TERM PAPER

(5th SEMESTER-3rd YEAR)

TOPIC

Difference Between Unix Linux Windows And Mac

Submitted To-

Mr. Baljit Singh Saini

Submitted By-

Jagtar Singh

Roll No. B50

Section K2R04

Reg. no 11005298

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Jagtar Singh student of B.Tech(CSE)-MBA expressing my deep gratitude to my OS teacher “Mr. Baljit Singh Saini ”. I am very much thankful to him. I benefited a lot discussing with him.

I am also thankful to my parents who encouraged me and provided such a motivation, so I became able to perform this.

I am also thankful to all my friends and those who helped me directly or indirectly in completion of my project.

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION2. OPERATING SYSTEMS AND

HISTORY3. BRIEF DEFINITIONS4. DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF

OPERATING SYSTEMS5. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

WINDOWS LINUX AND MAC6. COMPARISON OF PROCESS

MANAGEMENT Windows, Linux and Macintosh

7. DEFINITION AND TYPES OF KERNELS

8. PROS AND CONS OF Mac, Windows, and Linux

9. WHICH IS BETTER –MAC OR PC?

10. REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

Unix Linux Windows and Mac all are operating systems. Now what is an operating system? An operating system is software that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer operating system, a computer and software programs would be useless. Almost all computers (including handheld computers, desktop computers, supercomputers, video game consoles) as well as some robots, domestic appliances (dishwashers, washing machines), and portable media players use an operating system of some type.

Examples of computer operating systems

Microsoft Windows 7 - PC and IBM compatible operating system. Microsoft Windows is the most commonly found and used operating system.

Apple Mac OS - Apple computer operating system.

Ubuntu Linux - A popular variant of Linux used with PC and IBM compatible computers.

Google Android - operating system used with Android compatible phones.

iOS - Operating system used with the Apple iPhone.

Logos of Different Operating Systems

1. Windows logo

2. Linux logo

3. Mac logo

4. Unix logo

OPERATING SYSTEMS AND HISTORY

Let’s take a look at the biggest desktop operating systems milestones of the past 40 years.

1969

Unix was brought to the life on a spare DEC PDP-7 at AT&T Bell Lab. Ken Thomson and Dennis Ritchie put together an operating system so they could continue to play a space travel game that Thomson had developed. A colleague named it UNICS, the Uniplexed Information and Computing Service , which changed into UNIX.

1977

The godfather of Open Source is born when the Computer Systems Research Groups at UC Berkeley Software Distribution. BSD will ultimately spawn alternatives to some commercial microcomputer operating systems- and form the core of at least one major commercial operating system, Mac OS X.

Tandy/Radio Shack introduces a line of affordable home computer and debuts a family–friends operating system called TRS-DOS .

1978

Apple DOS 3.1 debuts, it will run the Apple II series for computers for the next five years.

1981

The IBM PC is born and so are PC-DOS and its alter ego, MSDOS.

1983

Free Software Advocate Richard Stallman announces the plan for GNU a Unix-like operating system that contains no proprietary software. Twenty-six years later, GNU’s official kernel, GNU Hurd, will still be incomplete.

1984

During the Super Bowl, Apple airs a commercial in which a females athlete throws a huge screen displaying a through a huge screen display a stern , Big Brother –like visage .In the ensuing chaos ,people forget that there are more than two computing platforms and concentrate on the epic battle between DOS and the Macintosh.

1985

Microsoft Windows 1.01 retails, at a list price of 99 dollars. Its market as a graphical user interface that extends the Dos operating system and lets users run several programs at the same time and freely switch among them. But it’s not touted as an actual operating system until a decade later.

The Atari ST appears, running a color graphical user interface: GEM from digital Research, the people who brought us CP/M, like Windows< GEM runs on top of a less attractive, command-Line-drive operating system. It becomes a popular graphics and digital music platform, which gives Apples a few ideas to explore later.

A few months later, the Amiga appears .Its operating system is built on a kernel that handles preemptive multitasking, so it starts with an advantage. The OS also contains a disk operating system, an APL layer called Intuition, and a graphical user interface called workbench. People can choose at will between a command line and the workbench graphical interface and seem pretty happy about it. It becomes a popular video platform which gives Apples a few ideas to explore later.

1991

Norse OS god Linus Torvalds releases an open-source, kernel that sort of bears his name Linux is officially pronounced ” leen-ooks ” to reflect its Finnish origins . The Linux kernel will subsequently be combined

with GNU software to create an array of open – source operating system known as Linux distributions.

