Will JonesTusculum College

VISA 330 – The Arts and Childhood Learning

THREADS

John Dewey, Elliot Eisner, Hilda TabaDonald Kirkpatrick, Friedrich Frobel, John Amos Comenius

REFORMIST

John DeweyOctober 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952

Enrolled at 15 years old to the University of Vermont. Graduated second in his class.

Earned his doctorate from Johns Hopkins University in 1884.

University of Michigan:Assistant Professor

University of Minnesota: Professor of Philosophy.

University of Chicago:Head of the Philosophy Department, Director of the School of Education

Columbia University:Professor of Philosophy

John Dewey was a important figure in 19th and 20th century educational reform. He argued that education should be based on the principle of learning through doing.

He founded and started two separate schools to test these education concepts.

Dewey traveled the world to speak for educational reform in schools. He argued that students should have close learning experience with lessons based on present theories.

(biography.com, 2014)

Elliot EisnerMarch 10, 1933 – January 10, 2014

Graduated from Roosevelt University in 1954 with a BA in Art and Education. Received an MS in Art Education from Illinois Institute of Technology the following year.

Received a Master and Doctorate degree in Education from University of Chicago.

Authored 17 books

Honored with:Palmer O. Johnson Memorial AwardJohn Simon Guggenheim FellowshipFulbright Fellowship, Jose Vasconcelos Award, Harold W. McGraw Jr. Prize in Education, Brock International Prize in Education, University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Education, and five honorary degrees

Eisner declared that the arts, which included music, dance and visual art, were critically important to the development of thinking skills in children and that the arts might offer teachers a powerful guide and critical tool in their practice.

As president of the National Art Education Association, turned his list “10 Lessons the Arts Teach” into a poster that can be found in many classrooms around the nation today.

(Donald, 2014)

Hilda TabaDecember 7, 1902 – July 6, 1967

1921 – Graduated from Voru High School for Girls.

1921 – Received Elementary Teacher Certification from Didactic Seminar of Tartu

1923 – Transferred from an economics student to a history and education student at the University of Tartu.

1926 – Graduated from the University of Tartu.

1927 – Graduated with her MS from Dryn Mawr College.

1931 – Graduated with her PhD in Educational Philosophy from Columbia University

Hilda Taba believed that student make generalizations only after information is organized.

She believed that students could be led toward making generalizations through concept development and concept attainment strategies.

Her model is known for teaching involving inductive thinking. If students use multiple strategies, it can help them successfully solve problems. These inductive strategies are embedded in cognitive processes and require the learner to employ precise questioning techniques.

(Velez, 2010)

Donald KirkpatrickMarch 15, 1924 – May 9, 2014

Obtained his BBA, MBA, and PhD degrees from the University of Wisconsin.

Worked for:Management Institute of Wisconsin

Management TrainingInternational Minerals

Training DirectorBendix Products Aerospace Division

Human Resource ManagerUniversity of Wisconsin

Professor Emeritus

Served as a past national president of the American Society for Training and Development.

He authored seven books, including the 3rd edition of Evaluating Training Programs: The Four Levels, which is now the basis for evaluation all over the world.

Donald Kirkpatrick’s Four Levels of Learning and Training Evaluation has become world renowned and is now considered an industry standard across the HR and training communities (Chapman, 2014).

Kirkpatrick’s Levels include:1. Reaction of Student

How did the delegates feel about the training?

2. LearningWhat is the increased knowledge from beginning to after

3. BehaviorHow did they apply this learning and has their behavior changed?

4. ResultsResult of evaluation and the effect it had on the business.

(Chapman, 2014)

Friedrich FroebelApril 21, 1782 – June 21 1852

Originator of Kindergarten

Uncle gave him a home and sent him to school after his mother died when he was 9 months old and father neglected him.

Enrolled in the University of Gottingen in Germany.

After an interuption of his studies due to the Napoleonic Wars, he opened a school in Griesheim, Thuringia. He put to practice his educational theories and the school flourished.

Opened an infant school in Blankenburg, Prussia, that was originally called Child Nurture and Activity Institute. It was later renamed Kindergarten, or “garden of children.

Froebel believed that humans are essentially productive and creative. He wanted a system that would fulfill the development of both.

He sought to encourage the creation of educational environments that involved practical work and the direct use of materials. When students engaged with the world, understanding would then unfold. Hence the significance of play.

Developed special materials (such as shaped wooden bricks and balls), a series of recommended (occupations) and movement activities, and a linking of set theories.

