Why Empires Failed in Afghanistan

7/31/2019 Why Empires Failed in Afghanistan

1/30

UGP HAR@SHV JN@LHI @D NJEGND@VYND!APYGV NDI SHNL@YP!har`shvjn`lhi `d njegnd`vynd dky chfnxvh kj njegnd`vynd `yvhlj cxy chfnxvh kyghs har`shvundyhi ygh har`sh `dv`ih njegnd`vynd yk jn`l ndi vxrrksyhi njegndv

CP

NEGN$G$NA@D

har`shv jn`lhi `d njegnd`vynd dky chfnxvh kj njegnd`vynd `yvhlj cxy chfnxvh kyghshar`shv undyhi ygh har`sh `dv`ih njegnd`vynd yk jn`l ndi vxrrksyhi njegndv

gyyr?++uuu$vfs`ci$fka+ikf+082>>036+N!Lky!kj!Nvvksyhi!Dkdvhdvh!Nckxy!Njegnd`vynd!Jska!Hs`f!Ansekl v

N LKY KJ DKDVHDVH NCKXYNJEGND@VYND JSKA ANSEKL@V

N LKY KJ NVVKSYHI DKDVHDVH NCKXY NJEGND@VYND JSKA HS@FANSEKL@V

NDNLPV@V CP ANOKS NEGN G NA@D 'SHY@SHI)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/95011923/A-Lot-of-Assorted-Nonsense-About-Afghanistan-From-Eric-Margolishttp://www.scribd.com/doc/95011923/A-Lot-of-Assorted-Nonsense-About-Afghanistan-From-Eric-Margolishttp://india-pakistan-war.blogspot.com/2012/05/lot-of-nonsense-about-afghanistan-from.htmlhttp://india-pakistan-war.blogspot.com/2012/05/lot-of-nonsense-about-afghanistan-from.htmlhttp://india-pakistan-war.blogspot.com/2012/05/lot-of-nonsense-about-afghanistan-from.htmlhttp://india-pakistan-war.blogspot.com/2012/05/lot-of-nonsense-about-afghanistan-from.htmlhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/95011923/A-Lot-of-Assorted-Nonsense-About-Afghanistan-From-Eric-Margolishttp://www.scribd.com/doc/95011923/A-Lot-of-Assorted-Nonsense-About-Afghanistan-From-Eric-Margolis


2/30

FKAAHDYV CP ANOKS NEGN G NA@D 'SHY@SHI) @D CKLI CLNFM U@YG

G@EGL@EGYHI FKLKXS
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YP-fcfdZawA/T8LwwA_Sz0I/AAAAAAAAljQ/YjZKqm_EaCg/s1600/Agha+H+Amin+(1).jpg


3/30

JNF@DE YGH US@Y@DE KD YGH UNLL @D MNCXL

cp Hs`f Ansekl`v

3: Anp 32>3

Kdh kj ap jnzks`yh nsy`vyv unv ygh vxrhsc Z`fyks`nd rn`dyhs Lnip Ondh

Cxylhs ugk fnryxshi `d k`l ygh ys`xargv ndi ysnehi`hv kj ygh Cs`y`vg Har`sh$

Ghs gnxdy`de rn`dy`de, #Ygh Shyshny jska Mncxl, # vgkuv ygh vklh

vxsz`zks kj n Cs`y`vg nsap kj >:,822, Is$ U`ll`na Cspikd, vysxeel`de

kxy kj Njegnd`vynd `d Ondxnsp, >793$ Nll ygh shvy uhsh m`llhi cp

Njegnd ys`chvahd njyhs n jxy`lh nyyhary yk enss`vkd Mncxl$

YG@V UGKLH NSEXAHDY @V C[[[[LL V[[[[Y NDI N SKANDY@F@VHI ZHSV@KD KJ G@VYKSP$UGNY SHNLLP

GNRRHDHI UNV YGNY N CS@ENIH V@_H AXFG JNA@VGHI FKLXAD KJ 522 CS@Y@VG YSKKRV JSKA GA 99 JKKY NDI

VKAH 9822 DNY@ZH @DI@ND YSKKRV SHYSHNY@DE JSKA MNCXL YK ONLNLNCNI @D GHNZP VDKUJNLL UNV

GNSNVVHI NDI IHVYSKPHI CP AKSH YGND 62,222 NJEGNDV$YGH VYKSP I@I DKY HDI GHSH$CS@Y@VG

FKAANDIHSV DKYY NDI RKLLKFM KD YGH@S KUD OXIEHAHDY SHFNRYXSHI MNCXL NJYHS YG@V @DF@IHDY ,

CXSDY @Y NDI U@YGISHU @D EKKI A@L@YNSP KSIHS CNFM YK @DI@N$N IKF@LH NDI CS@Y@VG ZNVVNL M@DE IKVY

AKGNAANI MGND UNV RLNFHI KD YGH YGSKDH @D MNCXL$

YG@V M@DE FKKRHSNYHI U@YG CS@Y@VG @D >785 @DI@ND SHCHLL@KD NY N LKU FKVY KJ >6 LNMGV RHS PHNS

$NJEGND@VYND CHFNAH N CS@Y@VG ZNVVNL @D JKSH@ED RKL@FP Y@LL >0>0 NDI NESHHI YK KDLP GNZH N CS@Y@VG

HACNVVP @D MNCXL$NLL NY N LKU FKVY KJ >6 LNMGV RHS PHNS$AP IHYN@LHI NSEXAHDYV YK YSNVG

YG@V C[[[[LL V[[[[Y YGHKSP KJ ESNZHPNSI KJ HAR@SHV @V NRRHDIHI NY YGH HDI KJ YG@V SHOK@DIHS

Yg`v es`rr`de rn`dy`de vgkxli gnzh gxde kzhs ygh DNYK vxaa`y ahhy`de

lnvy uhhm `d Fg`fnek yk sha`di ygh XV ndi `yv nll`hv ygny Njegnd`vynd

shan`dv #ygh esnzhpnsi kj har`shv$#


4/30

YG@V @V DKY NCKXY ESNZHPNSI KJ HAR@SHV$NJEGND@VYND UNV DHZHS N ESNZHPNSI KJHAR@SHV$@D A@I

V@WYHHDYG FHDYXSP @Y GNI N AXEGNL G@DIX EKZHSDKS UGKVH KDLP UHNRKD UNV N UNLM@DE VYHR$Y@LL

>595 NJEGND@VYND UNV SXLHI CP ZNS@KXV YXSM@F YS@CHV KS RNSYLP CP AXEGNL @DI@N NDI VNJJNZ@I @SND$

Ygh lnyhvy har`sh yk ysp yk fkd~xhs Njegnd`vynd gnv jn`lhi, ndi `v dku

vkxdi`de ygh shyshny$

YGH LNYHVY @DZNV@KD @V N EHKRKL@Y@FNL VYSNYHE@F ANDKHXZSH YGNY YGH DNYK LHI CP XV GNV

LNXDFGHI YK IKA@DNYH YGH VYSNYHE@F GHNSYLNDI KJ UHVY NV@N$DNYXSNLLP YGH NDY@ XV @DVXSEHDYV NSH

EHYY@DE N@I JSKA RNM@VYND , FG@DN , SXVV@N NDI ANDP DKD VYNYH AXVL@A RG@LNDYGSKR@VY

C@LL@KDN@SHV$DKSYG NJEGND@VYND CP NDI LNSEH VHHV DNYK NV N VNZ@KXS JSKA YNL@CND UGK SHENSI

YNO@MV , X_CHMV,CNLKFG , VG@NV,@VAN@L@V,HIXFNYHI RNVGYXDV NV @DJ@IHLV NDI UKXLI ANVVNFSH YGHA

Nll ygh gky n`s `d Fgfnek nckxy #ysndv`y`kd,# Njegnd vhlj!shl`ndfh,

ndi esku`de vhfxs`yp fkxli dky fkdfhnl ygh ysxyg ygny ygh a`egyp XV

ndi `yv isnekkdhi uhvyhsd nll`hv gnzh chhd chnyhd `d Njegnd`vynd cp n

cxdfg kj akxdyn`d unss`ksv jska ygh >3yg Fhdyxsp$

YGH XV JN@LXSH GNV CHHD YK RLND N RGNVH YGSHH NDI YG@V DHHIV N IPDNA@F RLND$ FKARLHYH

U@YGISNUNL JSKA NJEGND@VYND @V DKY YGH S@EGY VKLXY@KD

VHH YGH NDNLPV@V CHLKU JKS KRY@KDV

gyyr?++lku!`dyhdv`yp!fkdjl`fy!shz`hu$clkevrky$fka+3220+25+dhu!

xv!vysnyhep!`d!njegnd`vynd!ndi!fnar$gyal

Ygh kcohfy`zh kj uns `v yk nfg`hzh rkl`y`fnl eknlv, dky m`ll rhkrlh$

Ygh XV eknl unv yk yxsd Njegnd`vynd `dyk n rskyhfyksnyh rskz`i`de
http://empires.in/http://empires.in/http://low-intensity-conflict-review.blogspot.com/2009/07/new-us-strategy-in-afghanistan-and-camp.htmlhttp://low-intensity-conflict-review.blogspot.com/2009/07/new-us-strategy-in-afghanistan-and-camp.htmlhttp://empires.in/http://low-intensity-conflict-review.blogspot.com/2009/07/new-us-strategy-in-afghanistan-and-camp.htmlhttp://low-intensity-conflict-review.blogspot.com/2009/07/new-us-strategy-in-afghanistan-and-camp.html


