Architecture Evolution) and enhancement in HSPA + (42

Mbps DL)

Releas

e 9

Further LTE standardization, Femto-cells, HSPA + (82 Mbps DL, 20

Mbps UL).

Releas

e 10 LTE Advance (1 Gbps DL, 100 Mbps UL)


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CDMA2000(Code Division Multiple Access 2000)

3G technology, successor of IS-95 (cdmaOne),

standardized by 3GPP2

Access technique: CDMA (already in use for cdmaOne)

Channel Bandwidth: 1.25 MHz (already in use forcdmaOne)

Provide data rate approx: 384 Kbps

Modulation: QPSK (2 bits per symbol)

Transmission: PCM /ATM/IP


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CDMA2000 Architecture


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CDMA2000 Nodes

BTS : Performs same functionality as in case of GSM/UMTS.

BSC/RNC: Performs same functionality as in case of UMTS.

MSC: Performs the same function as in case of GSM/UMTS.

PDSN (Packet Data Serving Node): Responsible for routing the IP Packet between mobile and core network

(like SGSN for GSM/UMTS)

AAA (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting): Performs the authentication, authorization and accounting services

HA (Home Agent): The home agent allows the roaming of its own subscribers in other

networks.


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CDMA2000 Interfaces

A3/A7 interface: Interface between BTS and BSC

A3 used for the establishing/removing the traffic connections(ATM/IP)

A7 used for the signaling between the BTS and BSC and

between the BSCs for soft handover. A1/A2 interface:

Interface between the BSC and MSC

A1 used of the signaling between the BSC and MSC

A2 used for the traffic connection between the BSC and MSC

(PCM E1) A8/A9 interface:

Interface between the BSC and PDSN

A8 used for the traffic connection between the BSC and PDSN

A9 used for the signaling between the BSC and PDSN


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CDMA2000 Evolution

EVDO

Rev. AMajor enhancement in UL data rates. Provide data rate

approx: 3.1 Mbps DL and 1.8 Mbps in UL (16-QAM).

CDMA2000

1x RTT (1 times Radio Transmission Technology.) Provide datarates approx: 144 Kbps to 384 Kbps (QPSK)

EVDO

Rel. 0Provide data rate approx: 2.5 Mbps DL and 150 Kbps in UL

(16-QAM)

EVDORev. B Provide data rate approx: 9.1 Mbps DL (64-QAM). Cansupport data rate approx: 46 Mbps using aggregate carriers

EVDO

Rev. C

UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband). Provide data approx: 288

Mbps in DL and 75 Mbps in UL. Never commercially launched

and select the 3GPPs LTE for evolution of CDMA2000


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LTE(Long Term Evolution)

Standardized by 3GPP in Rel.8 published in 2008-09

3GPP2 also selected LTE for the next evolution path for the

CDMA2000

Introduce new access technology: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiple Access) in DL and SC-FDMA (Single CarrierFrequency Division Multiple Access) in UL

Channel Bandwidth: 5 MHz to 20 MHz (Scalable)

Modulation: 16-QAM, 64-QAM and MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple

Output)

Provide data rate approx: 100 Mbps in DL and 50 Mbps in UL

Transmission: All IP

IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem): Fixed Mobile Convergence, all IP

network, Provide services like VoIP, Interconnectivity with legacy

systems, multimedia services, VOD, online gaming etc.


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LTE Architecture


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LTE Nodes

eNodeB: The enhance version of base station/Node-B used in UMTS. e

referred to as evolved

Radio resource management is performed by eNodeB as there is

no BSC/RNC in LTE architecture Handover between eNodeB

MME (Mobility Management Entity):

Manage all signaling between the base stations and core

networks.

Authentication

Handover between eNodeB

Paging

Interworking with other radio network: GSM/UMTS/CDMA2000

SMS and legacy (CS) voice support


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LTE Nodes (Cont)

S-GW (Serving Gateway):

Manage the user data tunnels and switching between eNodeB

and core network

P-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway)

Gateway to internet and IMS

Assign the IPs to mobile

HSS (Home Subscriber Server)

In LTE the HLR (GSM/UMTS) referred to as HSS

HLR (GSM/UMTS) and HSS (LTE) communicate with each other

for seamless roaming between different radio technologies


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LTE Interfaces

X2 interface: Interface between the eNodeBs forseamless the handover

S1-U Interface: Interface between eNodeB and S-GW

S1-MME Interface: Interface between eNodeB and MME

S11 Interface: Interface between S-GW and MME

S5/S8 Interface: Interface between S-GW and P-GW


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LTE Protocols


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LTE Protocols (Cont)