He origianlly linked these activities in the home, but later sought for special centers that were geared for the care and development of children.

(Smith, 1997)

John Amos ComeniusMarch 28, 1592 – November 14, 1670

Czech educational reformer and religious leader.

1613 – Enrolled in the University of Heidelberg.

Went into hiding due to the Thirty Years’ War and emperor Ferdinand II’s determination to re-Catholicize Bhomemia.

Possibly turn down the invitation to become president of Harvard College.

1648 – Was consecrated presiding bishop of the Moravians.

Wrote several papers, books, and articles – The Labyrinth of the World and the Paradise of the Heart, The Great Didactic, Janua Liguarum Reserata,, and Orbis Sensulium Pictus.

It was during his time in Leszno, Comenius began to prepare for the day when it would be possible to rebuild the Bohemia society from the Thirty Years’ War. He began to reform the educational system and in doing so, advocated for full-time schooling for all the youth in both their native and European culture

Comenius required two ideas to the reform.1. Teachers needed to pay

attention to the mind of the child and how the student learned.

2. European culture needed to be accessible to all children, so it was necessary to learn Latin.

He advocated “nature’s way” of learning, that is, learning about things and not about strict grammar

(Sadler, 2013).

Arthur Wesley Dow, Georgia O’Keefe, Pablo PicassoAlexander Calder, Robert Rauschenberg

Joseph Cornell, Betty Edwards, Naum Gabo

ARTIST

Arthur Wesley DowApril 6, 1857 – 1922

Landscape painterPrintmakerPhotographerInfluential art educator

Showed promise as an artist with his drawings in the serial Antiquarian Papers.

Moved to Paris and enrolled in the Academie Julian. His landscape paintings were accepted into the Paris Salon and exhibited in the United States.

Returned to Massachusetts and took a studio in Boston where he began working as an art educator.

Founded the Ipswich Summer School of Art, instructed at Pratt Institute, and in 1904, was appointed the Director of Fine Arts of Columbia University Teacher’s College.

(Kathleen Brown, 2014)

“Crater Lake”, Arthur Wesley Dow, 1919, oil on canvas, 18”x10”, Addison Gallery of American Art

“Boats at Rest”, Arthur Wesley Dow, 1895, oil on canvas, 26”x36”, Art Institute Chicago

“The Hill Field”, Arthur Wesley Dow, 1910, oil on canvas, 14”x19.9”, Smithsonian American Art Museum

Georgia O’KeeffeNovember 15, 1887 – March 6, 1986

Pioneer of Modern Art, painter

Attended the Art Institute of Chicago

Attended the Art Students League in New York and studied along side of William Merritt Chase.

1914 – Attended the Teachers College of Columbia University and took class from Arthur Wesley Dow.

Her first public show was in 1916 at Alfred Stieglitz’s gallery 291. The two later married in 1924.

After his death in 1946, O’Keeffe moved to New Mexico which inspired many of her famous artworks.

(biography.com, 2014)

“Black Iris”, Georgia O’Keeffe, 1926, oil on canvas, 36” x 29 ⅞”, Alfred Stieglitz Collection, 1969. The Metropolitan Museum of Art

“Ram’s Head with Hollyhock”, Georgia O’Keeffe, 1935, oil on canvas, 30” x 36”, American Art, Brooklyn Museum

Pablo PicassoOctober 25, 1881 – April 8, 1973

PainterSculptorPrintmakerCreator of Cubism

(with Georges Braque)

At the age of 14, due to his extraordinary entrance exam, was accepted to Barcelona, Spain’s School of Fine Arts. He then began to skip classes to sketch the city.

At the age of 16, was accepted to Madrid, Spain’s Royal Academy of San Fernando. Again, he began to skip class to sketch the city.

His painting “Les Demoiselles d’Avignon” is considered the precursor and inspiration of Cubism.

(biography.com, 2014)

“Guernica”, Pablo Picasso, 1937, oil on canvas, 137.4” x 305.5”, Museo Reina Sofia, Madrid

Alexander CalderJuly 22, 1898 – November 11, 1976

PainterIllustratorSculptor

Attended the Arts Students League, and was influenced by artist of the Ash Can school.

Moved to Paris, France in 1926 and developed his miniature circus.

Inventor of the mobile.

Also known for his wire figures and stabiles, which were large, stationary abstract sculptures.

(biography.com, 2014)

“Flamingo”, Alexander Calder, 1974, sculpture, 53’ x 29’ x 60’, Chicago Federal Plaza

“Untitled” Alexander Calder, 1976, 76’, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.