1996

The arrival of Macintosh System 7.6 heralds a new name – Mac OS- and a new game called waiting for Copland. In the end we abandon the wait for.

2001

Apple abandons its old Os core and introduces Mac OS X. The X is a Roman numeral for 10, but some think it’s a nod to x windows (which is in there) and the NeXT operating system (which is also in there) , Either way , X marks the spot where apple moved away from 1984 and into a brave new world .

2009

In 2009 , Microsoft introduce their new Operating System named as “Windows 7 “.First , they launch the Beta version of

Windows 7 and then Release Candidate version in May , and now Release TO Manufacture version.

BRIEF DEFINITIONS

What is Windows?

The Windows is a operating system. This allows people to manage files and run software programs on desktop and laptop computers.

The Windows operating system is developed and maintained by Microsoft, the company founded by Bill Gates. The first version was released in 1985. Since then, it has grown significantly, and it now dominates the market.

Windows uses a graphical user interface(GUI) to make it easier for people to use their computers. The primary ways that people navigate are through icons on the desktop and the Start menu.

Some of the popular Windows editions are Win 98, Win 2000, , Win Me, Win 2003,Win XP, Win Vista etc……

What is LINUX?

Linux stands for Linus’ Unix

Linux is the kernel of an operating system.

Linux was built on the Unix tradition. Linux was originally developed by Linus Torwalds of Finland, who currently owns the Linux trademark.

Using the open source code of the Linux kernel, people have been developing operating systems based on the Linux kernel. These are called the “Linux distributions”. Also known as Linux Operating System.

The various distributions of Linux come from different companies.(ie LIndows, Lycoris, Red Hat, SuSe, Mandrake, Knopping, Slackware)

NASlite is one of version of Linux that runs off a single floppy disk and converts an old computer into file server. This ultra small edition of Linux is capable of networking, File sharing and being a web server.

What is Macs?

Mac OS is the original primary operating system of Apple Computer’s line of personal computers.

The first version was released with the original “Thin” Macintosh (i.e., the Macintosh 128K) in 1984, and until the release of Mac OS X,the Mac OS remained Apple’s flagship operating system.

Mac OS is characterized by a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI), single-button mousing, and nearly universal plug-and-play support.

In the spring of 2001, Apple transitioned from its original code base to Mac OS X, a very different operating system based on Unix and the Mach microkernel. Like its predecessor, Mac OS X maintains the traditional Mac OS ease of use, but with substantially improved stability.

DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

Windows- Current versions

Windows 8, the latest version of the Windows operating system and was released on October 26, 2012.

Windows 8 Pro -Windows 8 Pro succeeds Windows 7 Professional and Ultimate and is targeted towards enthusiasts and business users; it includes all the features of Windows 8. Additional features include operating as a Remote Desktop server, the ability to participate in a Windows Server domain, Encrypting File System, Hyper-V, and Virtual Hard Disk Booting, Group Policy as well as BitLocker and BitLocker To Go. Windows Media Center functionality will be available only for Windows 8 Pro, as a paid "Media Pack."

Windows 8 Enterprise - Windows 8 Enterprise provides all the features in Windows 8, Pro, with additional features to assist with IT organization. This edition will only be available to Software Assurance customers.

Windows RT - Windows RT will only be available pre-installed on ARM-based devices such as tablet PCs, and was named for the Windows Runtime (WinRT) development platform that Microsoft is introducing in Windows 8. It will include touch-optimized desktop versions of the basic set of Office 2013 applications to users—Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote, and support device encryption capabilities. Several business-focused features such as Group Policy and domain support are not included.

Windows 7, for home, business desktops, and portable computers

Windows 7 Starter A variant for developing countries and netbooks, in which the Aero theme is not included, nor 64-bit compatibility. This edition is to be available pre-installed on computers through system integrators or computer manufacturers.

Windows 7 Home Basic Windows 7 Home Basic is available in emerging markets such as Brazil, People's Republic of China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, Philippines, and Thailand. It will not be available in countries such as Australia, Canada, France, Germany, The Netherlands, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, the United States, or the United Kingdom. Some Aero options are excluded along with several new features.

Windows 7 Home Premium This edition contains features aimed at the home market segment, such as Windows Media Center, Windows Aero and touch-screen controls.