Protocols highlighted in light colors are developed by3GPP

Protocols highlighted in dark colors are developed by

IETF

NAS (Non Access Stratum): Used for directcommunication between the MS and MME (Mobility &

Session Management)

RRC (Radio Resource Control) : used for radio resource

usage. UE signaling and data connection PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol): used for IP

header compression and encryption

RLC (Radio Link Control): used for segmentation

concatenation of PDCP data for radio transmission


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LTE Protocols (Cont)

Physical (Layer 1): used to take care of OFDMA and SC-

FDMA

S1AP (S1 Application Part): used to handle the MS CP

and UP between the E-UTRAN and EPC

SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol): provide

reliable transport and sequenced delivery function

GTP-C (GPRS Tunneling Protocol-Control Plane):

Manage the UP connections, data tunnels and QoS in

the EPC

UDP (Unit Data Protocol): Used with IP for fast

communication (although unreliable). Often referred to

Best Effort protocol

IP (Internet Protocol): Can support/run on different data


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LTE Technology summary

WiMax


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WiMax(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave

Access)

3G technology, standardize by IEEE

Also known as IEEE 802.16 standard

IEEE 802.16d (Fixed WiMax), IEEE 802.16e (Mobile

WiMax, WiMax 1.0), IEEE 802.16m (WiMax 2.0)

Access Technology: OFDMA in both DL and UL

Channel Bandwidth: 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz (Scalable).

Modulation: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM and MIMO

Provide data rate approx: 46 Mbps in DL and 4 Mbps inUL with mobility and 100 Mbps (DL) in fixed/Stationary

Transmission: IP


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WiMax Architecture


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WiMax Nodes

BS (Base Station): Connect MS to the network

Frequency allocation

Modulation/De-Modulation

Performs the RRM Power control

Inter BS Handover

ASN-GW (Access Service Network Gateway):

Mobility Management, authentication Paging, QoS

Data flow management

Control plane and User plane management

Inter ASN-GW Handovers


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WiMax Nodes (Cont)

Routers

Routers connect the ASN with CSN nodes (Gateway, AAA and

HA)

CSN (Connectivity Service Network)

Used to connect with external network such as Internet

IP address management

Mobility Management between ASNs

AAA for Authorization, Authentication and Accounting

HA (Home Agent) connects and maintain the service while useris roaming between WiMax network


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WiMax Interfaces

Interfaces in WiMax are called Reference Points R

R1 Interface: Interface between BS and ASN-GW.

Handle both user traffic and control plane messages

*R2 Interface: Interface between BS and AAA (CSN) for

authorization, authentication and configuration

management

R3 Interface: Interface between the ASN and CSN

R4 Interface: Interface between ASNs or ASN-GW.Handles the data control plan messages and mobility

management for handover


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WiMax Interfaces (Cont)

*R5 Interface: Interface between the two CSNs.

R6 Interface: Interface between BS and ASN. Handle

both data and control plane messages

*R7 Interface: Optional Interface to handle the control

plane messages between the any two functions

R8 Interface: Interface between the BSs for seamless

handover


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WiMax Protocols


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WiMax Protocols (Cont)

Layer 1: Physical

Responsible for the physical interface between nodes. OFDMA,

16-QAM or 64-QAM, MIMO

Layer 2: MAC (Media Access Control)

Divided in to three sub layers

Privacy Sub Layer: Responsible for the encryption

Common part Sub Layer: Responsible for the connection

management , packing user data from upper layers and fits to the

physical frame structure

Convergence Sub Layer: Provide higher layer protocols (IP/ATM)

a standard interface to deliver user data to layer 2


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WiMax Technology summary


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LTE vs. WiMax (Comparison)

Parameters LTE WiMax

Release 2009 2005

Deployment ~30 commercial network ~500 commercial network

Data Rates 100 Mbps DL/ 50 Mbps UL 45 Mbps DL/ 4 Mbps

Coverage Signal can reach 100 Km Signal can reach 50 Km

Power Efficiency More power efficient than

WiMax (SC-FDMA in UL)

Less power efficient than

LTE (OFDMA in UL)

Market Penetration High, as 85% of cellular

network used 3GPPtechnology

Low, 15% of cellular

network used Non-3GPPtechnology

LTE-Advance vs WiMax 2 0


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LTE-Advance vs. WiMax 2.0(Battle for the 4G)

LTE and WiMax are often labeled as 4G but do not fulfill the4G requirements.