5/30

cnvhv flkvh yk Fnvr`nd Cnv`d k`l, ndi yk clkfm Fg`dn$ Njyhs nd

hlhzhd!phns uns fkvy`de )> ys`ll`kd, yg`v hjjksy jn`lhi ahnd`de n

a`l`ynsp ndi rkl`y`fnl ihjhny$

YGHSH DHZHS UNV NDP AKSNL@YP @D VYSNYHEP NDI EHKRKL@Y@FV$VK YGH XV KCOHFY@ZH KJ UNS @V LKE@FNL

$ AKSNL KS @AAKSNL $ YGNY @V VHDY@AHDYNL C[[[L VG[[[Y$AKSNL@YP DHZHS HW@VYHI @D UKSLI G@VYKSP$CH @Y

NDP SNFH KS SHL@E@KD

Ygh XV isneehi DNYK `dyk n uns `d ug`fg `y gni dk cxv`dhvv ndi lnfmhi

ndp rkrxlns vxrrksy$ Ygh shvxly? n vhs`kxv uhnmhd`de kj ygh DNYK

nll`ndfh, sn`v`de ~xhvy`kdv nckxy ugkvh `dyhshvyv `y shnllp vhszhv$

Ygh ihjhny `d Njegnd`vynd u`ll xdihsa`dh XV ika`dny`kd kj Uhvyhsd

Hxskrh$

Flnàv anih `d Fg`fnek ygny ygh XV!`dvynllhi Njegnd sheàh u`ll vyndi

kd `yv kud u`yg )9 c`ll`kd kj nì jska ygh uhvy uhsh r`h `d ygh vmp$

Kdfh XV vxrrksy hdiv, ygh Mnsn` sheàh `v xdl`mhlp yk vxsz`zh axfg

lkdehs ygnd iì Dno`cxllng%v Njegnd Fkaaxd`vy sheàh `d Mncxl njyhs

`yv Vkz`hy vrkdvks u`ygishu `d >070$ Ks ygh XV!sxd Vkxyg Z`hydnahvh

sheàh ygny jhll d >058$

YGH YGSHH VYNYH VKLXY@KD @D NJEGND@VYND U@YG DNYK @D NHS@NL VXRRKSY FND FGHFM YGH YNL@CND$YGH

HDEL@VG HNVY @DI@N FKARNDP I@I @Y U@YG KDLP >6 LNMG SXRHHV @D >785 . YGH NJEGND M@DE IKVY AKGNAANI

MGND UNV VXFG N I@VESNFH YGNY GH EKY G@V VKD UN_HHS NMCNS MGND YGH NJEGND GHSK KJ J@SVY

NJEGND UNS RK@VKDHI CHFNXVH UN_HHS NMCNS MGND UNV NDY@ CS@Y@VG NDI YGXV N YGSHNY YK IKVY

AKGNAANIV >6 LNMGV NLLKUNDFH YK NFY NV YGH HDEL@VG HNVY @DI@N FKARNDPV VYSNYHE@F R@[[[[R @D

NJEGND@VYND

JKS RK@VKD@DE KJ UN_HHS NMCNS MGND VHH ^NV@A SHVGY@NV CKKM NJEGND@VYND CHYUHHD HAR@SHV
http://history.be/http://history.be/http://history.be/


6/30

Ygh fxsshdy 682,222!and Njegnd ekzhsdahdy nsap ndi rkl`fh nsh

ahsfhdns`hv j`egy`de jks akdhp vxrrl`hi cp ygh XV ndi DNYK$ Andp nsh

hygd`f Xchmv ndi Yno`mv, clkki jkhv kj ygh anoks`yp Rnvgyxd$ Ynl`cnd

ndi yv nll`hv nsh j `egy`de jks dny`kdnl`va ndi jn`yg$ G`vyksp yhllv

xv ugk u`ll rshzn`l$

YGH NJEGND DNY@KDNL NSAP NDI RKL@FH UGKVH DXFLHXV NSH YGH LHJY@VYV

FND EN@D A@L@YNSP Z@SYXH NV IHJ@DHI CP FNSL ZKD FLNXVHU@Y_ CXY YGNY

DHHIV VKAH PHNSV$DKYG@DE UNV @DHZ@YNCLH @D G@VYKSP NDI YG@V @DFLXIHV YGH

@ANE@DHI YS@XARG KJ YNL@CND .

Nll Njegndv mdku ygh uhvyhsd rkuhsv gnzh chhd ihjhnyhi$ Ygkvh u`yg
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OIkTR6ASm8k/T8LvFtHsjnI/AAAAAAAAlig/48Vw_r8ncmA/s1600/8.jpg


7/30

vhdvh nsh nlshnip anm`de ihnlv u`yg Ynl`cnd$ Zhdehndfh ch`de n

fghs`vghi Njegnd fxvyka, ygkvh ugk fkllncksnyhi flkvhlp u`yg ygh

jkshèd jksfhv fnd hwrhfy l`yylh ahsfp$

N`s rkuhs `v ygh mhp yk XV fkdyskl kj Njegnd`vynd$ Unsrlndhv ndi

ghl`fkryhs exdvg`rv f`sflh fkdvyndylp kzhsghni yk ihjhdi uhvyhsd cnvhv

ndi vxrrlp skxyhv$ Shixfh yg`v n`s rkuhs, nv u`ll l`mhlp gnrrhd njyhs

32>9, ndi shan`d`de XV yskkrv u`ll ch `d rhs`l$ Rnm`vynd%v yharksnsp

flkvxsh kj DNYK lndi vxrrlp skxyhv yk Mncxl ndi Mndingns rskzìhv n

jkshykmhd kj ugny anp kffxs$ Fxsshdylp, ygh XV axvy shlp kd Sxvv`n jks

axfg kj `yv ghnzp vxrrl`hv$

Nlshnip yghsh nsh ukss`hv nckxy ehyy`de XV ndi DNYK yskkrv kxy kj Njegnd`vynd$

Jsndfh%v dhu rshvìhdy, Jsndfk`vh Gkllndih, u`vhlp shnjj`sahi g`v

rlhieh yk u`ygisnu nll Jshdfg yskkrv yg`v phns$ Kyghs DNYK ahachsv nsh

u`vg`de yghp fkxli ik ygh vnah$ Dk kdh undyv yk gnzh ygh`s vkli`hsv ch

ygh lnvy yk i`h `d n jxy`lh uns ygny hzhspkdh mdkuv `v lkvy$

Yk uneh ndi vxvyn`d ygh Njegnd Uns, ygh XV gnv chhd jksfhi yk

z`syxnllp kffxrp Rnm`vynd, cs`ch `yv gèg kjj`f`nlv, ndi jksfh

@vlnancni yk jkllku rkl`f`hv gnyhi cp 08( kj `yv rhkrlh, ehdhsny`de

z`sxlhdy ndy`!Nahs`fnd`va$ Ygh Njegnd Uns axvy ch hdihi chjksh `y

yhnsv nrnsy Rnm`vynd ndi rlxdehv Vkxyg Nv`n `dyk fs`v`v `dyk ug`fg

dxflhns!nsahi @di`n `v l`mhlp yk chfkah `dzklzhi$

Unvg`deykd `dyhdiv yk lhnzh enss`vkdv `d Njegnd`vynd njyhs ygh 32>9

nddkxdfhi rxllkxy inyh, shcsndi`de ygha #ysn`dhsv# `dvyhni kj fkacny

yskkrv$ Ygh`s a`vv`kd u`ll ch yk mhhr ygh rsk!XV Njegnd sheàh `d

rkuhs$ Cxy dh`yghs ygh XV dks DNYK u`ll fkah xr u`yg ygh )9 c`ll`kd

rska`vhi `d Fg`fnek$

Unvg`deykd `v hdfkxsne`de @di`n yk ehy hzhs aksh ihhrlp `dzklzhi `d

Njegnd`vynd hzhd yk chfkah `yv dhu fklkd nl rkuhs$ @di`n ukxli ch

u`vh yk mhhr `yv gndiv kjj$


8/30

@d n vhfkdi #Shyshny jska Mncxl,# shan`d`de XV enss`vkdv `d

Njegnd`vynd anp jnfh ygh jnyh kj ygh >793 Cs`y`vg `dznihsv, fxy kjj,

nacxvghi, ndi gnfmhi yk r`hfhv cp ygh jhskf`kxv Rnvgyxd ys`chvahd$ 62

Fkrpsègy Hs`f V$ Ansekl`v 32>3

Apyg kj Hdel`vg Hnvy @di`n Fkarndpv Jn`lxsh `d J`svy

Njegnd Uns

CP

ANOKS NEGN G NA@D 'SHY@S

Sndohhy V`deg unv ygh shnl nsfg`yhfy kj Hdel`vg Hnvy @di`n

Fkarndpv jn`lxshv ndi shzhsvhv `d Njegnd`vynd kdfh gh jksfhi

ygha yk

jkllku ygh axfg lkdehs ndi lke`vy`fnllp àrkvv`clh skxyh kj

nyynfm z`n V`dig ndi Cnlkfg`vynd$

Hdel`vg Hnvy @di`n Fkarndpv jn`lxshv `d Njegnd`vynd uhsh

gèglp hwneehsnyhi nlygkxeg ygh jksfh ug`fg unv ihvyskphi cp

Njegndv ny Endinanm unv n

ghnz`lp kxydxachshi jksfh kj 522 Cs`y`vg anldkxs`vghi

vkli`hsv ndi vkah 9822 anldkxs`vghi @di`ndv$

Negn G Na`d


9/30
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-62keAJ-ZBzo/T2SqW7EPPqI/AAAAAAAAUGA/EsHZZGmwaq0/s1600/attack+route.jpg


10/30

Njegnd`vynd!Apyg ndi Shnl`yp
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-62keAJ-ZBzo/T2SqW7EPPqI/AAAAAAAAUGA/EsHZZGmwaq0/s1600/attack+route.jpg


11/30
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ubl8-hR1DvI/Tj3suGvrHDI/AAAAAAAALFg/m-l1m9abnvg/s1600/Afghanistan+Myth+and+Reality.jpg


12/30

Vhrkp Rhsfhry`kdv nckxy HH@F A`l`ynsp Hjjhfy`zhdhvv

Negn$G$Na`d

Ygh Chdenl Nsap unv ygh csn`d fg`li kj Lksi Fl`zh%v a`l`ynspehd`xv$ Ygh Chdenl vhrkpv shlnyhi yk hnfg kyghs cp clkki
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ubl8-hR1DvI/Tj3suGvrHDI/AAAAAAAALFg/m-l1m9abnvg/s1600/Afghanistan+Myth+and+Reality.jpg