Windows 7 Professional This edition is targeted toward enthusiasts and small business users. It includes all the features of Windows 7 Home Premium, and adds the ability to participate in a Windows Server domain. Additional features include operating as a Remote Desktop server, location aware printing, Encrypting File System, Presentation Mode and Windows XP Mode.

Windows 7 Enterprise (Microsoft Windows NT 6.1.7600) This edition targets the enterprise segment of the market and is sold through volume licensing to companies

which have Software Assurance contract with Microsoft. Additional features include support for Multilingual User Interface (MUI) packages, BitLocker Drive Encryption, and UNIX application-support. Not available through retail or OEM channels, this edition is distributed through Microsoft Software Assurance (SA). As a result it includes several SA-only benefits, including a license allowing the running of multiple virtual machines, and activation via VLK.

Windows 7 Ultimate Windows 7 Ultimate contains the same features as Windows 7 Enterprise, but unlike that edition it will be available to home users on an individual license basis. Windows 7 Home Premium and Windows 7 Professional users are able to upgrade to Windows 7 Ultimate for a fee using Windows Anytime Upgrade if they wish to do so. Unlike Windows Vista Ultimate, the Windows 7 Ultimate edition will not include the Windows Ultimate Extras feature or any exclusive features. (6.1.7600) Observe the existence of versions that is locked out from activation in some countries.

Windows 7 Service Pack 1 (Microsoft Windows NT 6.1.7601.17514)

Windows Vista

Windows XP

Windows 2000

Windows 98

Windows 95

Versions Of Mac

Public Beta: "Kodiak"

On September 13, 2000 Apple released a $29.95 "preview" version of Mac OS X (internally codenamed Kodiak) in order to gain feedback from users,

The "PB" as it was known marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback. Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in Spring 2001.

Version 10.0: "Cheetah"

On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X v10.0 (internally codenamed Cheetah). The initial version was slow, incomplete, and had very few applications available at the time of its launch, mostly from independent developers. While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption, they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve. Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment, for attempts to completely overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996, and delayed by countless setbacks. Following some bug fixes, kernel panics became much less frequent.

Version 10.1: "Puma"

Later that year on September 25, 2001, Mac OS X v10.1 (internally codenamed Puma) was released. It had better performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users, in addition to the US$129 boxed version for people running Mac OS 9. It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped-down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems. On January 7, 2002, Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month.

Version 10.2: "Jaguar"

On August 23, 2002, Apple followed up with Mac OS X v10.2 "Jaguar", the first release to use its code name as part of the branding.

Version 10.3: "Panther"

Mac OS X v10.3 "Panther" was released on October 24, 2003. In addition to providing much improved performance, it also incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface.

Version 10.4: "Tiger"

Mac OS X v10.4 "Tiger" was released on April 29, 2005. Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 150+ new features. As with Panther, certain older machines were no longer supported; Tiger requires a Mac with a built-in FireWire port. Among the new features, Tiger introduced Spotlight, Dashboard, Smart Folders, updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, QuickTime 7, Safari 2, Automator, VoiceOver, Core Image and Core Video. The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services.

Version 10.5: "Leopard"

Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard" was released on October 26, 2007. It was called by Apple "the largest update of Mac OS X". It brought more than 300 new features. Leopard supports both PowerPC- and Intel x86-based Macintosh computers; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz, and at least 512 MB of RAM to be installed. The single DVD works for all supported Macs (including 64-bit machines). New features include a new look, an updated Finder, Time Machine, Spaces, Boot Camp pre-installed, full support for 64-bit applications (including graphical applications), new features in Mail and iChat, and a number of new security features.

It was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture.

Version 10.6: "Snow Leopard"

Mac OS X v10.6 "Snow Leopard" was released on August 28, 2009. Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS X, Snow Leopard focuses on "under the hood" changes, increasing the performance, efficiency, and stability of the operating system. For most users, the most noticeable changes are: the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean install compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, a more responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa, faster Time Machine backups, more reliable and user friendly disk ejects, a more powerful version of the Preview application, as well as a faster Safari web browser.

Mac OS X v10.6 also features Microsoft Exchange Server support for Mail, iCal, and Address Book, new 64-bit technology capable of supporting greater amounts of RAM, an all new QuickTime X with a refreshed user interface and more functionality that used to be only available to QuickTime Pro owners.

