Why is Canadian policy governing boreal mixedwood forests so … · 2018. 4. 13. · 8/28/2015 16...
Transcript of Why is Canadian policy governing boreal mixedwood forests so … · 2018. 4. 13. · 8/28/2015 16...
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Why is Canadian policy governing boreal mixedwood forests so complicated?
Victor Lieffers
Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta
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Simple system – dominated by 2 species.
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Objectives
• Review succession and issues of management in boreal mixedwoods
• Review the history of forest policy (Alberta)
• Discuss implications of where we are now and how we might change
• If we could start over again, would we regulate these forests as we do?
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Issues
• Public lands
• Provinces have their own rules/regulations
• Bias towards spruce in management/regeneration
• Overlapping tenures - linked to mills
• Designation of mixedwoods into distinct landbase strata
• Regeneration responsibility done by forestry company
• The modelled speed of regrowth – linked to AAC
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Boreal mixedwood forests are found on the mesic part of the landscape
Dry
Wet
Mesic
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Nutrients
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Early successional stage is dominated by aspen suckers
Succession
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• Seed availability (masting, dispersal distance)
• Seedbeds
Post-disturbance natural regeneration of white spruce
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8/28/2015 9 100m
wind
Spruce seed dispersal
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Dense hardwoods – slows spruce growth
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Spruce reasonably well in moderate density hardwood
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Natural mixedwoods
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Aspen-dominated mixedwood without leaves –understory spruce
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Old-growth spruce – aspen is mostly eliminated
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Spruce slowly become dominant
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264 pages Developed over ~50 years Thousands of hours of thought and Negotiation Game of cat and mouse with regulators and industry
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8/28/2015 18 Wood Supply
Regeneration Standards
Forest Management Planning
Deciduous Wood Supply
Wildlife Management
Viewscape Management
Public Advisory Boards
Natural Disturbance Management
Historical and Archeological
CCFM - SFM Criteria
Biodiversity Conservation
3rd Party Certification & CBFA
First Nations concerns
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Forest management units with overlapping coniferous and deciduous rights A recipe for conflict!
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• Bias towards conifer.
• Overlapping tenure. Tenure related to supplying a specific mill.
• Taking mixedwood land base and designating it to a specific landbase strata that does not acknowledge succession.
• Movement towards ecosystem management where structure is left behind.
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How do we manage spruce now?
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2013 ~90% planted in Alberta and British Columbia ~55% planted in Ontario and Quebec
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Control aspen
• Herbicide or Brush saw treatments
• Herbicides peaked at ~45,000 Ha/y – now ~30,000
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Gitte Grover
8 year plantation
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15 years -tended spruce plantation – expensive to get here
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Age (years)
Pro
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ALPAC - L1
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How did we get to these regeneration standards?
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1971
• Recognition that regeneration was not assured. Mobilization of this concern
• Stocking of conifer –conifer bias
• Regenerate the forest that you cut!
• Beginning of the conifer landbase (strata)
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1979
• Stocking, C & D landbase, formal survey
– Recognition that Deciduous forest exists and does not need to be converted to conifer
– Stepped up the formality of data collection
– Time of Forest Resource Development Agreement (FRDA)
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Survey Protocol
• Regular grid of 10m2 plots.
o o o o o o o o o o
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Cutover area
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1991
• Stocking, ecosites, C, M, & D landbase strata
• Performance Survey – year 14,
• Minimum height
• Free-to-Grow Cylinder was enacted (FTG).
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8/28/2015 32 1.78 m
2)Free-To-Grow Standard
(Competition index placed into regulation)
< Height of the conifer
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Free-To-Grow Standard
2/3 height
Fails FTG standard
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Outcome of FTG was spraying of deciduous to promote juvenile spruce
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2005 (Alternate Regeneration Standards)
• Stocking, C, CD, DC, & D landbase
• Linkage of standard to yield strata
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Spray patterns were planned in terms of distribution of residuals - DC
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2010 (Alberta Regeneration Standard)
• Removed the FTG cylinder
• Developed full linkage of Annual Allowable cut to the regeneration of the forest – yield modelled by GYPSY ( and MGM)
• Projected yield of conifer highly limited by presence of aspen
• Models limitations now control management.
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Strata (and strata balancing)
Deciduous Coniferous DC CD
Pure, intimate or aggregated mixtures
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Spruce slowly become dominant
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Outcomes
• Competitive system - conflict between deciduous and coniferous mills
• In most management there is an effort to spatially separate the deciduous and coniferous species
• Heavy reliance upon planting and intensive management for conifers
• Relatively little partial-cut silviculture
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Why not more understory protection
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Regeneration stands built on shaky foundation Overlapping tenures Distinct landbases.
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Transfer of responsibility of regeneration on public land to the private firm
…..but government wants control of the outcome.
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Problem has been identified earlier
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What could be done? • Single tenure holder must supply the timber of
both broadlead and conifer species, i.e.
• Successional planning instead of Landbase Strata
• Eliminate overlapping tenure (strata)
• Leave the current policies in place and let the government do the regeneration and supply the wood??
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Thank you