13/30

shlny`kdvg`r ndi fnvyh ckdiv gni vhszhi ygh HH@F jks vkah >22

phnsv ughd yghp shchllhi `d >785$ Yghvh ahd gni n zhsp flkvh

fkdynfy u`yg ygh Cs`y`vg ndi gni kcvhszhi ygha jska zhsp flkvh

~xnsyhsv$ Ndp dhxysnl ndi xdc`nvhi nffkxdy kj ygh hzhdyv kj>785 flhnslp rskzhv ygny ygh Cs`y`vghs nv nd kjj`fhs unv dhzhs

i`vl`mhi cp ygh vhrkpv$ Nv nd kjj`fhs ugk vhszhi `d Rnm`vynd

Nsap @ fnd vynyh u`yg fkdz`fy`kd ygny ygh Cs`y`vg rskzìhi

hwfhllhdy lhnihsvg`r yk ygh @di`ndv$ Yghp ihj`d`yhlp mdhu gku yk

lhni ndi `dvr`sh ygh @di`nd, lhni`de ygha jska ygh jkshjskdy

ug`fg @ na njsnì jhu kj ny lhnvy kxs dny`zh rkvy >095$ Ehdhsnlv

iì h`yghs `d Cxsan ks `d >0:8 ks `d >05>$ Ygh vhrkp nia`shi

ndi shzhshi ygh Cs`y`vg kjj`fhs$ @d >785 gh unv shchll`de nen`dvy

ygh vpvyha `dvy`yxyhi cp ygh HH@F$ Nen`dvy rkl`f`hv jksaxlnyhi cp

ahd fkdvy`yxy`de n cknsi kj i`shfyksv `d jns kjj Hdelndi$ Ygh

eshnv`de kj fnsysìehv u`yg rè ks fku jny và`lnslp unv nlvk nd

nia`d`vysny`zh ihf`v`kd$ Ygh vhrkp rhsfh`zhi ygh Cs`y`vg kjj`fhs

nv n jn`s ndi csnzh lhnihs ndi andp Cs`y`vg kjj`fhsv shf`rskfnyhi

yghvh jhhl`dev$ Kdh kj ygh Cs`y`vg fkaandi`de kjj`fhs fkaa`yyhi

vx`fìh ughd g`v dny`zh `djndysp sheàhdy unv i`vcndihi$ Andp

kyghsv shv`vyhi i`vcndiahdy kj ygh`s xd`yv$ Kdh yskkr kj 6si

Lègy Fnznlsp ygh akvy fsxf`nl xd`y kj Chdenl Nsap Vhrkpv nv n

anyyhs kj jnfy lkpnllp jkxegy jks ygh Cs`y`vg `d >785$

@y nrrhnsv, gkuhzhs, ygny vhrkp rhsfhry`kdv nckxy HH@F

a`l`ynsp hjjhfy`zhdhvv fgndehi jska ncvklxyh jn`yg `d ygh

`dz`df`c`l`yp kj ygh HH@F nv n a`l`ynsp anfg`dh yk vmhry`f`va jska

>729 yk >785$ Chjksh uh rskfhhi jxsyghs uh axvy vynyh ygny ygh

j`svy anoks shzhsvh ks ihjhny ug`fg ygh HH@F vxjjhshi `d @di`n unv

`d >572 ny ygh gndiv kj Gpihs Nl` ndi Y`rx Vxlynd ugk uhsh

ghni`de jksfhv ugkvh jègy`de Ghfyks Axdsk ndi Cn`ll`h `d >572


14/30

uhsh ihjhnyhi `d n anddhs ug`fg unv ihvfs`chi cp Jksyhv Fxh

ygh kjj`f`nl g`vyks`nd kj ygh Cs`y`vg nsap `d ygh jkllku`de uksiv,

#Ygh clxdihsv gni chhd jlnesndy ndi jska n a`l`ynsp rk`dy kj

z`hu, Axdsk axvy ch ghli vklhlp shvrkdv`clh jks kdh kj ygheshnyhvy fnlna`y`hv ygny gnv hzhs chjnllhd ygh Cs`y`vg nsav#9:0$

Cxy yg`v gnrrhdhi u`yg ygh Anisnv Nsap$ Ygh Chdenl Nsap

vhrkp shnl`hi jks ygh j`svy yàh `d >729 ygny ygh ygny HH@F unv

dky `dz`df`clh$ Yg`v gnrrhdhi ug`lh ihnl`de u`yg ygh Angsnyynv

ndi dky ygh Njegndv ugk fnah axfg lnyhs$ @d >729 j`zh

cnyynl`kdv kj vhrkpv ndi nckxy 6222 `sshexlns gksvh lhjy cp ygh F

`d F Chdenl Nsap Lksi Lnmh yk mhhr ygh Angsnyyn Gklmns `d

fghfm xdihs ygh fkaandi kj Fklkdhl Akdvkkd uhsh jksfhi yk

anmh n i`vnvyskxv shyshny jska Fhdysnl @di`n yk Nesn952$ Ygh

shvxlyv kj yg`v shzhsvh uhsh vgksy yhsa v`dfh Lksi Lnmh

àahi`nyhlp nvvxahi rhsvkdnl fkaandi ndi ihjhnyhi ygh

Angsnyynv$ Gkuhzhs, ygh gnsa gni chhd ikdh ndi ygh apyg kj

`dz`df`c`l`yp kj ygh HH@F nv jns nv ygh Chdenl Nsap unv

fkdfhsdhi unv fgnllhdehi jks ygh j`svy yàh$ Akdvkkd%v shyshny

unv jkllkuhi cp n axfg aksh vhs`kxv shzhsvh ug`fg jks andp

phnsv vgnyyhshi ygh HH@F apyg kj `dz`df`c`l`yp$ Yg`v gnrrhdhi ny

Cgxsyrksh, ygh G`dix Ony jksyshvv ug`fg `v ygh kdlp jksy `d Cs`y`vg

@di`nd g`vyksp ug`fg n Cs`y`vg nsap `d @di`n jn`lhi `d n v`heh yk

fnryxsh$ Lhni`de ygh HH@F nsap `d yg`v fnvh unv n and kj dk

lhvv n vynyxsh ygnd Lksi Lnmh ugk gni rshz`kxvlp fnryxshi Ihlg`

ndi ihvyskphi Angsnyyn rkuhs `d Dksyg @di`n `d cnyylh kj

Lnvuns`$ '@y axvy ch shahachshi ygny Rnd`rny ! >5:> fghfmhi

ygh Angsnyynv, cxy yg`v unv yharksnsp v`dfh u`yg`d jhu phnsv

yghp shfnryxshi Ihlg`$ @y unv ny Lnvuns` kd 2> Dkz$ >726 ygny

kdh Hxskrhnd `djndysp sheàhdy ndi n fkxrlh kj Chdenl Nsap


15/30

Sheàhdyv fkarkvhi kj skxeglp 6+9 G`dix vkli`hsv ndi >+9

G`dixvynd` Axvlàv ihvyskphi ygh Angsnyyn Nsap) 95>$ @d >728

Lnmh jn`lhi yk fnryxsh Cgxsyrksh$ Gh anih n j`svy nvvnxly `d

Ondxnsp >728 cxy jn`lhi yk fnryxsh ygh jksy$ Ygh Cs`y`vg yskkrvchfnah vk ihaksnl`vhi ygny ygh ygshh Hxskrhnd sheàhdyv `$h$

GA 58 Jkky, GA 5: Jkky ndi ygh >vy Chdenl Hxskrhndv shjxvhi

ksihsv yk nyynfm ndi u`ygishu 953. Nlakvy n ygkxvndi

fnvxnly`hv uhsh vxjjhshi cxy shrhnyhi Cs`y`vg nvvnxlyv uhsh

shrxlvhi$ Ny lnvy kd 39 Jhcsxnsp Lksi Lnmh u`ygishu g`v nsap

jska Cgxsyrksh$ Vxcvh~xhdylp, ygh G`dix Ony Snon vxhi jks rhnfh

`d >728 ixh yk shnvkdv kj rkl`y`fnl hwrhi`hdfp= cxy ygh jnfy

shan`dhi ygny a`l`yns`lp yg`v G`dix Ony Snon gni dky chhd

ihjhnyhi. Ygh HH@F dhzhs jkseky yg`v ihjhny ndi lnyhs kd yghp iì

fnryxsh Cgxsyrksh cxy yg`v unv axfg lnyhs `$h$ kd >7 Ondxnsp

>73:$ Ygh jksfh xvhi ny Cgxsyrksh yg`v yàh unv lnsehs ygnd ygh

kdh ygh HH@F xvhi yk shfnryxsh Mncxl `d Vhryhachs >793956 `d

ygh j`svy Njegnd Uns$ Ndkyghs shzhsvh ug`fg ygh HH@F vxjjhshi

unv `d ygh Dhrnl uns kj >7>9!>:$ Ghsh ygh`s `d`y`nl nizndfh `dyk

Dhrnl unv shrxlvhi$ Dhrnl unv vxcvh~xhdylp ihjhnyhi xv`de ygh

Chdenl Vhrkpv cxy nen`d ygh gnsa gni chhd ikdh$ Ygh vhrkp%v

fkdjìhdfh `d ygh Cs`y`vg kjj`fhs unv n l`yylh vgnmhd$ Ygh HH@F

shyshny jska Mncxl yk Onlnlncni `d ygh j`svy Njegnd uns unv dky n

cè i`vnvyhs mhhr`de `d z`hu ygh dxachsv `dzklzhi$ Yghsh uhsh

kdlp 522 Hxskrhndv `d vkah 8222 yskkrv `d ygh uhnm ndi Vynd

csènih ug`fg u`ygishu jska Mncxl `d Ondxnsp >793 ndi ug`fg

unv ihvyskphi cp nd kzhsughla`de jksfh kj vkah 62,222

Njegndv ynm`de nizndyneh kj gnsvg uhnyghs ndi vgksyneh kj

jkki `d yg`v HH@F jksfh$ Ygh HH@F yskkrv lnsehlp fkarkvhi kj

Chdenl vhrkpv iì vxcvh~xhdylp shfnryxsh Mncxl `d Vhryhachs


16/30

>793$ Cxy ygh gxand a`di `v dky n fkarxyhs ndi ygh dhy

vèd`j`fndy àrshvv`kd rskixfhi kd ygh vhrkp unv ygny ygh HH@F

gni chhd jksfhi yk shyshny$ Ygh hwyshahlp ykxeg shv`vyndfh kj

ygh znl`ndy V`mgv `d ygh J`svy ndi Vhfkdi V`mg unsv nen`drskixfhi n vyskde àrshvv`kd kd ygh a`di kj ygh Chdenl Nsap

Vhrkp$ Ny Axim` ygh an`d Cs`y`vg nsap vxsz`zhi oxvy chfnxvh ygh

V`mg ehdhsnl Yno V`deg iì dky nyynfm ygha,959n kyghsu`vh ygh`s

ihvysxfy`kd unv fhsyn`d$ Yg`v unv n cnyylh jkxegy kd ncvklxyhlp

rln`d lndi, xdl`mh Njegnd`vynd ughsh ygh Njegndv csnzhsp gni n

ihhr fkddhfy`kd u`yg nizhsvh akxdyn`dkxv yhssn`d$ Ygh

àrshvv`kdv kj ygh V`mg unsv uhsh ygh ihhrhvy `d fkdz`df`de ygh

vhrkpv ygny ygh Cs`y`vg uhsh dky `dz`df`clh$ @d Njegnd`vynd ygh

akxdyn`dv, ygh nizhsvh uhnyghs ndi ygh vanll dxachsv uhsh nd

hwfxvh= cxy ny Fg`ll`ndunln hzhspyg`de jnzkxshi ygh Cs`y`vg ndi

phy yghp jn`lhi.