Robert RauschenbergOctober 22, 1925 – May 12, 2008

PainterSculptor

Studied at:Kansas City Art InstituteAcademie Julien, ParisBlack Mountain College

Along with Jasper Johns, they paved the way for pop art of the 1960’s

Worked as a costume and stage designer.

Mixed both sculpture and paint in works he called “combines”.

Incorporated sound and motors in later works.

Experimented with collage and photograph transfers.

biography.com, 2014

“Bed” Robert Rauschenberg 1955, Oil and pencil on pillow, quilt, and sheet on wood supports, 6’ 3¼’’x31 ½”x 8”, Mr. and Mrs. Leo Castelli, New York

Joseph CornellDecember 24, 1903 – December 29, 1972

Assemblage Artist

Worked as a door-to-door salesman, textile worker, and garment worker.

Very secluded man that lived in one house for most of his life.

Had no formal training in art.

He is associated with Surrealist, but his work is essentially different.

His created assemblage pieces, which most were boxes, with glass fronts, containing objects and pieces of collage.

(Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004)

“Habitat Group for a Shooting Gallery”, Joseph Cornell, 1943, Construction, 15½” x 11⅛” x 4¼”, Des Moines Art Center, Coffin Fine Arts

“Tilly Losch”, Joseph Cornell, 1935, Construction, 10” x 9¼” x 2⅛”, Collection Mr. and Mrs. E. A. Bergman, Chicago

“Untitled (Soap Bubble Set”, Joseph Cornell, 1936, Construction, 15¾” x 14¼” x 5 7/16”, Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, CT

Betty Edwards

Art TeacherAuthor

Bachelor’s in Art – UCLA

Master’s of Art – California State University, Northridge

Doctorate in Art, Education, and Psychology – UCLA

Author of Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain

In the late 1960’s, Betty Edwards could not understand why her art students struggled while mastering new skills in other disciplines.

She began to explore what happened when she began to draw. With her work and the work of her students, she developed Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain.

She realized drawing is made up of five perceptual skills.1. The perception of edges2. The perception of spaces3. The perception of relationships4. The perception of lights and

shadows5. The perception of the whole,

or gestalt.

She argued that the right brain’s strengths are undervalued and under-trained.

(Anna Black, 2007)

Naum GaboAugust 5, 1890 – August 23, 1977

Sculptor

Studied Medicine / Engineering and Physics in 1910.

Attended lectures in art history by Heinrich Wolfflin.

Made his first sculptures in 1915 by using metal and celluloid. He created the likeness of human beings.

Established a studio and accepted students.

Produced Kinetic Composition in 1920, known as one of the earliest examples of kinetic sculpture.

Taught at Harvard University School of Architecture.

(Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004)

“Head No. 2”, Naum Gabo, 1966, sculpture from Cor-ten steel, 69” x 52 ¾” x 48”, Hayward Gallery, Loundon

The Digital Divide, NCLB, Picture Study MovementBlack Mountain College, Teaching for Artistic Behavior

Getty Center for the Arts, Arts-Based LiteratureProject Zero, Multiple Intelligences Theory, The

Bauhaus10 Best Teaching Practices for Arts Integration

Constructivism (Art Movement), Constructivism/Social Interaction Theory/Group Work

EDUCATIONAL IDEAS

The discrepancy between people who have access to and the resources to use new information and communication tools and people who do not have the resources and access to the technology. This also applies to skills, knowledge, and abilities.

(webopedia.com, 2014)

DIGITAL DIVIDE

No Child Left Behind Act 2002This legislation promised to eliminate the achievement gap, improve teacher quality, empower parents, and promote school safety.

(Cornet, 2011)

NCLB

Picture study pays attention to the aesthetics. The idea behind picture study was to bring culture to the child to change the parents. Picture study focused on artwork from the Renaissance onward, but did not include “modern art. The lesson focused on specific art pieces and the study of those.

(kgrimm, 2010)

PICTURE STUDY MOVEMENT

In 1933, John A. Rice, a scholar who left Rollins College, wanted to create a new type of college based on John Dewey’s principles of progressive education. Black Mountain College was operated by faculty and was committed to democratic governance and that the arts were central to the experience of learning.

(Blackmountaincollege.org, 2014)

BLACK MOUNTAIN COLLEGE

TAB is a nationally recognized choice-based art education approach ot teaching art. Developed and researched at the Massachusetts College of Art, TAB enables students to experience the work of the artist through authentic learning opportunities and responsive teaching.