ITU-R standardize the 4G specifications

These specifications also known as IMT-Advance:

Max data rate for fixed access up to 1 Gbps Max data rate for mobile access up to 100 Mbps

All IP architecture

Scalable channel bandwidth

LTE-Advance and WiMax 2.0 (Mobile WiMax, 802.16m) aims

to fulfill the IMT-advance requirements.

Currently both are in research and design phase

Competition scenario depends on the deployment region.

In America, Sprint Nextel plans to offer 4G over Mobile WiMax

whereas Verizon opts LTE for the 4G

LTE-Advance vs WiMax 2 0


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LTE Advance vs. WiMax 2.0(Cont)

LTE-Advance vs. WiMax


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LTE Advance vs. WiMax

2.0 (Cont)

Wireless Communication Market


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Wireless Communication Market

Update

GSM/EDGE (as of April, 2011)

545 Networks launched in 196 countries (Source: GSA)

WCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+ (as of Oct , 2011)

100% of WCDMA implemented HSPA technology

424 HSPA Networks launched in 165 countries

211 HSPA+ Networks launched in 89 countries (Source: GSA)

LTE (as of Oct, 2011)

35 Networks launched in 21 countries

185 Networks commitments in 66 countries (Source: GSA)

WiMax (as of May, 2011)

582 Networks in 150 countries (Source: WiMax Forum)



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Market Update (Cont)



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Market Update (Cont)

Wireless Communication Market in


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Pakistan

GSM/GPRS/EDGE Ufone, Telenor, Mobilink, Warid andZong(2.5/2.75 G under cellular license)

CDMA2000 Rev. A & Rev. B PTCL EVO and Nitro respectively (3G

under WLL license)

WiMax Qubee, Wi-Tribe, Wateen.(3G under WLL license)

Efforts are being made for the 3G upgrade under new cellular license.

(CAPEX)

Upgrade from 2G to 3G required a complete hardware

upgrade/installation on Access side (Base stations and BSC/RNC).

(CAPEX)

Most of the Core networks are already upgraded to support 3G

requirements

Pakistan Broadband Market is not mature enough to fully utilize the 3G

benefits,

Only 0.9 % of the population (1,654,517/180,000,000) using broadband

service (Source: PTA)



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Pakistan (Cont)

Pakistani mobile/cellular market is voice and SMS centric. As 62% ofthe population (111,126,434/180,000,000) using cellular Voice and

SMS services (Source: PTA)

Only 1.4% (1,654,517/111,126,434) of the cellular subscribers using

the broadband services.

Wired broadband solutions (DSL, FTTH) & WLL licensetechnologies are fulfilling the current requirements for the fixed &

wireless broadband requirements.

Pakistani mobile broadband market will likely to be maturated in 2-3

years to fully utilize the 3G services.

Mobile TV and Video conferencing services might increase the data

requirements for the Pakistan market.

LTE will be mature in two to three years which also require the

complete hardware upgrades on access and core sides.


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Cellular Market in Pakistan

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

35,000,000

40,000,000

Pakistan Cellular Subscribers (Source: PTA)

Mobilink

Telenor

Ufone

Zong

Warid

Instaphone


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Broadband Market in Pakistan

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

Pakistan Broadband Subscribers (Source: PTA)

DSL

EvDO

WiMax

FTTH

HFC

R f


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References

www.4gamericas.com

www.gsacom.com

www.3gpp.com www.3gpp2.com

www.wimaxforum.org

www.pta.gov.pk

Further Wireless Communication


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Research Topics

Modulation Techniques in Wireless Communications (GMSK, QPSK,16-QAM, 64-QAM etc)

Multiple Access Techniques in Wireless Communications (FDMA,TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA, BDMA etc)

IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem): Fixed Mobile Convergence, All IP

solution and services

IEEE WLAN: IEEE 802.16.11 Wireless LAN, Wi-Fi

IEEE ZigBee: IEEE 802.15.4, used for high speed PANcommunication with low power.

Blue Tooth: PAN devices communication

UMA (Unlicensed Mobile Access): Interface and handover b/w GSMand WLAN

DVB-H(Digital Video Broadband Handheld): Broad cast services tomobile handset

Questions/Queri


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Quest o s/Que

es

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