Nll yghvh i`vnvyhsv jska >729 y`ll >790 fhsyn`dlp gni nd

`djlxhdfh kd ygh a`di kj ygh Chdenl vhrkp ndi sh`djksfhi g`v

ihf`v`kd yk shchl `d >785$ Ygh vhrkpv jhly `d >785 ygny yghp

fkxli ahhy ygh Hxskrhndv kd ygh cnyylhj`hli nv nd h~xnl$ Ygh`s

rhsfhry`kdv uhsh gkuhzhs hsskdhkxv `d kdh nshn$ Yg`v unv

nckxy shnl`v`de ygny ygh rs`df`rnlv jksfh axly`rl`hs kj vhrkp

hjj`f`hdfp unv vxrhs`ks lhnihsvg`r kj ygh Cs`y`vg kjj`fhs$ U`ygkxy

Cs`y`vg lhnihsvg`r ygh a`l`ynsp hjjhfy`zhdhvv kj ygh vhrkp

shixfhi cp vkah 58($ V`dfh ygh Cs`y`vg vxrrshvvhi ygh `d`y`nl

shchll`kdv `d Rxdonc yghp uhsh nclh yk xvh Rxdonc ndi Jskdy`hs%v

andrkuhs yk fshnyh dhu sheàhdyv ks `d xv`de fkarnsny`zhlp

dhu sheàhdyv sn`vhi `d >79:!90 ug`fg uhsh xvhi u`yg nv axfg

hjjhfy ny Ihlg` nv ygh Chdenl vhrkp xd`yv ny Mncxl ks Egnd` ks ny

Exosny$ Ygh Cs`y`vg kjj`fhs kj >785 unv ygh eshnyhvy jksfh


17/30

axly`rl`hs kj a`l`ynsp hjjhfy`zhdhvv cp z`syxh kj lhnihsvg`r ug`fg

unv jns vxrhs`ks yk ch #Shchl# lhnihsvg`r `d yhsav kj

#Shvklxy`kd# #Ynfy`fnl Hjj`f`hdfp# sh`djksfhi cp nd `skd jsnah

nia`d`vysny`zh ksend`vny`kd fshnyhi cp ygh HH@F ixs`de `yv >22phns sxlh `d @di`n ndi `yv hègy phns kli sxlh `d ygh Rxdonc$

Lnfm kj Jkshèd @dyhszhdy`kd

@y gnv chhd vnì ygny #Jshdfg# `dyhszhdy`kd `d vxrrksy kj ygh

Nahs`fnd shchlv ixs`de ygh Nahs`fnd uns kj @dihrhdihdfh

rlnphi nd àrksyndy sklh `d ygh vxffhvv kj ygh Nahs`fndv

nen`dvy ygh Cs`y`vg$ Ygh Jshdfg dnzp rlnphi n ihf`v`zh sklh `d

clkfm`de Cs`y`vg sh`djksfhahdyv ndi `d akzhahdy kj Cs`y`vg vg`rv

jska kdh rnsy kj Nahs`fn yk ygh kyghs$ Và`lnslp, `d >05> ygh

@di`nd `dyhszhdy`kd rlnphi nd àrksyndy sklh `d ygh kyghsu`vh

oxvy ndi sègyhkxv vysxeelh kj ygh Chdenl`v nen`dvy Uhvy

Rnm`vynd krrshvv`kd$ Ygh Z`hydnahvh anp dky gnzh vxffhhihi

ygh unp yghp iì nen`dvy XVN, gni ygh Fg`dhvh ndi XVVS dky

ghlrhi ygha ygh unp yghp iì$ Và`lnslp ygh Njegndv nen`dvy

XVVS anp dky gnzh chhd vk vxffhvvjxl gni ygh XVN dky nìhi

ygha$ Ygh jkshèd `dyhszhdy`kd jnfyks rlnpv nd àrksyndy sklh `d

ygh vxffhvv kj n shchll`kd$ @d >785 dk vxfg yg`de gnrrhdhi$

Njegnd`vynd unv ygh kdlp fkxdysp ug`fg fkxli gnzh anih ygh

shchll`kd n vxffhvv cp `dzni`de @di`n$ Cxy uh axvy shahachs

ygny fkdysnsp yk ygh rshznlhdy apyg nckxy Njegnd `dz`df`c`l`yp,

yghvh ehdylhahd gni chhd vk vhzhshlp anxlhi cp ygh HH@F `d

Vhryhachs >793 ygny yghp iì dky insh yk nyynfm ygh HH@F `d

>785, ug`fg nv n anyyhs kj jnfy unv n eklihd krrksyxd`yp jks

ygha yk nyynfm @di`n$ Ygh HH@F unv ny `yv lkuhvy hcc ndi ygh

Ekzhsdks Ehdhsnl kj @di`n ndi ygh Fg`hj Fkaa`vv`kdhs kj Rxdonc

uhsh vhs`kxvlp fkdyharlny`de nckxy vxsshdihs`de nll nshn xryk


18/30

s`zhs @dixv yk Njegnd`vynd$ @d Oxdh ! Oxlp >785 Okgd Lnushdfh ygh

HH@F Fg`hj Fkaa`vv`kdhs kj Rxdonc '`dflxi`de rshvhdy D$U$J$R$)

gni chfkah vk ihaksnl`vhi ixh yk ygh v`heh kj Ihlg` ygny gh

gni `djksahi Hiunsi%v ygh Fkaa`vv`kdhs kj Rhvgnuns ygny ixhyk jhns nckxy vhfxs`yp ndi vxsz`znl kj ygh Cs`y`vg nsap ny Ihlg`

gh unv yg`dm`de nckxy vhdi`de nll Cs`y`vg yskkrv `d Rhvgnuns

znllhp yk Ihlg` ndi yk `dz`yh ygh sxlhs kj Njegnd`vynd Ikvy

Axgnaani Mgnd yk kffxrp ygh Rhvgnuns znllhp xryk ygh @dixv

kd ygh xdihsvyndi`de ygny `j gh rskzhi jn`ygjxl 'ug`fg gh

fhsyn`dlp unv.), ygh Rhvgnuns znllhp ukxli ch fhihi yk gà `d

rhsrhyx`yp959$ Cxy Ikvy Axgnaani unv gnrr`hs u`yg ygh

akdhp HH@F unv e`z`de gà hzhsp phns$ Vhfkdilp, Hiunsi%v ygh

HH@F and ny Rhvgnuns unv n and kj àahdvh shvklxy`kd$

Hiunsihv ihflnshi ygny snyghs ygnd kchp`de vxfg n ihjhny`vy

ksihs yk ncndikd Rhvgnuns #gh ukxli jhhl ckxdi cp fkdvf`hdfh

yk shvèd ndi hwrln`d g`v shnvkd yk ygh ekzhsdahdy#958$ Lksi

Fndd`de ygh Ekzhsdks Ehdhsnl yk ugka Lnushdfh gni

sh~xhvyhi jks flhnsndfh shensi`de ygh rskrkvnl yk fhih

Rhvgnuns nlvk shnl`vhi ygny rvpfgklke`fnllp ndi rkl`y`fnllp vxfg

nd nfy`kd ukxli ch jnynl v`dfh `y ukxli ch rhsfh`zhi `d DUJR

ndi `d Njegnd`vynd nv n u`ygisnunl ndi ihjhny kd ygh HH@F rnsy$

Fndd`de yghshjksh, ihfìhi `d jnzkxs kj Hiunsihv$ Hiunsihv

unv sègy `d xdihsvyndi`de ygh ysxh uksyg kj Ikvy Axgnaani

Mgnd ygh vk fnllhi #Na`s kj Njegnd`vynd#. Ikvy Axgnaani

Mgnd%v rs`fh unv nd nddxnl vxcvìp kj >3 lnmg ks >$3 a`ll`kd

@di`nd sxrhhv rhs phns 95:. Oxvy lkkm ny ygh i`jjhshdfh `d

rhsfhry`kdv$ Ygh ygkskxegcshi Cs`y`vghs, ygh and ugk vnzhi ygh

Rxdonc `d >785 `v yg`dm`de cè$ Gh yg`dmv ygny #Ikvy Axgnaani#

ygh M`de kj Njegnd`vynd, ygh sxlhs kj n rskxi snfh ug`fg chfnah


19/30

`dihrhdihdy kdlp `d >533 u`ll nffhry dkyg`de lhvv ygnd Rhvgnuns

znllhp jska Mgpchs y`ll @dixv. Hiunsi `v n chyyhs oxieh, gh

chnxy`jxllp nrrshf`nyhv ygny >3 lnmg nd phns u`ll ik$ Unv yghsh

ndp i`jjhshdfh chyuhhd Cngnixs Vgng _njns ugk unv isnu`de nvà`lns nllkundfh nv Ikvy Axgnaani kj Njegnd`vynd; @y unv

Njegnd lkpnlyp ug`fg vnzhi @di`n jks ygh Cs`y`vg aksh ygnd

Rxdonc ks DUJR lkpnlyp. @ e`zh jxll ansmv yk gh HH@F Ehdhsnl

Rkllkfm ugk `d >793 kd g`v kud `d`y`ny`zh ihfìhi yk fnryxsh ndi

cxsd Mncxl, ihvr`yh fkdysnsp ksihsv jska Hllhdckskxeg ygh

Z`fhskp kj @di`n955$ Ygxv kd g`v ksihsv Mncxl unv fnryxshi ndi

cxsdy kd Vhryhachs >793$ Yg`v unv n ekki okc v`dfh `y unv yg`v

vhzhsh anxl`de shfh`zhi `d >793 ug`fg akvy rskcnclp

shvysn`dhi Ikvy Axgnaani jska nyynfm`de @di`n$ Njegnd`vynd

ygxv lkvy rskcnclp ygh lnvy fgndfh yk shen`d Rhvgnuns. Ygxv uh

j`di kxs csnzh Axvlà Njegnd dhègckxsv fkdflxi`de nd

kjjhdv`zh ihjhdv`zh yshnyp u`yg ygh HH@F ug`lh ygh G`dix Snon kj

Cnllncegns ndi ygh Angsnyyn Yndy`n Ykr` uhsh jègy`de nlkdevìh

ygh`s Axvlà Chdenl Nsap Vhrkpv. Oxvy Sv$ >3 lnmg rhs phns,

fghnr `vd%y `y. Ygxv Fndd`de yhlhesnrghi Lnushdfh957?!