Snow Leopard only supports machines with Intel CPUs, requires at least 1 GB of RAM, and drops default support for applications built for the PowerPC architecture (Rosetta can be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC-only applications).

Version 10.7: "Lion"

A preview of Mac OS X v10.7 "Lion" was publicly unveiled at Apple's "Back to the Mac" event on October 20, 2010. It will include support for the Mac App Store, and will bring many other developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily-navigable display of installed applications, to the Mac. It is scheduled to be released in the (Northern Hemisphere) summer of 2011.

Changes made to the GUI (Graphical User Interface) include the Launchpad (similar to the home screen of iOS devices), auto-hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are being used, and Mission Control, which unifies Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen applications within a single interface. Apple also made changes to applications: they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed (similar to iOS). Because of this, the Dock no longer visually indicates whether an app is currently running or not. In addition to this, documents auto-save by default so users don't have to worry about manually managing their documents.7

Versions of Linux

1. Ubuntu: This is probably the most user-friendly Linux distribution ever made. It’s very well done. Some power users don’t like it because they say its “too user friendly”,

but most people seem to be very happy with it.

2. Fedora: Red Hat’s open project, Fedora, has long been a favorite of Linux users worldwide. Started in 2003, it is their free alternative to RHEL. While RHEL is marketed at enterprises, Fedora is targeted at home users, with a slightly different look and feel.

3. openSUSE:

4. Debian:

5. Mandriva:

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WINDOWS LINUX AND MAC

1. Windows, Macintosh, and Linux are the three most popular operating systems. All three provide a way for computers to store, launch, and organize programs and files.

2. Windows it the most popular of the three operating systems. Estimates vary, but approximately 85% to 90% of personal computers use Windows. Because of its popularity, software and hardware add-ons for Windows computers are widely available.

3. In contrast to the large market share enjoyed by Windows, Macintosh is used by fewer people. Although the software and hardware add-ons for Macintosh computers are limited in comparison to Windows add-ons, popular Windows applications like Microsoft Office have Macintosh equivalents.

4. Macintosh also regulates the design of software and hardware add-ons more rigidly than Microsoft, so the software and hardware added to a Mac is less likely to fail.

5. Linux is the third of the popular operating systems available. Linux is based on Unix, an operating system used for more than three decades that now powers about 90% of Web sites. In sharp contrast to both Windows and Macintosh, Linux is an open source project.

6. As such, anyone can modify the Linux code, and Linux is free to use and distribute. Although Linux offers greater security and flexibility than other operating systems, it requires some technical knowledge to install and use.

7. Linux is an open source operating system that, until fairly recently, was only used on servers. Now it is used on Mac OS X computers, and more people are starting to use it on computers that aren’t servers.

8. Linux is Customizable in a way that Windows is not.

9. For desktop or home purpose, Linux is very cheap or free, Windows is expensive. For server use, Linux is very cheap compared to Windows. Microsoft allows single copy of Windows to be used on only one computer. Starting with Windows XP, they use software to enforce this rule (activation).In contrast ,once you have purchased Linux, you can run it on any number of computers for no additional charges.

10. Every computer printer ships with drivers for the last few versions of windows (at the time it was manufactured).Running the printer on a very old or too new versions of Windows may or may not work. Still ,this is far better situation than Linux i.e. which doesn’t support as many printers as Windows. Home users of Linux however, will no doubt suffer from the relatively poor support for printers.

11. Windows allows programs to store user information (files and settings) anywhere. This makes it impossibly hard for the users to backup user data files and settings and to switch to a new computer. In contrast, Linux stores all user data in the home directory making it much easier to migrate from an old computer to a new one. If home directories are segregated in their own partition, you can even upgrade from one version of Linux to another without having to migrate user data and setting.

12. Linux has a reputation for fewer bugs than Windows.

Basic Differences

1. Screenshots illustrate the Windows version; the Linux and Mac windows and dialogs will be slightly different, but with equivalent functionality.

2. Dialogs under Windows often have a '?' button on the title bar, for context-sensitive help. Under Linux and Mac, this button is on the dialog itself, usually near the OK or Close button.

3. Content highlighting currently only works on Windows. This does not affect the ability of Story Lines to format text correctly in reports and exported projects; it just means you see the text as only one color and font in the Content Editor. We expect to rectify this in future releases.

4. Under Linux and Mac, online help invoked from the Help button in modal dialogs is itself modal. That is, you have to quit the help window to return to the dialog. On Windows, you can switch back to the dialog without quitting the help viewer.

