Why should we care about lexical neighborhoods? What is CLEARPOND? What does CLEARPOND reveal about...
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Transcript of Why should we care about lexical neighborhoods? What is CLEARPOND? What does CLEARPOND reveal about...
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• Why should we care about lexical neighborhoods?
• What is CLEARPOND?• What does CLEARPOND reveal about
languages’ structures?• How can I use CLEARPOND?– http://clearpond.northwestern.edu
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Orthographic Neighbors
Addition
Substitution
Deletion
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Phonological Neighbors
Addition
Substitution
Deletion
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Neighborhoods Effects onLanguage Processing
• Lexical decision (Andrews, 1992; Luce & Pisoni, 1998; Vitevitch & Luce, 1999; Yates, Locker, & Simpson, 2004; Ziegler, Muneaux, & Grainger, 2003)
• Word learning (Frisch et al., 2000; Luce & Large, 2001; Thorn &
Frankish, 2005; Roodenrys & Hinton, 2002; Storkel et al., 2006)
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Differences across languages
• Verbal picture naming– Dense phonological neighborhoods in English or
Dutch speed up picture naming (Groot, Borgwaldt, Bos, & Vandeneijnden, 2002; Marian & Blumenfeld, 2006; Vitevitch & Stamer, 2006)
– Dense phonological neighborhoods in Spanish slow down picture naming (Vitevitch & Stamer, 2006)
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face2 substitution neighbors (fact, race)
1 deletion neighbor (ace)
face3 substitutions
1 deletion1 addition
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21
face5 Spanish substitutions
311
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• SUBTLEX-NL (Dutch)• SUBTLEX-US (English)• LEXIQUE (French)• SUBTLEX-DE (German)• SUBTLEX-ESP (Spanish)
• Phonological transcriptions: eSpeak(http://espeak.sourceforge.net/)
Introducing:
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Dutch English French German Spanish
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Dutch English French German Spanish
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27,751 Words in Each Language
Dutch English French German Spanish
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Dutch English French German Spanish
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Comparing neighborhoods across languages
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Homophones (light)Unique words (dark)
mer /mɛʁ/
ver /vɛʁ/vers /vɛʁ/vert /vɛʁ/verre /vɛʁ/
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Recap
• English has the largest orthographic neighborhood density
• French has the largest phonological neighborhood density– Driven by homophones
• Substitution neighbors are more common than additions or deletions
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•Most words are 6-8 letters long, but shorter words have larger neighborhoods.•Average word length in phonemes is language-specific
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Foreign Neighbors
75% English Neighbors25% French Neighbors
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Orthographic Within-Language and Foreign Neighbors
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Phonological Within-Language and Foreign Neighbors
Vitevitch, 2011
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How to use CLEARPOND in your research
http://clearpond.northwestern.edu
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1. Multi-Word Input2. Rich Output
Selection3. Frequency/length
Filters to generate word lists
4. Neighborhood filters across languages
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Example Stimuli Creation:Bilingual lexical decision task
• Generate four lists:– English ‘bridge’ words: large English and French
neighborhoods– English-specific words: large English
neighborhoods, but no French neighbors– French ‘bridge’ words: large French and English
neighborhoods– French-specific words: large French
neighborhoods, but no English neighborhoods
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• Built on comparable word lists across Dutch, English, French, German, and Spanish
• Reveals common neighborhood patterns as well as language-specific trends
• Calculates neighborhoods across languages for cross-linguistic and bilingual research
• Free, online tool (http://clearpond.northwestern.edu)
– Look up neighborhoods for a list of words– Generate a list based on desired characteristics
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Acknowledgments• Bilingualism and Psycholinguistics Lab
– Tony Lam– Xin Wang– Scott Schroeder
• Funding sources– NICHD RO1 HD059858-01A
Visit http://clearpond.northwestern.edu
And see our manuscript in PLoS ONE (Marian, Bartolotti, Chabal, and Shook, 2012)