#Gkli kd yk Rhvgnuns$ e`zh xrkd dkyg`de#

Akdhp anmhv ygh ansh ek. Ygh Mg`lnjny Lhnihsv kj >0>7!36

gni dky shni ygh g`vyksp kj Njegndv ndi ygxv dn`zhlp gkrhi ygny

ygh Njegndv ukxli `dznih @di`n. Ygh Njegndv lkvy n eklihd

krrksyxd`yp kj nyynfm`de Cs`y`vg @di`n ixs`de ygh J`svy Uksli Uns

kdfh ygh rxsh ug`yh yskkrv gkli`de @di`n uhsh nv jkllku`de950?

n$ Hègy @djndysp Cnyynl`kdv

c$ Yg`syhhd Cnyyhs`hv kj Nsy`llhsp

f$ Yuk Fnznlsp Sheàhdyv


20/30

N ykynl kj vkah oxvy >8,222 yskkrv. Jkkl`vglp ygh Njegndv i`i

nyynfm @di`n `d >0>0 ughd n dhu m`de fnah `dyk rkuhs ndi uhsh

~x`fmlp rxvghi cnfm cp ygh Cs`y`vg @di`nd jksfhv ugk uhsh cnfm

yk ygh rsh uns vyshdeyg$
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TkufyKQlVW0/T8LwANWrKiI/AAAAAAAAlio/Jk6cX5Jy5gk/s1600/1ST+GLOBAL+LOW+INTENSITY-747091-758389.jpg


21/30
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JdTNhAeXk7A/T8LwCoFfPvI/AAAAAAAAli4/0vloLC2VbVE/s1600/AGE+OF+STRATEGIC+ANARCHY.jpg


22/30
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ILHS8DjQe1s/T8LwEOXb-gI/AAAAAAAAljA/orUkkhwT7-s/s1600/book+back+cover+001.jpg


23/30

gyyr?++uuu$ihjhdfhokxsdnl$fka+3222+ans+lhyyhs$gya

LHYYHSV YK YGH HI@YKS

HZHSPYG@DE @V DKY CLNFM NDI UG@YH KS SHI KS CLXH=
http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/letter.htmhttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-f_Rj-LJSX58/T8LwFR5Tu7I/AAAAAAAAljE/VU0oPVfQcEA/s1600/book-back-cover.jpghttp://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/letter.htm


24/30

YGHSH NSH VGNIHV @D CHYUHHD YKK . RND @VLNA@VA FGHFGHD ^XHVY@KD HYF

V`s ,

@ gnzh vhhd n lnseh dxachs kj nsy`flhv nckxy Rnd @vlna`f yghahv `d zns`kxv `vvxhv kj IO $ @

unv gkuhzhs rskrhllhi yk us`yh yg`v lhyyhs kdfh @ vnu n lhyyhs cp n shnihs fgì`de @snd u`yglhygnsep ndi `di`jjhshdfh nckxy Fghfghd Axvlàv . @ vgnsh ygh us`yhsv fkdfhsd nckxy yghrlègy kj Fghfghdv cxy jhhl u`yg fkdvìhsnclh fkdz`fy`kd ygny èdksndfh kj g`vyksp ndi hwyshajhszkxs gnv `dixfhi ygh us`yhs yk anmh vkah vuhhr`de vynyhahdyv$ Yg`v `v dk jnxly kj yghnxygks cxy n fkaakd kffxsshdfh `d Rnm`vynd ughsh n lky kj l`r vhsz`fh `v rnì yk ncvysnfyfkdfhryv kj Rnd @vlna`va hyf= ug`lh andp eskxdi shnl`y`hv nsh èdkshi$ @d nii`y`kd g`vyksp `vdky ynxegy `d n anddhs `d vfgkklv ks fkllhehv ug`fg anp hdnclh n jxyxsh nixly yk gnzh ncsknihs rhsvrhfy`zh kj hzhdyv$ Ygh jnxly l`hv `d kxs hixfny`kdnl vpvyha. Ynmh Ngani Vgng

Ncinl` jks hwnarlh$ Ygh and unv n vkli`hs kj jksyxdh ugk lkkyhi ygh Axvlàv kj Ihlg` ndiRxdonc `di`vfsà`dnyhlp cxy lnyhs unv hwykllhi cp @~cnl nv n eshny Axvlà ghsk $ Shni Uns`vVgng ndi kyghs Rxdonc` Axvlà rkhyv kj >7yg fhdyxsp Rxdonc ndi pkx j`di kxy ygny yg`v Ncin

unv ygh uksvy m`di kj lkkyhs . Ynmh Nxsndehc nen`d hxlke`vhi cp @~cnl nv n Axvlà ghsk $Ygjnfy `v ygny ygh and nl`hdnyhi nll fkaaxd`y`hv `d @di`n$ Gh fgnvy`vhi ygh Rnygndv nl`hdny`deygha cp rxd`y`zh hwrhi`y`kdv nen`dvy ys`chv, anm`de ygh Pxvxjn` jègy ygh Mgnyynm nv n shvxlkj ug`fg Rnygndv vykrrhi ok`d`de ygh Axegnl Nsap ny n yàh ughd ygh Axegnlv dhhihi yghaygh akvy `d ygh Ansnygn `dvxsehdfp 'Shjhsv rnehv!360 * 392!Fnacsìeh G`vyksp kj @di`n!Zklxah Jkxs)$

Ygh vnah Nxsndehc unv aksh mhhd yk ihvyskp ygh vkxyghsd Axvlà Vg`n m`deikav nv nshvxly kj ug`fg ygh Axegnlv vxcvh~xhdylp eky `dzklzhi `d ygh Ansnygn uns ug`fg chfnah yghAxegnlv Vrnd`vg Xlfhs ndi ygh rs`df`rnl shnvkd kj ihfl`dh ndi jnll kj ygh Axegnl Har`sh. Cpshakz`de ygh Vg`n M`deikav Nxsndehc eky `dhwys`fnclp `dzklzhi u`yg ygh Ansnygnv ugk

`dgnc`yhi ygh nshn kj ygh Vg`n M`deikav $ Yghvh Ansnygnv jkxdi Nxsndehc%v Vxdd`jndny`f`va `dyklhsnclh ndi unehi n cs`ll`ndy exhss`lln uns xdihs V`zno` ug`fg lnì n clxh rs`dy kn exhss`lln uns à`ynyhi ks sh rsnfy`vhi axfg lnyhs `d Vrn`d nen`dvy Dnrklhkd , `d Z`hydnanen`dvy XVN ndi axfg lnyhs `d Njegnd`vynd $@d nll fnvhv exhss`lln jksfhv ys`xarghi kzhsfkdzhdy`kdnl jksfhv= ughyghs exhss`llnv uhsh Ansnyngn G`dix , Fnygkl`f Vrnd`vg , Fkaaxd`v

Nygh`vy Z`hydnahvh ks Axvlà Rnygnd ks Yno`m $Ykinp yghvh Rnd @vlna`vyv yg`dm ygny `y unvys`xarg kj @vlna kzhs Fkaaxd`va . N ypr`fnl fnvh kj Rnd @vlna`f fkdjxv`kd. Yk fkah cnfm ygh rk`dy ygh rskclha u`yg Rnd @vlna`va `v ygny andp shnl`y`hv kj g`vyksp nsh èdkshi kdfh Rn@vlna`vyv ynlm nckxy @vlna ny nd `dyhsdny`kdnl lhzhl$

Ehkesnrgp, hygd`f`yp ndi g`vyks`fnl cnfmeskxdi nsh èdkshi cp Rnd @vlna`vyv $ Ynmh @snd%v

fnvh nv nd hwnarlh $ @snd `v n Vg`n Axvlà dny`kdnl vynyh$ @y gnv ihj`hi XVN vxffhvvjxllpv`dfh >050 aksh vxffhvvjxllp ygnd ndp kyghs akihsd Axvlà vynyh u`ygkxy vhll`de dny`kdnlgkdkxs nv ikdh cp Rnm`vynd` ekzhsdahdyv v`dfh >082 ks cp clxdihs`de `dyk n ysnr l`mh MxunUns `d fnvh kj @sn~. @y `v rskvrhskxv fkghv`zh ndi gnv flhns dny`kdnl eknlv$ Dku ynmh @snd `dshlny`kd yk `yv dhègckxsv$ Kd kdh vìh `v Yxsmhp $ Nd @vlna`f vynyh `j yg`v fkdjxvhi lnchl fndch nrrl`hi yk n vynyh ug`fg gnv n ihjhdfh rnfy u`yg @vsnhl $ Yxsmhp gnv g`vyks`fnllp ys`hi yki`vahachs ks inaneh @snd ndi ygh vnah `v ysxh jks @snd%v nyy`yxih u`yg Yxsmhp . @d >539Yxsmhp fkdflxihi nd neshhahdy u`yg Yvns`vy Fgs`vy`nd Sxvv`n yk i`vahachs ndi i`zìh