(teachingforartisticbehavior.com, 2014 )

TEACHING FOR ARTISTIC BEHAVIOR

Founded by J. Paul Getty, he established his own museum and provided public access to his personal collection. Getty believed in making art available to the public for its education and enjoyment. Since then, the Getty Center has expanded and taken in new pieces and artworks.

(J. Paul Getty Trust, 2014)

GETTY CENTER FOR THE ARTS

This is literature that is strictly about the arts. This can include both fiction and nonfiction, information, and narrative books based on artist, music, visual art, drama and dance.

(Cornett, 2011)

ARTS BASED LITERATURE

Project Zero is an educational research group at Harvard Graduate School of Education that is composed of multiple, independently-sponsored research projects. They examine the development of learning processes in children, adults, and organizations.

(pz.harvard.edu, 2014)

PROJECT ZERO

Psychologist and professor of neuroscience at Harvard, Howard Gardner, developed one theory in 1983 that defines “intelligence” as the skills that enable anyone to gain new knowledge.8 Learning Styles: Verbal, Logical, Visual, Auditory, Bodily, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalistic

MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE THEORY

The Bauhaus was founded in 1919 in the city of Weimar by German architect Walter Broius. His vision was for a union of art and esign in the Proclamation of the Bauhaus. He developed a craft based curriculum htat would turn out artisans and designers capable of creating useful and beautiful objects.

(Winton, 2014)

THE BAUHAUS

1. Philosophy of education2. Arts literacy: content and skills3. Collaborative planning4. Aesthetic learning enviroment5. Literature as a core art from6. Best Practices7. Instructional design: structure and routines8. Differentiation9. Assessment FOR learning10. Arts partnerships

10 BEST TEACHING PRACTICES FOR ARTS INTEGRATION

Constructivism was the last and most influential modern art movement to flourish in Russia in the 20th century. I borrowed ideas from Cubism, Suprematism, and Futurism, but at the heart was an entirely new approach .

(theartstory.org, 2014)

CONSTRUCTIVISM (ART MOVEMENT)

Biblography

John Dewey [Picture], May 25, 2014, http://dewey.pragmatism.org/

John Dewey. (2014). The Biography.com website. Retrieved May 25, 2014, from http://www.biography.com/people/john-dewey-9273497.

John Dewey [Picture], May 25, 2014, bentley.umich.edu/exhibits/tappan/panel3.php

John Dewey. (2014). The Biography.com website. Retrieved May 25, 2014, from http://www.biography.com/people/john-dewey-9273497 .

Stanford Graduate School of Education. Elliot Eisner[Picture], May 25, 2014, http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/january/elliot-eisner-obit-011714.html

Donald, B. (2014, January 17). Stanford Professor Elliot Eisner, champion of arts education, dead at 80. Stanford University. Retrieved May 26, 2014, from http

://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/january/elliot-eisner-obit-011714.html

Joanna Rees (Photographer). (2009). Elliot Eisner (Photograph), May 25, 2014, http://jorees.wordpress.com/2009/04/

Donald, B. (2014, January 17). Stanford Professor Elliot Eisner, champion of arts education, dead at 80. Stanford University. Retrieved May 26, 2014, from http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/january/elliot-eisner-obit-011714.html

Hilda Taba [Picture], May 25, 2014, https://giftedmmiller.wikispaces.com/GT+Weekly+Teaching+Strategy+Hilda+Taba's+Teaching+Strategies

UNESCO, International Bureau of Education. (4 December 2003). Hilda Taba. Prospects, vol. XXXIII. Retrieved from http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/tabae.pdf

Hilda Taba [Picture], May 25, 2014, http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=quiz-2-4376 Velez, Milton (December 14, 2010). Hilda Taba Inductive thinking [Power Point slides]. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net

Donald Kirkpatrick [Picture], May 25, 2014, http://img.pr.com/release-file/1104/310705/DonKirkpatrick.jpg

Kirkpatrick Partners. Donald Kirkpatrick, Ph. D, Biography. Retrieved from http://www.kirkpatrickpartners.com/Portals/0/About-Us/Don-Kirkpatrick-Bio.pdf

Donald Kirkpatrick [Picture], May 25, 2014, http://www.kirkpatrickpartners.com/AboutUs/DonKirkpatrick/tabid/223/Default.aspx