5. Linux and Mac users don't currently have the ability to use the Mail Wizard, though of course you can export a report to a file and mail it using your favored mail client.

6. On Windows and Linux, context menus are invoked with right-click. On Mac, use control-click.

Comparison of Process Management Windows, Linux and Macintosh

PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OPERATION

The process is a collection of interrelated data that contain a number of instructions, the program counter, registers and stack collection that contains the memory address. A process can be said to be a program in execution (Program Application / Operating System) process can also be regarded as the smallest unit of work that individuals have the resources-resources and scheduled by the operating system. Thus the operating system has a very complex activity in manage all resources and provide the operating system requires a management process.

The terms relating to the System Operation-

1. Multi Programming

Said to be capable of a multiprogramming computer if the computer is able to perform tasks or run several programs simultaneously.

For that computers require an operating system that can support computers running the task multiprogramming. Computer Operating Systems that can support multiprogramming, among others: MS windows 3.0, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows NT, Linux, OS / Form of multiprogramming for example:

One computer can run programs for processing EXCEL table. When processing the data with Excel, the user is playing music from a CD ROM. While improving the user documents also print the finished document. So the computer tasks that can be implemented are: the printing of documents, data processing, and music.

Program - a program that runs basically have a nature independent of a program that can run itself and not dependent by another program.

A program run at one time (one program at any instant).

For the existence of an operating system on these programs is to organize its work by setting the order (priority) and the division of time is very fast (in the order of 1 / 1 Million seconds = 1 micro-second). So as if the program - the program can be run together (is false).

2. Multiprocessing

Collection of a number of microprocessor/ processors that perform one task. In this case a number of independent computer terminal can carry out tasks to complete one task. Example:

Election Commission of data processing that is centralized in Jakarta and is accessible from all networks in Indonesia. As super computer chess engine ever fight with Grand Master Anatoly Karpov.

Mainframe computers are large computers that contain a processor that much. As the

central computer at the local telephone network in the Netherlands.

Operating system that supports multiprocessing tasks include MS Windows, Novel Netware, and Windows NT.

3. Distributed Processing / Computing

Management of many processes that can be run by a number of computers that are scattered (distributed). Operating system that runs the task distribution antaralain Amoeba, MATCH, LINUX.

KERNEL AND PERFORMANCE COMPARISON

The operating system is controlled by the kernel in it. The quality of this kernel will determine the performance of the system. It literally keep things functioning, such as interface to the hardware. The kernel communicates with external devices and manage the internal components such as RAM, CPU, and hard disks. Resource use for the management capacity and processes.

To ensure the safety of the system, the kernel controls all the processes that take place. It determined, where and how long the program to access the hardware. Stability is achieved through the structuring resources. On the back there are the functions that we use every day, like a copy of the file system onto the hard disk.

A good performance takes the kernel to resolve access conflicts. For example, when two programs want to write on the hard disk

at the same time. The kernel will prioritize one task and let one write programs, while other programs have to wait.

DEFINITION AND TYPES OF KERNELS

The kernel is a software which is a major part of an operating system. His duty to serve a variety of application programs to access the computer hardware securely.

1. Monolithic

A large kernel for all tasks is behind the idea of monolithic. Responsible for managing the RAM as well as the processes and inter-process communication, offers a variety of functions to support the drivers and hardware. Windows, Linux, and MacOS X include this category.

2. Micro

An error in the kernel can cripple the entire operating system. Therefore, a microkernel is made very small to avoid errors and crashes. However, It still must ensure the diversity of functions so that the kernel is divided into several modules and only one that functions in kernel mode. The classic example is Mach, a component of OS X.

3. Hybrid

A combination of monolithic and microkernel called hybrid kernels. Kernel streamlined and added a dynamic module for other tasks

4. Exokernel

Kernel does not provide hardware abstraction altogether, but it provides a set of libraries that provide functions to access the hardware directly or almost directly.

1. Windows Kernel

NTOS file, the Windows kernel heart, logically divided into two layers. Uniquely, for performance reasons, drivers may access the hardware directly.

Windows Debugging Tools

WinDbg

To analyze the state of RAM when the bluescreen needed tools such as WinDbg. In the Microsoft website you can find and download the appropriate file.

NOTMYFAULT

A tool to test durability. Indeed designed to make mistakes under Windows, and deliberately causing crashes. Be careful in the experiment.