25/30

Axvlà @snd . 'Shjhsv!rneh!365 yk rneh!367!G`vyksp kj Rhsv`n!Zklxah Yuk!Csèni`hs EhdhsRhsfp Vpmhv!Lkdikd!Anfa`llnd ndi Fkarndp Là`yhi!Vn`dy Ansy`d%v Rshvv!Dhu Pksm!>087Yxsm`vg @snd`nd s`znlsp ug`fg unv n dnyxsnl shvxly kj ygh jnfy ygny ygh yuk vynyhv uhsh i`jjhshdhygd`fnllp ndi ipdnvy`fnllp uhnmhdhi ckyg ndi rlnphi n anoks sklh `d hdvxs`de ygny Kyykand

Yxsmhp%v jksfhv uhsh i`zìhi chyuhhd Hxskrh ndi Nv`n$ @snd nlvk shan`dhi uhnm v`dfh `y unhdenehi `d n vhs`hv kj unsv u`yg Yxsmhp jska ygh v`wyhhdyg yk ygh >0yg fhdyxsp $ Rnd @vlna`vyanp f`yh yg`v nv n fnvh kj @vlna`f i`vxd`yp cxy ygny `v ncvxsi . Ygh vnah unv ysxh jks Fgs`vy`nJsndfh nllp`de u`yg Axvlà Yxsmhp nen`dvy Fgs`vy`nd Nxvys`n ks Jsndfh nllp`de u`yg Axvlàsxlhi Apvksh nen`dvy Hdel`vg Hnvy @di`n Fkarndp$ Shlè`kd, nlnv ihvr`yh nll l`r vhsz`fh yk ygìhn shan`dv n uhnm cnv`v jks vynyhgkki cnss`de Rnm`vynd ndi @vsnhl u`yg Hxskrhnd Ohuvika`dny`de @vsnhl ndi Rxdonc` Axvlàv ika`dny`de Rnm`vynd njyhs gnz`de j`dnllp vxfhvvjxllpehyy`de sì kj ygh Axvlà anoks`yp rskz`dfh kj Hnvy Chdenl . Hzhd ygh j`svy Axvlà vynyh ug`fg`d shnl`yp unv nd Nsnc ika`dnyhi vynyh unv cnv`fnllp n jna`lp njjn`s= ygh j`svy jkxs fnl`rgv ch`djska ^xsn`vg ndi lnyhs ygh ygh Cnddx Xaanpn jègy`de ygh Nl`!ìhv ks ygh Cndd` Nccnvjègy`de ygh Cndd` Xaanpn$ @j ygh Gklp Rskrghy 'R$C$X$G) undyhi gh ukxli gnzh lhjy flhns

exìhl`dhv = nckxy g`v vxffhvvks= ndkyghs lhenl `vvxh ug`fg i`zìhv Axvlàv. G`vyksp kj @vlnaunv `d shnl`yp ygh g`vyksp kj Nsnc Axvlàv u`yg nll rkuhs fkdfhdysnyhi `d ygh gndiv kj kdh fln= n ykynl dheny`kd kj ygh fkdfhry kj ihakfsnfp nv rsnfy`vhi cp ygh Gklp Rskrghy . Ygh Nsncipdnvy`hv uhsh jkllkuhi cp Yxsm`vg Chschs Jnyàì ipdnvy`hv nll fkdzhd`hdylp harlkp`deshlè`kd nv n ykkl = nd kr`xa yk isxe ygh anvvhv . Ygh Kyykand Har`sh unv n ypsnddp nv jnsnv ygh Nsnc Axvlàv unv fkdfhsdhi=Axvlà `d dnah Yxsm `d shnl`yp .Ygh Axegnlv uhshAxvlàv `d dnah jkllku`de ygh rkl`fp kj i`zìh ndi sxlh xv`de G`dix Ehdhsnlv nen`dvy RnygnAxvlàv ks G`dix Snorxy ehdhsnlv nen`dvy Ansnygn G`dixv . Yg`v unv dky n dheny`kd kj Rnd@vlna`va $ @vlna unv ekki nv n vlkend cxy ygh Axegnlv gni yk ihnl u`yg n lnsehs dxachs kjdkd Axvlàv$ Ygh Rnm`vynd ìhn hahsehi kdlp njyhs ygh Axvlàv jhnshi rhsvhfxy`kd jska nG`dix anoks`yp$ Cxy hzhd shlè`kd jn`lhi kdfh ygh Chdenl` Axvlàv jhly ygny yghp uhsh ch`de

jkklhi `d ygh dnah kj @vlna cp ygh Uhvy Rnm`vynd` sxl`de hl`yh . Ygh Rxdonc` Axvlà rkl`y`f`ndsn`vhi ygh vlkend kj rns`yp yk vnjhexnsi Uhvy Rnm`vynd`+Rxdonc` Axvlà `dyhshvyv nen`dvyrkvv`clh Chdenl` Axvlà ika`dny`kd . Hwnfylp `d ygh vnah anddhs nv ikdh cp ygh AxvlàLhnexh yk hvfnrh G`dix anoks`yp%v ika`dny`kd . Dku uh gnzh RKDNA CDA NDR AÂVYYR hyf$ Ygh shnvkd `v dky ygny yghvh nsh ysn`yksv cxy chfnxvh hygd`f`yp `v nlvk àrksyndy $Ahsh shlè`kd `v dk rndnfhn kj nll hz`lv . @j `y unv dky vk yghsh ukxli ch dk ~xkyn vpvyha.

Rnd @vlna`va unv r`fmhi xr cp Onanl Njegnd` `d vhfkdi gnlj kj >0yg fhdyxsp $ @y%v n ekkivlkend cxy kzhslkkmv fhsyn`d fkdfshyh g`vyks`fnl jnfyv $ Gku fkxli jks hwnarlh @di`nd Axvlàvxrrksy Hepry`nd Axvlàv kdfh Nlhwndis`n unv ckacnsihi `d >773 ks kdfh ygh Cs`y`vg jkxeygh Vhfkdi Njegnd Uns `d >757!72 $ Ygh Hepry`ndv gni dk l`dm u`yg @di`n nrnsy jska n

fkaakd shlè`kd . Ygh Njegndv gni vpvyhany`fnllp lkkyhi @di`nd Axvlàv `dihrhdihdylp ks nahsfhdns`hv kj Rhsv`n jska >560 yk >500 . Ngani Vgng Ncinl` unsdhi ygh Axvlà Rnygndv Skgn`lmgndi ndi Xrrhs Iknc yk ch aksh fnshjxl u`yg Vg`n Kxig ygnd nen`dvy Ansnygnv .

Nckxy >6 phnsv lnyhs Vg`n Axvlà Kxig g`shi n Cs`y`vg Hnvy @di`n Fkarndp csènih yk ihvysRnygnd Axvlà Skgn`lmgndi . V`s Vphi Ngani Mgnd sègylp niz`vhi ygh @di`nd Axvlàv dky yyg`dm ygh Yxsm`vg Mgnl`jn nv Mgnl`jn kj @di`n . Ygh Nsncv mdhu axfg chyyhs nckxy ygh Yxsm%v@vlna`f jhszkxs . Ygh Cs`y`vg uhsh ygh ih jnfyk sxlhsv kj @di`n . Ygh jnfy unv jksekyyhd cp ygh@di`nd Axvlàv axfg lnyhs ndi ygh Mg`lnjny akzhahdy gkuhzhs ghsk`f inanehi ygh fnxvh k


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@di`nd Axvlàv$ Ygh Yxsmv xdihs Mhanl ygh %Eshp Uklj% kj Ndnykl`n rskzhi u`vhs ndi m`fmhikxy ygh sì`fxlkxv Mgnl`jn .

Dku yk fkah cnfm yk @snd ?! '>) Gku fkxli @snd vhll kxy yk ygh Sxvv`ndv `d >050 ughd `y unv

`yvhlj `d ygh aìilh kj n ysnxany`f shzklxy`kd ndi fkdjskdy`de XVN ug`fg ygh Rnm`vynd`lhnihsvg`r v`dfh >08> gnv vgnahlhvvlp ukkhi, kdlp ch m`fmhi kdfh Rnm`vynd dhhihi fsxf`nXV ghlr `d >0:8 ndi >05>. _`n kd ygh kyghs gndi vkli Rnm`vynd yk ygh XV kdfh ygh Sxvv`ndvkffxr`hi Njegnd`vynd `d ksihs yk rshvhszh g`v vhny. Ygh a`l`ynsp sheàh unv `vklnyhi `dyhsdnnv uhll nv hwyhsdnllp. @dyhsdnllp, `y gni shdhehi kd n rska`vh kj hlhfy`kdv u`yg`d 02 inpv, ndihwyhsdnllp, `y gni dk vxrrksy. Sxvv`nd `dyhszhdy`kd `d Njegnd`vynd enzh `y n eklihd hwfxvh ykvynp `d rkuhs ndi yk ehy XV nì. Ygh Njegndv uhsh ghlrhi dky chfnxvh kj @vlna cxy chfnxvyghp uhsh n ekki ahndv yk ehy ikllnsv jska ygh XV ndi Vnxi` Nsnc`n. Vk axfg jks ygh @vlnajhszkxs. Rnm`vynd eky c`ll`kdv kj ikllnsv kj XV nì akvy kj ug`fg unv r`ljhshi cp _`n ndi g`vehdhsnlv ndi n`s ansvgnlv. Ygh hzìhdfh kj yg`v fnd ch vhhd `d ygh nvvhyv kj andp OxllxdigRnygndv ks G`dixvynd` ehdhsnlv nv ghli ykinp ks ygkvh kj ygh`s vkdv ugk nsh dky fkssxry

rkl`y`f`ndv cp ndp ihj`d`y`kd v`dfh yghp nsh ehdhsnl%v vkdv. '3) Ugny gnrrhdhi `d Njegnd`vyndYgh XV j`dndfhi n lnseh dxachs kj eskxrv, Rnygnd, Xchm, Yno`m, Gnnsn, Rhsv`nd vrhnm`deyk jègy n rskwp uns$ Nll yghvh eskxrv uhsh Axvlà `d dnah cxy `d shnl`yp Rnygnd, Yno`m ksXchm$ Ygh Njegnd uns unv n axfg vanllhs njjn`s ygnd Z`hydna$ Ug`lh nckxy :2,222

Nahs`fndv i`hi `d Z`hydna kdlp >9222 Sxvv`ndv i`hi `d Njegnd`vynd, nd nzhsneh kj >322 rhphns$ N zhsp `dvèd`j`fndy jèxsh `d Sxvv`nd a`l`ynsp g`vyksp mhhr`de `d z`hu ygh jnfy ygny nckxy>,522,222 'Shjhsv!rnehv!07: ndi 075 !G`ylhs ndi Vynl`d! Nlnd Cxllkfm!Nljshi$ N$Mdkrj!DhuPksm!>003) Sxvv`ndv i`hi `d UU Kdh ndi >6 ,:22,222 `d UU Yuk.