Chapman, Alan.(1995-2014) kirkpatricks’s learning and training evaluation theory [Review of Donald Kirkpatrick’s Learning Evaluation Model 1959]. Retrieved from http://www.businessballs.com/kirkpatricklearningevaluationmodel.htm

Frederick Froebel [Picture], May 25, 2014, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Frederick-Froebel-Bardeen.jpeg

Stanley James Curtis. (2013).Friedrich Froebel. Retrieved May 25, 2014, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/220593/Friedrich-Froebel

Frederick Froebel [Picture], May 25, 2014, http://studentzone.roehampton.ac.uk/library/specialcollectionsandarchives/froebelarchiveforchildhoodstudies/

Mark K. Smith. (1997). Friedrich Froebel (Frobel). Retrieved May 25, 2014, from http://infed.org/mobi/fredrich-froebel-frobel/

John Amos Comenius [Picture], May 25, 2014, http://moziani.tripod.com/home/comenius.htm.

John E. Sadler. (2013). John Amos Comenius. Retrieved May 25, 2014, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/127493/John-Amos-Comenius

Johan Amos Comenius [Picture], May 25, 2014, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Johan_amos_comenius_1592-1671.jpg.

John E. Sadler. (2013). John Amos Comenius. Retrieved May 25, 2014, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/127493/John-Amos-Comenius

Caroline Geiger (Photographer). (1909). Portrait of Arthur Wesley Dow (Photograph), May 25, 2014, http://historicalphotos.pressible.org/rebecca/portrait-of-arthur-wesley-dow-1857-1922-professor-of-fine-arts-at-teachers-college-june-1-1909-1909

Kathleen Brown. (2014) Arthur Wesley Dow papers, circa 1826-1978, bulk 1879-1922. In The Archives of American Art. http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/arthur-wesley-dow-papers-7588/more#biohist

Dow, Arthur Wesley (Painter). (1919). Crater Lake [Painting]. Retrieved May 28, 2014, from http://www.the-athenaeum.org/art/full.php?ID=36823

Dow, Arthur Wesley (Painter). (1910). The Hill Fields [Painting]. Retrieved May 28, 2014, from http://amica.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/AMICO~1~1~113687~62733:

Dow, Arthur Wesley (Painter). (1895). Boats at Rest [Painting]. Retrieved May 28, 2014, from http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/121377

Alfred Stiegliz (Photographer) (1918) Georgia O’keeffe, hands [Photograph], May 25, 2014. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/O%27Keeffe-%28hands%29.jpg

Georgia O'Keeffe. (2014). The Biography.com website. Retrieved 02:10, Jun 01, 2014, from http://www.biography.com/people/georgia-okeeffe-9427684#death-and-legacy&awesm=~oFXuF0CWSBS4Dl

O’Keeffe, Georgia (Painter). (1926) Black Iris [Painting]. Retrieved June 1, 2014, from http://www.georgiaokeeffe.net/black-iris.jsp.

O’Keeffe, Georgia (Painter). (1935). Ram’s Head with Hollyhock [Painting]. Retrieved June 1, 2014, from http://www.georgiaokeeffe.net/ram-head-with-hollyhock.jsp.

Pablo Picasso [Picture], May 25, 2014, http://www.pablopicasso.org/

Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso. (2014). The Biography.com website. Retrieved 07:21, Jun 02, 2014, from http://www.biography.com/people/pablo-picasso-9440021#video-gallery&awesm=~oG1GovMjb1edeE

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Alexander Calder [Picture], May 25, 2014, http://www.c-ville.com/New_Alexander_Calder_piece_bound_for_UVA/#.U40U5yhSZUQ

Alexander Calder. (2014). The Biography.com website. Retrieved 07:16, Jun 02, 2014, from http://www.biography.com/people/alexander-calder-9235034#awesm=~oG4Aj6FTuUe2fH

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Dennis Hopper (Photographer) (1966) Robert Rauschenberg [Photograph], May 25, 2014. http://www.greynotgrey.com/blog/2013/04/06/robert-rauschenberg-monogram/rauschenberg-by-hopper/

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Anna Black. (2007) Betty Edwards: world-renowned educator in the field of art. http://www.learn-to-draw-right.com/betty-edwards.html

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Naum Gabo [Picture], May 25, 2014, http://mondo-blogo.blogspot.com/2011/05/sculptors-of-last-century.html

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Cornett, C. E. (2011). Creating Meaning Through the Arts. Creating meaning through literature and the arts: arts integration for classroom teachers (4th ed., ). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson.

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