PROCESS EXPLORER

Management process is one of the main tasks the operating system. Process Explorer displays Handles make it seem relevant or dependence antarproses.

ASLR: disguise RAM address

The new processor has a width of 64 bit address bus, but since beginning to use some bits for other tasks. For example, the NX-Bit to prevent the execution of data (Data Execution Prevention, DEP). If the code is located in a section of RAM that is marked as "not running" still run, there will be an internal error.

This condition provides an opportunity for hackers to trigger a buffer-overrun, that is, they infect the process such as Internet Explorer to log into the system. If a malware settled, he can use the Windows-API to perform an action, eg ¬ to change the system configuration.

Therefore, Microsoft has been using a new kernel protection function called Address Space Load randomization (ASLR), partly in XP SP2, completely new in Windows Vista.Background, a gap of entry for hackers under Windows is a DLL, which in previous Windows versions is always loaded to the same place in RAM.

With ASLR every time the system-DLL and EXE files will be loaded into different places in RAM, malware is no longer able to achieve the relevant action system through a standard address. To disguise the available 256 different addresses for the RAM-manager at start.

When a DLL is loaded, it chooses a random place in RAM. In addition, removal of ASLR strategy has its advantages, the address can be more compressed than in previous Windows versions, so there are more vacant places adjacent.

2. Linux Kernel

Linux kernel take care of managing the command I / O, RAM management, and process.At the root level of the kernel, there are functions for controlling the termination process.

Integrity check: backup code

As an antidote, Microsoft is using Kernel Mode Code Signature (KMCS) in Vista, which only allows the device drivers with a digital signature. Most drivers get a signature from the Windows Hardware Quality Lab (WHQL), but developers can provide their own signature homemade code.

That requires a valid certificate. Author complement the digital code with a value Hash (fingerprint), giving signatures with a private key and certificate as well as adding an encrypted hash. In the effort to load a driver, Windows decrypts the hash code that exist in the de ¬ with the key in the certificate and check, whether the hash matches the program code.

Windows also check whether the relevant certificates associated with one of the major certification center that is integrated in the Windows loader and kernel. Vista 32 Bit mode is to check the driver signature, but different from the 64 Bit mode that allows drivers to load without a signature.

In general, kernel modules can be assigned a digital signature under Linux and MacOS X. This theory also applies to drivers, but the operating system there is no routine to check that.

MMCSS: priority video

Windows recognize the priority level from 0 to 31, where he preferred to run the service MMCSS with priority 27. Starting priority of 16, already is in the area of real-time, meaning that other processes cannot interfere.

Linux offers a more detailed scheduling priority between 0 to 99. For example, the multimedia demands of media-server, this distribution is better. On MacOS X the scheduler is one of the components used Mach. That Mach is much more modern than the Linux and Windows, is not only more clearly de ¬ with the division of priority from 0 to 127.Under Mac OS X is a multimedia application can even reserve a fixed portion of the CPU time for herself. Provided there is enough CPU power, it usually does not happen congestion.

3. MacOS X Kernel

Apple MacOS X kernel is compiled from two sources. It uses the functions of the Unix-based BSD subsystem and component of the Mach micro-kernel.

Sections address: dynamically manage

CPU 32 Bit for Windows and installed programs, provided a strong limitation in the address. For example, without tricks, Windows kernel should not be more than 2 GB. This becomes a problem if still needed a place for device drivers, file system cache, and stack.

For all versions of Windows up to XP, at start, RAM-Manager has determined how many places are available each component. But the problem, the cache becomes very large and often hit the limit. Though stack still has a lot of places, but cannot allocate it.

Therefore, the address of the kernel in Vista is always dynamic. During the operation, he was taking care of distribution and delivery of parts depending on workload needs. Therefore, the virtual RAM can be increased, if the device drivers ask for more. Can also shrink, if the driver release.

Linux and MacOS X are not familiar with tight restrictions. The operating system is also often hit the limit, related to the size of the kernel. But basically every component is not restricted format. Unlike with Windows, the operating system has no fixed division of space to the kernel and drivers.

KTM: capture program crashes

If an application will perform a series of interrelated changes, he can make a KTM (Kernel Transaction Manager) and a transaction DTC (Distributed Transaction Coordinator). Or just make a KTM, then set the registry key file changes and transactions.

If all works fine, the program submit transactions and changes in use. Until this point the program can cancel the process at any time.