Fkarnsh Njegnd`vynd u`yg Z`hydna `d yhsav kj hygd`f`yp zhsvxv shlè`kd$ @ yg`dm ygny ygh chvyyg`de nckxy ygh Sxvv`nd `dznv`kd kj Njegnd`vynd unv ygh jnfy ygny ygh Yno`mv, Xchmv ndi

Gnnsnv ugk gni chhd yg`si snyh f`y`hdv `d n Rnygnd ika`dnyhi Njegnd`vynd v`dfh >500chfnah j`svy snyh f`y`hdv . N jnfy ug`fg hzhd ykinp `v zhsp `ss`yny`de ndi xdrlhnvndy jks yghYnl`cnd ug`fg `v n ihnilp ndy` Vg`n ndi hvvhdy`nllp Rnygnd Vxdd` Eskxr. Ygh Z`hydnahvhuhsh kdh snfh ndi gni kdh ìhklkep$ Z`hydna `v vynclh ndi rskvrhskxv ykinp u`ygkxy ch`deAxvlà ks Fgs`vy`nd. Ygh Njegndv nsh i`vxd`yhi ndi `d axfg uksvh vgnrh `d 3222 ygnd `d>077 ughd ygh lnvy Sxvv`nd vkli`hs lhjy `yv vk`l . Ugny `v Ghmanypns u`ygkxy XV ks @V@ nì .Ughsh `v g`v @vlna`f jhszkxs dku . Aksh unv ny vynmh ygnd @vlna. F@N ikllnsv `d a`ll`kdv uhshvynvghi cp F@N ndi @V@ krhsny`zhv ks ehdhsnlv ndi n`s ansvgnlv `d Fgnvh Andgnyynd ks Cndkj Fghnyv ndi Fskkmv 'CFF@). Ygh kdlp ehdx`dh and unv Ngani Vgng Anvxi ugk iì dkychfkah n ykkl kj jkshèd `dyhllèhdfh nehdf`hv ndi `v vy`ll jègy`de dky cnvhi `d n Aninsvvnj`dndfhi cp nd Nsnc ndy` Vg`n vynyh ks `dyhllèhdfh nehdfp kj n jkshèd fkxdysp cxy cp z`syxh k

ch`de n and kj vxcvyndfh . Ugk nsh ygh Ynl`cnd . Gku gnzh yghp vxiihdlp shrlnfhi vk!fnllhfgns`vany`f Axongìhhd fkaandihsv l`mh Ghmanypns, Mgnl`~ Ncixl Gn~ hyf . Ygh fgndehrskzhv ygny Njegnd`vynd unv n and`rxlnyhi njjn`s . Ygh fkdysklv uhsh hlvhughsh . Yghrskclha `v ygny kdh fkxdysp fnddky and`rxlnyh ndkyghs hdilhvvlp. Nv ygh fkdi`y`kdv `d

Njegnd`vynd vync`l`vh, `y u`ll ch aksh ndi aksh i`jj`fxly jks hwyhsdnl rkuhsv yk and`rxlnyh yghfkxdysp. H`yghs yghsh u`ll ch n vhllkxy `d 3222 ks Rnm`vynd u`ll vxjjhs ygh snznehv kj n lku`dyhdv`yp là`yhi ks jxll uns `d fnvh nizhdyxs`va `d `dyhllèhdfh nehdf`hv `v dky fxschi . Ygh

Njegnd Ohgni n a`vdkahs unv d shnl`yp n F@N Ohgni ndi ygny `v ugp ygh Njegndv nsh `d ygh


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vgnrh yghp nsh ykinp . Ygh`s lhnihsv `d lhnexh u`yg Rnm`vynd%v a`l`ynsp oxdyn ekcclhi a`ll`kdvkj XV ikllnsv ndi dku yghp ynlm kj fkdjskdyny`kd u`yg XV . Ap mdkulhieh kj Rnygnd g`vykspyhllv ah ygny yghsh u`ll ch n vhllkxy `d 3222 . Vk axfg jks ygh Ynl`cnd ndi ygh Kvnan cxv`dhv. '6) Jhu rhkrlh mdku ygny `d >073 ny ygh ghègy kj @snd @sn~ uns Ehdhsnl _`n ihvrnyfghi n

a`l`ynsp niz`vksp eskxr yk @sn~ . Yghvh rhkrlh uhsh dky yghsh yk yhnfg ygh @sn~`%v gnsalhvv j`snì ynfy`fv cxy uhsh ihnl`de u`yg @sn~` nsakxs ndi `djndysp kjj`fhsv jègy`de n uns u`yg ndkygh@vlna`f fkxdysp. Vk axfg jks Rnm`vynd%v vklìns`yp u`yg @snd. '6) Dku fka`de yk @snd%v ihnl`deu`yg Sxvv`n$ @snd ny ygh akahdy `v akz`de ykunsiv flkvh fkkrhsny`kd u`yg Sxvv`n$ Sxvv`n `vysndvjhss`de dxflhns yhfgdklkep ndi nlvk vxrrlp`de a`l`ynsp gnsiunsh yk @snd$ Yg`v `v akvyhvvhdy`nl jks @snd v`dfh ykinp%v uksli u`yg n xd`rklns vfhdns`k `v jns aksh `dvhfxsh jks vanllhvynyhv$ Axvlà, Fgs`vy`nd ks Nygh`vy ygnd chjksh >070 . Ugp vgkxli @snd ndynekd`vh yghSxvv`ndv. Yg`v `v dky n vhllkxy$ Ygh @snd`ndv nsh rxsvx`de ygh`s dny`kdnl `dyhshvyv, oxvy l`mhRnm`vynd%v xvxsrhsv uhsh jkllku`de ygh`s rhsvkdnl `dyhshvyv kdfh yghp vkli Rnm`vynd nlch`yfghnrlp ndi u`ygkxy nfg`hz`de axfg yk ygh XVN `d >082v ks `d >055!77 . Dku fka`de vysnèyk Fghfgdpn $ @ gnzh z`v`yhi Sxvv`n yu`fh `d >008 ndi >00:$ Y`ll >00: ygh Fghfghdv uhsh

ika`de uhll `d Sxvv`n . Yghp uhsh rska`dhdy `d Akvfku, ika`dny`de ygh Anj`n ny lhnvyanse`dnllp ndi ygh Ehdhsnl Andnehs kj Gkyhl Snii`vvkd ughsh @ unv vynp`de unv n Fghfgh@ i`vfxvvhi Fghfgdpn `d eshny ihyn`l u`yg yg`v ehdylhand ndi andp Fghfghdv. Ygh `vvxh `vaksh fkarl`fnyhi ygnd uh `d Rnm`vynd mdku$ Ygh Fghfghdv uhsh gnrrp u`yg ygh vha``dihrhdihdy rkl`y`fnl vynyxv yghp gni nfg`hzhi `d >00:$ Kdlp ygh sni`fnl @vlna`vyv ugk uhsh anse`dnl nlygkxeg uhll ksend`vhi eskxr uhsh xdgnrrp$ Yghp undyhi yk hwrksy ygh`s csndi kj@vlna`f sni`fnl`va yk Ineghvynd n aksh l`chsnl ndi rhnfhjxl Axvlà vynyh. Ygh rshvhdy yskxc`dyk ug`fg Fghfgdpn eky `dyk `v ygh shvxly kj ygh ncvxsi ndi dxy ghnihi nrrsknfg kj yghvhFghfghd Axvlà sni`fnlv$ Vhdi`de exhss`llnv yk Ineghvynd$ Rlndy`de ckacv `d f`z`l`nd jlnyv `dAkvfku. Yghvh uhsh ygh nfyv ygny rskzkmhi ygh Sxvv`nd ekzhsdahdy yk nyynfm Fghfgdpn .Ygh Sxvv`ndv uhsh xdgnrrp ughd ygh`s ekzhsdahdy nyynfmhi Fghfgdpn `d >008 ks `d >050!

77 ughd yghp nyynfmhi Njegnd`vynd$ Yghp shensihi yghvh unsv nv nizhdyxs`va$ Dku yghv`yxny`kd `v i`jjhshdy$ Dku ygh nzhsneh Sxvv`nd shensiv ygh rshvhdy uns nv n oxvy uns. Sxvv`rxcl`f kr`d`kd `v vklìlp chg`di Sxvv`nd ekzhsdahdy$ @y `v dky ygh ~xhvy`kd kj @vlna zhsvxvFgs`vy`nd`yp nv `v ch`de anih kxy `d Rnm`vynd. Ygh Sxvv`ndv nsh n rhkrlh u`yg n cnscns`ndrnvy . Yghp uhsh sxlhi cp Ynsyns Axvlàv, krrshvv`zh Skandkzv ndi ygh ykynl`yns`ndCklvghz`mv$ Aksh Sxvv`ndv gnzh i`hi jègy`de hnfg kyghs ygnd Axvlàv nen`dvy Sxvv`ndv$ @dygh Sxvv`nd F`z`l Uns jkxegy `d >0>5!33 nlakvy yhd a`ll`kd rhkrlh i`hi. N dxachs axfg lnseygnd ygh ykynl rkrxlny`kd kj Fghfgdpn . Fghfgdpn gkxvhv vkah kj Sxvv`n%v lnsehvy k`l ndienv shvhszhv . @y `v dky Njegnd`vynd ug`fg unv andp gxdishi a`lhv nunp jska an`dlndiSxvv`n$ @yv rkvvhvv`kd `v z`ynl yk Sxvv`n $ Ygh Sxvv`ndv fnd hnv`lp fkdixfy a`l`ynsp krhsny`kdxdl`mh Njegnd`vynd ughsh lke`vy`f fkvy kj vxrrlp`de ks vxvyn`d`de a`l`ynsp krhsny`kdv unv yghrs`df`rnl fnxvh kj Sxvv`nd u`ygisnunl. @yv oxvy l`mh Cnlkfg`vynd ug`fg ygh Rnm`vyndèkzhsdahdy ukxli dky nllku yk vhfhih= dky chfnxvh jks ndp vrhf`nl lkzh jks ygh CnlkfgAxvlàv= cxy vàrlp chfnxvh ygh rskz`dfh gkxvhv Rnm`vynd%v lnsehvy env shvhszhv ndi `vehkrkl`y`fnllp hvvhdy`nl jks Rnm`vynd%v vhfxs`yp. Hnvy Rnm`vynd unv lkvy chfnxvh kj ehkesnrgpcxy Cnlkfg`vynd%v ehkesnrgp fkdihadv `y yk ch n rskz`dfh kj n lnsehs jhihsnl vynyh .

Ygh Njegnd`vynd ndnlkep `v dky nrrl`fnclh yk Fghfgdpn$ Ygh Sxvv`ndv u`ygishu jskaNjegnd`vynd dky chfnxvh yghp uhsh a`l`yns`lp ihjhnyhi cxy chfnxvh Ekscnfghz sègylp


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nvvhvvhi ygny vynp`de kd unv dky fkvy hjjhfy`zh 'Rnehv!325 * 327! Kxy kj Njegnd`vynd!Fksikzh ndi Gnss`vkd!Kwjksi!>008)$ Fghfgdpn `v nd nlykehyghs i`jjhshdy fnvh chfnxvhSxvv`nd rshvhdfh yghsh `v fkvy hjjhfy`zh chfnxvh kj Fghfghd k`l. Ygh rkl`y`fnl v`yxny`kd `dSxvv`n `v kdfh nen`d vync`l`v`de$ Ygh Fkaaxd`vyv nsh kdfh nen`d shen`d`de vyshdeyg ug`lh

Rxy`d `v l`mhlp yk hahseh nv n vyskde vynyhvand$ Dk nakxdy kj vynyhahdyv jska ygh K@F fndfgndeh ygh v`yxny`kd$ @j ygh Sxvv`ndv nsh èdks`de ygh KVFH ndi XVN ugp vgkxli yghp ckyghnckxy K@F. Ugp vgkxli @snd vxsskxdihi cp ygshh gkvy`lh ks rkyhdy`nllp gkvy`lh dhègckxsv ndkdh vxrhs rkuhs ug`fg hzhsp phns nllkfnyhv jxdiv yk ihvync`l`vh @snd ndynekd`vh ygh Sxvv`n= ygh`s kdlp ysxvyuksygp nllp.

Ughsh `v @vlna `d fnvh kj Mxsiv. Gku andp Mxsiv gnzh i`hi jègy`de @snd`nd @sn~` ndi Yxsm`vnsa`hv v`dfh ygh lnvy kdh gxdishi phnsv. @ yg`dm yhd yàhv aksh ygnd ykynl dxachs kjFghfghdv m`llhi jska Ondxnsp >000. Ughsh `v ygh @vlna kj ygh @vlna`f Fkdynfy Eskxr `d fnvkj Mxsiv ugk nsh fkdihadhi jks hyhsd`yp yk ch vxcohfyv kj @snd, @sn~ ndi Yxsmhp$ Ygh j`svyakihsd Fgha`fnl Unsjnsh nyynfm unv fnss`hi kxy nen`dvy ygh @sn~` Mxsiv ixs`de ygh @snd!@sn~

uns. Ughsh unv @vlna ughd ehdkfìh unv fkaa`yyhi `d >05> cp n Axvlà 'n a`vfkdfh`zhia`vdkahs.) Nsap nen`dvy ygh Chdenl` Axvlàv. Shlè`kd, ìhklkep hyf `v dkyg`de cxy fghnrykklv harlkphi cp ygh sxl`de hl`yh yk enlznd`vh ndi isxe ygh anvvhv. Ygh aìilh flnvv ndi yjhxinl fl`~xh kj XR ndi Rxdonc chfnah `dyhshvyhi `d Axvlà vhrnsny`va kdlp kdfh ygh`s flnv`dyhshvyv uhsh ygshnyhdhi u`yg fkarhy`y`zh hwna`dny`kdv ndi fkdfhryv kj Cs`y`vg ihakfsnfpYgh vnah unv ysxh jks ygh G`dix aìilh ndi cxv`dhvv flnvvhv ygny ok`dhi ygh fkdeshvv. Yghygkxegy ygny yghp ukxli vxffhhi ygh Cs`y`vg Z`fhskpv `d sxl`de hdy`sh @di`n. G`dix`va unv kdn vlkend, oxvy nv unv ygh fnvh u`yg ygh Axvlà hl`yh. Shlè`kd `v n ekki vlkend cxy kdlp nvlkend. Ihakfsnfp hdiv àahi`nyhlp ughd Axvlàv lhnzh ygh Akv~xh. L`r vhsz`fh `v rnì cygny `v ughsh @vlna hdiv.

@y u`ll ch ekki jks kxs `dyhllhfyxnl ghnlyg `j uh jksehy nckxy Rnd @vlna`va ndi ysp yk vhy kxs kugkxvh `d ksihs. Vk jns uh gnzh a`vhsnclp jn`lhi hzhd yk vynp nv kdh dny`kd `d fnvh kj HnvyRnm`vynd. Ykinp uh gnzh ygh vanllhs hygd`f eskxr%v `vvxh ug`fg `v `dys`fnyh nv uhll nv ehdx`ndi ihandiv ekki vynyhvandvg`r ug`fg `v vnilp lnfm`de ckyg `d @di`n ndi Rnm`vynd . Ckyggnzh chhd yhsahi nv %jn`lhi vynyhv% cp rkl`y`fnl vf`hdy`vyv . Ckyg gnzh n g`vyksp kj xv`defkhsf`zh rkuhs kj n akihsd vynyh nen`dvy vanllhs hygd`f eskxrv h$e$ Mnvga`s >070!3222, HnRnm`vynd!>05> , Cnlkfg`vynd >087!:9, Cnlkfg`vynd >059!55 hyf hyf$ Ckyg ygh vynyhv gnzh chhvyhni`lp `dzklzhi `d nd nsav snfh ygny u`ll hdi kdlp kdfh n uns là`yhi ks ykynl `v j`dnllp jkxeg

N i`vrnvv`kdnyh vyxip kj g`vyksp rskzhv ygny ahd nsh cxy z`fyàv kj fxsshdyv kj g`vyksp ndifnddky fgndeh ygh yìh kj g`vyksp. Hxskrh lhnsdhi `yv lhvvkd njyhs yuk uksli unsv ndi `vvndhs . Fg`dn lhnsdhi `yv lhvvkd jska >0>>!>090 ndi `v dku vndhs . Xdjksyxdnyhlp Rnm`vynd

ndi @di`n gnzh jkxegy vanll unsv = rhyyp vm`sa`vghv cp uhvyhsd vyndinsiv `d ug`fg ykynlfnvxnly`hv kj hnfg vìh unv lhvv ygnd >2,222 m`llhi$ Ygny `v ugp ckyg gnzh gnumv= yghkshy`fngnumv @ ukxli vnp= nsa fgn`s vysnyhe`vyv= Ikd ^x`wkyh%v ugk yg`dm ygny Mnvga`s fnd uh ukd'Rnm`vynd) ks shyn`dhi '@di`n). Ygh aky`zny`kd kj ygh sxl`de hl`yh kd ckyg vìhv `v xlyhs`ks. @yv dìhklkep @vlna ks vhfxlns`va cxy hek, rkuhsv, lxvyv jks elksp. C`vansfm%v ikhv dky lhni yghaks Fgxsfg`ll%v cxy apkr`f ahd u`yg là`yhi z`v`kd, vgksy!yhsa eknlv ndi rhsvkdnl nehdinvniz`vhi cp insm gksvh nizhdy`vy `dyhllèhdfh nehdf`hv. Vxdinso` fnllhi ygha cl`di ahd kjG`dixvynd = n chyyhs dnah anp ch %Cl`di ahd kj G`di!k!Rnm%. Yghvh nsh vgksyvègyhi ahd


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ugk gnzh dky xdihsvykki ugny Ehdhsnl Vghsand vnì ny Nylndyn njyhs ygh XV F`z`l Uns `$h$%yghsh nsh andp n ckpv ghsh ugk yg`dm kj uns nv elksp, cxy `y `v ghll.% Nv n vkli`hs @ u`vg ygnyckyg ygh fkxdys`hv vgkxli h`yghs jègy `y kxy vk ygny uh ny lhnvy i`vfkzhs '@ ukxli vnp shi`vfkzks fkdj`sa nv jns nv hw vkli`hsv nsh fkdfhsdhi.) Ygh ~xnl`yny`zh hjj`f`hdfp kj kxs ehdhsnl

kjj`fhsv ks nss`zh ny n vhyylhahdy. Kyghsu`vh `y%v n dhzhs!hdi`de enah kj axv`fnl fgn`sv, ug`fygh sxl`de hl`yh kj ckyg ygh fkxdys`hv `v anm`de ygh fkaakd and rlnp. Ygh ~xnl`y`hv kjehdhsnlvg`r ndi ahi`kfs`yp `d gèghs sndmv kd ckyg vìhv gnzh chhd uhll rskzhi `d >095!97>0:8 ndi >05>. 3222 `j `y rskzhv ihf`v`zh u`ll `dvgnnllng rskzh nv dk hwfhry`kd$

Ndi lnvylp Rnd @vlna`va `v indehskxv $ @y `v chyyhs `j uh fkdfhdysnyh kd vhyy`de kxs kud gkxv`d ksihs$

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Why Empires Failed in Afghanistan

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