MacOS X and Linux kernel is also used in the transaction. Usually the user does not know, unless updates always fail. In both systems, there is no effect on system

stability, but only show it, the transaction is not executed.

Pros And Cons Of Mac, Windows, And Linux

Windows:

Pros:

Almost every game runs on it Tons of programs run on it More Customization on the

computers is possible

Cons:

SPYWARE, VIRUSES, ADWARE GALLORE!

Not as "nice" looking

Error message after error message

Mac:

Pros:

Very sleek and clean looking Never had any viruses or spyware

yet and it's been over 4 months. Lots of great built in programs such

iMovie which is a REALLY good Windows Movie Maker and Garage Band which is very handy for me who makes movie

Cons:

Pretty much no games for it Harder to find programs for it

Hardware you have to get through Apple most of the time and can't just go to Target and pick up a CD drive.

Linux

Pros

Most distributions are free (Open-source).

Good for servers. Some distributions have good user

support. Some distributions allow you to test

before installing (LiveCD).

Cons:

Some distributions require some knowledge of how Linux works to get the most out of that distribution.

Not many companies make programs for Linux.

WHICH IS BETTER –MAC OR PC?

Why Macs are Better?

- Macs give you the ability to run OS X and Windows both (legally).

- Macs work great with other Apple components such as the iPhone, iPod Classic, iPod Nano, iPod Touch, iPod Shuffle, etc...

- Macs are very simple to use.

- Macs are less prown to computer viruses, although they can get viruses.

- Purchasing a Mac gives you Apple Store support.

- Apple uses quality parts to manufacture Macs.

- Macs are trendsetting, designed well, and visually appealing.

- Macs come with better software, out of the box (iLife).

- Macs give you out of the box access to the iTunes Store, if you are an iPod or iPhone user.

- Out of the box, Macs are not loaded with trials and additional software.

- Apple has top of the line phone support.

Why PCs are Better?

- You can build a PC from the ground up, picking each individual component. PCs give you maximum customizability.

- PCs are generally cheaper in price. You can get the same processor, amount of RAM, and hard drive capacity for much cheaper with a PC.

- Branded PCs are a wide market. You have many options when it comes to choosing a PC: Dell, HP, Gateway, etc... There are really only 6 types of Mac computer: MacBook, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, Mac Mini, iMac, and Mac Pro.

- PCs have better software compatibility. You can find practically any software for PC. Macs are more limited in selection.

- PCs generally have better backwards compatibility. You can run Windows 7 on a 5 year old PC. You cannot run Snow Leopard on a Power Mac G5.

- More people use PCs. Thus, PCs have a larger support community behind them.

- The majority of businesses use PCs.

- PCs are better for gaming.

- PCs have more compatible accessories than Macs.

- PCs are more upgradable.

- PCs are open source.

To compare Mac and PC which one is better? It's all personal preference. I'm sure that's not what you wanted to hear, but that's the best answer. In the above review, you can see that both of them have some great advantages. Some people like Macs better, some people like PCs better. Thus, some people absolutely hate Macs, and some people absolutely hate PCs.

REFERENCES

Research paper references

https://www.google.co.in/url? sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCIQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fzach.in.tu-clausthal.de%2Fteaching%2Fwerkzeuge_literatur

%2FLinuxvWindows.pdf&ei=l6inUMLWA4rirAfI6IDgBw&usg=AFQjCNGH6zzLlWlgOwkb310lgMfG94L3vA&sig2=MdbJg7Y5KS3pNrhOOBW2Vw

linux vs windows

http://www.customwritings.com/ blog/sample-research-papers/research-paper-linux-windows.html

mac vs windows

http://www.studymode.com/essays/ Comparative-Essay-Mac-Vs-Windows-827968.html

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http://www.indianwebportal.com/ difference-windowslinux-macintosh

http://www.writerscafe.co.uk/ manualstorylines/storylines_platformdifferences.html

http://www.knowledgesutra.com/ search/pros-cons-mac-windows-linux-topic/

http://echochamber.me/ viewtopic.php?f=40&t=87107

http://seomagz.com/2011/02/ difference-linux-windows-mac-funny/

http://puji-ambarwati.blogspot.com/ 2012/01/comparison-of-process-management.html

http://www.progmic.com/2009/10/ operating-systems-and-its-history/

www.brighthub.com/computing/ windows-platform/articles/814.aspx